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Zhao W, Wang Y, Xin X, Liu J, Zhang X, Yan B, Liang S. Investigating Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pigs farmed in Zhejiang Province, China: Occurrence, genotype identification, evolutionary analysis, and zoonotic risk assessment. Vet J 2024; 306:106191. [PMID: 38944378 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a widespread intracellular fungus that can infect both humans and animals, making it a significant zoonotic threat. In the current study, a total of 208 fecal samples were assayed to investigate the prevalence of E. bieneusi in pigs reared in Zhejiang Province, China. Employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification techniques specifically designed to target the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene, the results revealed that 78 samples (37.5 %) tested positive for the presence of E. bieneusi. A total of 19 different genotypes of E. bieneusi were detected. Nine of these genotypes were already known: EbpC (n = 36), KIN-1 (n = 10), PigEbITS7 (n = 8), EbpA (n = 6), Henan III (n = 3), PigEbITS5 (n = 2), Henan-IV (n = 1), EbpD (n = 1), and TypeIV (n = 1), and 10 were novel: ZJP-I to ZJP-X (one each). The present investigation revealed that all the nine known genotypes identified in pigs here, have also been previously discovered in humans. Additionally, the novel genotypes of E. bieneusi discovered here were all classified as belonging to Group 1. These findings suggest the potential for cross-species transmission between humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, 325035, China
| | - Xianming Xin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jiani Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Baolong Yan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Shaohui Liang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Moreira G, Cruz AVS, Santos-Silva S, Moreira RSS, Mesquita JR. Detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Non-Human Primates in Portuguese Zoos. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1874. [PMID: 38997986 PMCID: PMC11240438 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, an intracellular eukaryote closely related to fungi, is recognized as a significant pathogen affecting humans, particularly those with compromised immune systems. While its transmission routes are still not fully elucidated, fecal-oral transmission remains the primary one. With a wide host range, the zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi is a concern, albeit direct evidence of animal-to-human transmission remains scarce. Genotyping based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region facilitates the delineation of genetic diversity, with potentially zoonotic genotypes predominantly associated with Groups 1 and 2. Despite the broad spectrum of susceptible animal hosts, research into microsporidian infection among zoo animals remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of E. bieneusi infection across diverse captive animals, focusing on zoo settings in Portugal. Fecal samples were collected from a variety of animals, and molecular detection of E. bieneusi was conducted using nested PCR targeting the ITS region. Of 127 fecal samples, 1.57% (95% CI: 0.19-5.57) tested positive for E. bieneusi, with non-human primates (NHP's) exhibiting an 18.18% (95% CI: 2.28-51.78) occurrence. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering within Group 2 genotypes, indicating potential zoonotic implications. This study highlights the need for further research to understand the epidemiology of E. bieneusi in zoo environments and its potential transmission pathways to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Moreira
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (A.V.S.C.); (S.S.-S.); (R.S.S.M.)
| | - Andreia V. S. Cruz
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (A.V.S.C.); (S.S.-S.); (R.S.S.M.)
| | - Sérgio Santos-Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (A.V.S.C.); (S.S.-S.); (R.S.S.M.)
| | - Rafaela S. S. Moreira
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (A.V.S.C.); (S.S.-S.); (R.S.S.M.)
| | - João R. Mesquita
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (G.M.); (A.V.S.C.); (S.S.-S.); (R.S.S.M.)
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
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Li XM, Wang XY, Wei YJ, Jiang J, Cai Y, Zhang XX, Yang X, Cao H. Meta-analysis of the global prevalence and risk factors of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in pigs from 1999 to 2021. Prev Vet Med 2024; 225:106159. [PMID: 38422983 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi (E. bieneusi), which is one of the most common microsporidia, has been identified as an important obligate intracellular pathogen that commonly colonizes in a variety of animal species and humans worldwide, including humans. In this study, the statistical analyses of E. bieneusi infection and prevalence were performed to clarify the relationship between different genotypes in different countries. The databases Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Chinese Journal Database, Wanfang Data, PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect were used for data collection. The research data were subjected to subgroup, univariate regression, and correlation, to reveal factors related to the high prevalence of E. bieneusi. A total of, 34 of the 498 articles published before April 2022 met the inclusion criteria. The global prevalence of E. bieneusi in pigs was 37.69% (5175/12672). The prevalence of E. bieneusi in nursery pigs was 58.87% (588/946). In developing countries and Asia, the highest prevalence of E. bieneusi in pigs were 37.62% (4752/11645) and 40.14% (4715/11345), respectively. Moreover, humans and pigs have been found to be infected with the same genotype of E. bieneusi in some cases, as evidenced by the consolidation of genotype information. The results showed that pigs are susceptible to E. bieneusi during the nursery period. The prevalence of E. bieneusi is high in developing countries, and its genotype prevalence varies in each country. Thus, it is essential to strengthen the health inspection of vulnerable groups and customs quarantine inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
| | - Yong-Jie Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin Province 130600, China.
| | - Yanan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Dali, Yunnan Province 671000, China.
| | - Hongwei Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province 224002, China.
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Chen M, Wang H, Li X, Guo Y, Lu Y, Zheng L, Liang G, Sui Y, Wang B, Dai H, Dong H, Zhang L. Molecular epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from foxes and raccoon dogs in the Henan and Hebei provinces in China. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:53. [PMID: 38341563 PMCID: PMC10858577 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen widely distributed in animals and humans. It can cause diarrhea and even death in immunocompromised hosts. Approximately 800 internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes have been identified in E. bieneusi. Farmed foxes and raccoon dogs are closely associated to humans and might be the reservoir of E. bieneusi which is known to have zoonotic potential. However, there are only a few studies about E. bieneusi genotype identification and epidemiological survey in foxes and raccoon dogs in Henan and Hebei province. Thus, the present study investigated the infection rates and genotypes of E. bieneusi in farmed foxes and raccoon dogs in the Henan and Hebei provinces. RESULT A total of 704 and 884 fecal specimens were collected from foxes and raccoon dogs, respectively. Nested PCR was conducted based on ITS of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and then multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was conducted to analyze the genotypes. The result showed that infection rates of E. bieneusi in foxes and raccoon dogs were 18.32% and 5.54%, respectively. Ten E. bieneusi genotypes with zoonotic potential (NCF2, NCF3, D, EbpC, CHN-DC1, SCF2, CHN-F1, Type IV, BEB4, and BEB6) were identified in foxes and raccoon dogs. Totally 178 ITS-positive DNA specimens were identified from foxes and raccoon dogs and these specimens were then subjected to MLST analysis. In the MLST analysis, 12, 2, 7 and 8 genotypes were identified in at the mini-/ micro-satellite loci MS1, MS3, MS4 and MS7, respectively. A total of 14 multilocus genotypes were generated using ClustalX 2.1 software. Overall, the present study evaluated the infection of E. bieneusi in foxes and raccoon dogs in the Henan and Hebei province, and investigated the zoonotic potential of the E. bieneusi in foxes and raccoon dogs. CONCLUSIONS These findings expand the geographic distribution information of E. bieneusi' host in China and was helpful in preventing against the infection of E. bieneusi with zoonotic potential in foxes and raccoon dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Xinmiao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Yunan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Ying Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Guoqing Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Yuzhen Sui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Bukang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Hongyu Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China.
| | - Haiju Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China.
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Ghebremichael ST, Meng X, Wei J, Yang Y, Huang Q, Luo L, Xiang H, Chen J, Abo-Kadoum MA, Li T, Liu X, Bao J, Zhou Z, Pan G. Prevalence and genotyping distribution of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in diarrheic pigs in Chongqing and Sichuan provinces, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1025613. [PMID: 36312914 PMCID: PMC9608567 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The microsporidian fungal pathogen Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a unicellular parasite that infects humans and various animals, including pigs. Currently, there are few data on E. bieneusi infection a in diarrheic pigs in Chongqing and Sichuan Provinces, China. This study aims to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of E. bieneusi in diarrheic pigs. In total, 514 fecal samples from diarrheic pigs were obtained from 14 large-scale farms in Chongqing and Sichuan Provinces (326 suckling pigs, 17 weaned pigs, 65 fattening pigs, and 106 sows). To identify the E. bieneusi genotypes, genomic DNA was isolated from the samples and tested by nested PCR, targeting the internal transcribed spacer region of the rRNA followed by DNA sequence analysis. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi was 79.8% (410/514), with rates of 84.9% (90/106) in sows and 64.7% (11/17) in weaned pigs. We found 61 different genotypes, including seven known genotypes (E, F, CHG1, Peru8, CAF1, B, and BEB17) and 54 novel genotypes. These 54 new genotypes are variants of eight known genotypes (SDD2, A, B, HLJD-IV, PigSpEb1, O, JLD-I, and BEB17) based on their sequence similarities. Phylogenetically, all of the identified genotypes clustered with counterparts belonging to Group 1 and Group 2 of E. bieneusi. Therefore, we found a higher prevalence of E. bieneusi in sows than in preweaned and weaned pigs. These findings indicate that diarrheic pigs could be a potential reservoir host, which can contaminate the environment and be a source of microsporidia in humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Teweldeberhan Ghebremichael
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Biology, Mai Nefhi College of Science, Mai-Nefhi, Eritrea
| | - Xianzhi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujiao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - M. A. Abo-Kadoum
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assuit Branch, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Microsporidia Infection and Control, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqing Pan,
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Zhang ZH, Qin RL, Liu YY, Zou Y, Mei JJ, Liu Q, Gao WW, Zhu XQ, Ren YH, Xie SC. Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Pigs in Shanxi Province, North China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:933691. [PMID: 35909693 PMCID: PMC9334847 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.933691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common opportunistic intestinal pathogen that can cause acute diarrhea in immunosuppressed humans and animals. Though E. bieneusi has been widely detected in pigs around the world, little is known of its prevalence and genotype distribution in pigs in Shanxi province, north China. In this study, a total of 362 fecal samples were collected from pigs in three representative counties in north, south, and central Shanxi province, China. The prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi were investigated by nested PCR amplification of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. Overall, the prevalence of E. bieneusi in pigs in Shanxi province was 54.70% (198/362). Statistical analysis showed the difference in prevalence was statistically significant between regions (χ2 = 41.94, df = 2, P < 0.001) and ages (χ2 = 80.37, df = 1, P < 0.001). In addition, 16 genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified in this study by sequence analysis of the ITS region, including 15 known genotypes (EbpC, EbpA, EbpB, pigEb4, PigEBITS5, I, Henan-I, G, WildBoar 7, SH10, EbpD, CHC5, PigSpEb1, PigSpEb2, and CHG19) and one novel genotype (designated as PigSX-1). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 14 known genotypes and the novel genotype were clustered into Group 1, whereas genotype I belonged to Group 2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in pigs in Shanxi province. These findings enrich the genetic diversity of E. bieneusi and provide the baseline data for the prevention and control of E. bieneusi in pigs in the study regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Huan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Rui-Lin Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ya-Ya Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yang Zou
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jin-Jin Mei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Wen-Wei Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Higher Education of Yunnan, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yu-Hong Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- *Correspondence: Yu-Hong Ren
| | - Shi-Chen Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Shi-Chen Xie
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Taghipour A, Bahadory S, Khazaei S, Zaki L, Ghaderinezhad S, Sherafati J, Abdoli A. Global molecular epidemiology of microsporidia in pigs and wild boars with emphasis on Enterocytozoon bieneusi: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:1126-1136. [PMID: 35113502 PMCID: PMC9122395 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsporidia are spore‐forming intracellular pathogens with worldwide prevalence, causing emerging infections in humans and animals. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic species of microsporidia and is responsible for more than 90% of cases of microsporidiosis in humans and animals. Pigs and wild boars are important animal reservoirs of microsporidia. Hence, we aimed to estimate the global prevalence of microsporidia and genetic diversity of E. bieneusi in pigs and wild boars through a set of systematic review and meta‐analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Methods Four databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar) were searched between January 1, 2000 and April 30, 2021. Regarding meta‐analysis, the random‐effect model was employed by forest plot with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results After exclusion of irrelevant articles and duplication removal, 33 papers, including 34 datasets (30 datasets for domestic pigs and 4 for wild boars) finally meet the inclusion criteria to undergo meta‐analysis. The pooled prevalence rates of microsporidia infection in domestic pigs and wild boars were 37.6% (95% CI: 30.8–44.9%) and 8.1% (95% CI: 2.1–26.8%), respectively. While, the pooled prevalence rates of E. bieneusi were 35% (95% CI: 28.4–42.2%) in domestic pigs and 10.1% (95% CI: 1.7–42.4%) in wild boars. The genotypes EbpA was the most reported genotype in domestic pigs and wild boars. Male animals had higher prevalence rates of microsporidia infection than females (27 vs. 17.4%, OR = 1.91; 95% CI, 0.77–4.71%). Conclusion This study indicates the important role of domestic pigs and wild boars as animal reservoir hosts of microsporidia. Thereby, strategies for control and prevention of these zoonotic pathogens should be designed in pigs and wild boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Taghipour
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Saeed Bahadory
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Khazaei
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Zaki
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sheida Ghaderinezhad
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jila Sherafati
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
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Abstract
Microsporidia are pathogenic organism related to fungi. They cause infections in a wide variety of mammals as well as in avian, amphibian, and reptilian hosts. Many microsporidia species play an important role in the development of serious diseases that have significant implications in human and veterinary medicine. While microsporidia were originally considered to be opportunistic pathogens in humans, it is now understood that infections also occur in immune competent humans. Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are primarily mammalian pathogens. However, many other species of microsporidia that have some other primary host that is not a mammal have been reported to cause sporadic mammalian infections. Experimental models and observations in natural infections have demonstrated that microsporidia can cause a latent infection in mammalian hosts. This chapter reviews the published studies on mammalian microsporidiosis and the data on chronic infections due to these enigmatic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Koehler AV, Zhang Y, Gasser RB. A Perspective on the Molecular Identification, Classification, and Epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi of Animals. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 114:389-415. [PMID: 35544010 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-93306-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The microsporidian Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate intracellular pathogen that causes enteric disease (microsporidiosis) in humans and has been recorded in a wide range of animal species worldwide. The transmission of E. bieneusi is direct and likely occurs from person to person and from animal to person via the ingestion of spores in water, food, or the environment. The identification of E. bieneusi is usually accomplished by molecular means, typically using the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Currently, ~820 distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi have been recorded in at least 210 species of vertebrates (mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians) or invertebrates (insects and mussels) in more than 50 countries. In this chapter, we provide a perspective on (1) clinical aspects of human microsporidiosis; (2) the genome and DNA markers for E. bieneusi as well as molecular methods for the specific and genotypic identification of E. bieneusi; (3) epidemiological aspects of E. bieneusi of animals and humans, with an emphasis on the genotypes proposed to be zoonotic, human-specific, and animal-specific; and (4) future research directions to underpin expanded molecular studies to better understand E. bieneusi and microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Zhao W, Ren GX, Qiang Y, Li J, Pu J, Zhang Y, Tan F, Huang H, Liang S, Lu G. Molecular-Based Detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Farmed Masked Palm Civets ( Paguma larvata) in Hainan, China: A High-Prevalence, Specificity, and Zoonotic Potential of ITS Genotypes. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:714249. [PMID: 34660760 PMCID: PMC8517239 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.714249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian and zoonotic species. This study investigated the prevalence and distribution of E. bieneusi genotypes in farmed masked palm civets using nested PCR, as well as assessed their zoonotic potential by phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region of the rRNA region. Here, we collected 251 fecal specimens from farmed masked palm civets (Paguma larvata) from the Hainan Island, China. In total, 128 of 251 samples were positive for E. bieneusi, with an average infection rate of 51.0%. Seventeen genotypes were identified including 12 known genotypes—HNR-VI (n = 56), SHR1 (n = 45), SHW7 (n = 6), KIN-1 (n = 3), D (n = 3), New1 (n = 3), EbpC (n = 2), CHC5 (n = 1), CHG19 (n = 1), CHN4 (n = 1), EbpA (n = 1), and Henan-III (n = 1)—and five novel genotypes (HNPL-I to HNPL-II; one each). Phylogenetic analysis categorized these genotypes into two groups. Thirteen of them were members of the zoonotic group 1, and the remaining four genotypes were in group 12. This study has shown that the infection rates of E. bieneusi in masked palm civets from Hainan were relatively high and provide baseline data to control and prevent microsporidiosis in farm-related communities. Therefore, infections in masked palm civets with zoonotic genotypes D, EbpC, CHN4, EbpA, KIN-1, and Henan-III should be considered potential threats to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guang-Xu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Qiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinkang Pu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Feng Tan
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huicong Huang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shaohui Liang
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.,Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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Zhong Y, Zhou Z, Deng L, Liu H, Zhong Z, Ma X, Zhang K, Wang Y, Fu H, Peng G. Prevalence and new genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheltered dogs and cats in Sichuan province, southwestern China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:31. [PMID: 33812463 PMCID: PMC8019560 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common intracellular parasite that infects a wide range of hosts, including humans and companion animals, raising concerns of zoonotic transmission. However, there is limited epidemiological information on the prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in sheltered dogs and cats in Sichuan province, southwestern China. A total of 880 fecal samples were collected from shelters in different cities of Sichuan province, including 724 samples from dogs, and 156 samples from cats. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was determined by sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Overall, the prevalence of E. bieneusi was 18% (158/880), and the parasite was detected in 18.8% (136/724) and 14.1% (22/156) of the dogs and cats examined, respectively. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of five genotypes in dogs, including three known genotypes CD9 (n = 92), PtEb IX (n = 41), and Type IV (n = 1), and two novel genotypes SCD-1 (n = 1) and SCD-2 (n = 1). Similarly, four genotypes were identified in cats, including CD9 (n = 11), Type IV (n = 6), D (n = 4), and PtEb IX (n = 1). Genotypes D and Type IV have previously been identified in humans and are reported in sheltered dogs and cats in the present study, indicating that these animals could be as potential sources of human microsporidiosis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Lei Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Kun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Yingzhu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Hualin Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China
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12
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Genotyping and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pigs transported across regions in China. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104823. [PMID: 33689811 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are common and important enteric parasites that can infect humans and animals, causing diarrhoea and systemic diseases. The objectives of the present study were to examine the prevalence and genetic variations of Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi in pigs transferred from northeastern China to Ningbo city in Zhejiang Province. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 0.9% (2/216) of these samples and belonged to the zoonotic species Cryptosporidium parvum. A high E. bieneusi infection rate (25.0%, 54/216) was observed in this study, with 7 possible novel ITS genotypes (JLNB-1 to JLNB-7) and 10 known genotypes (EbpA, CM11, H, CM6, pigEBITS1, EbpC, CS-4, pigEBITS5, CHS5, and Henan-Ⅳ) identified, and zoonotic EbpA was the dominant genotype. Genotypes H and pigEBITS1 were reported for the first time in pigs in China. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the genotypes found in these samples belonged to zoonotic group 1. These findings indicated the potential threat of Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi to humans or the environment during cross-regional transportation. An effective management control system should be built to avoid parasitic transmission as well as other animal diseases while travelling across different regions. In further studies, attention should be given to the transmission routes and the role of pigs as a potential source of human Cryptosporidium and E. bieneusi infections in China.
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Zhang Y, Koehler AV, Wang T, Gasser RB. Enterocytozoon bieneusi of animals-With an 'Australian twist'. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2021; 111:1-73. [PMID: 33482973 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a microsporidian microorganism that causes intestinal disease in animals including humans. E. bieneusi is an obligate intracellular pathogen, typically causing severe or chronic diarrhoea, malabsorption and/or wasting. Currently, E. bieneusi is recognised as a fungus, although its exact classification remains contentious. The transmission of E. bieneusi can occur from person to person and/or animals to people. Transmission is usually via the faecal-oral route through E. bieneusi spore-contaminated water, environment or food, or direct contact with infected individuals. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes are usually identified and classified by PCR-based sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. To date, ~600 distinct genotypes of E. bieneusi have been recorded in ~170 species of animals, including various orders of mammals and reptiles as well as insects in >40 countries. Moreover, E. bieneusi has also been found in recreational water, irrigation water, and treated raw- and waste-waters. Although many studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, prevalence surveys of animals and humans are scant in some countries, such as Australia, and transmission routes of individual genotypes and related risk factors are poorly understood. This article/chapter reviews aspects of the taxonomy, biology and epidemiology of E. bieneusi; the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of microsporidiosis; critically appraises the naming system for E. bieneusi genotypes as well as the phylogenetic relationships of these genotypes; provides new insights into the prevalence and genetic composition of E. bieneusi populations in animals in parts of Australia using molecular epidemiological tools; and proposes some areas for future research in the E. bieneusi/microsporidiosis field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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14
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Ecological and public health significance of Enterocytozoon bieneusi. One Health 2020; 12:100209. [PMID: 33426263 PMCID: PMC7779778 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a fungus-like protist parasite, causes symptomatic and asymptomatic intestinal infections in terrestrial animals and is also abundant in the environment. This parasite has been isolated from a variety of host types including humans, livestock, companion animals, birds, and wildlife, as well as the natural and urban environments including drinking source water, coastal water, recreational water, wastewater, vegetables in retail markets, and raw milk on farms. E. bieneusi exhibits high genetic diversity among host species and environmental sources and at least 500 genotypes have been identified thus far. Since its discovery in AIDS patients in 1985, scientists across the world have worked to demonstrate the natural history and public health potential of this pathogen. Here we review molecular typing studies on E. bieneusi and summarize relevant data to identify the potential sources of human and nonhuman infections and environmental contamination. This review also discusses the possible transmission routes of E. bieneusi and the associated risk factors, and advocates the importance of the One Health approach to tackle E. bieneusi infections.
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Li W, Feng Y, Xiao L. Diagnosis and molecular typing of Enterocytozoon bieneusi: the significant role of domestic animals in transmission of human microsporidiosis. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:251-261. [PMID: 33035931 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate intracellular fungus-like parasite with high genetic diversity among mammalian and avian hosts. Based on polymorphism analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), nearly 500 genotypes were identified within E. bieneusi. Those genotypes form several genetic groups that exhibit phenotypic differences in host specificity and zoonotic potential and probably have varying public health implications. Some of the genotypes in Group 1 (e.g., D, EbpC, and Type IV) and Group 2 (e.g., BEB4, BEB6, I, and J) are the most common ones that infect a variety of hosts including humans and thus are of public health importance. By contrast, those genotypes in other genetic groups (Groups 3-11) are mostly restricted to the hosts from which they were originally isolated, which would have unknown or limited impacts on public health. Advances on diagnosis and molecular typing of E. bieneusi are introduced in this review. Genotype distribution pattern of E. bieneusi in major domestic animal groups (pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, cats, and dogs), the role of those animals in zoonotic transmission of microsporidiosis, and food and water as potential vehicles for transmission are interpreted here as well. This review highlights the importance of including more genetic or epidemiological data obtained in the same geographical areas and using more reliable genetic markers to analyze the actual extent of host specificity in E. bieneusi, for the purpose of fully appreciating zoonotic risks of those domestic animals in close contacts with men and enhancing our understanding of the modes of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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16
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Wang H, Lin X, Sun Y, Qi N, Lv M, Xiao W, Chen Y, Xiang R, Sun M, Zhang L. Occurrence, risk factors and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in dogs and cats in Guangzhou, southern China: high genotype diversity and zoonotic concern. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:201. [PMID: 32552737 PMCID: PMC7301972 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi, a common opportunistic fungal pathogen, has a wide range of hosts. Limited epidemiological data on E. bieneusi intestinal infections in companion animals (dogs and cats) in China exists. In this study, fecal samples (651 from dogs and 389 from cats) in Guangzhou city, Guangdong Province, China, were collected, and the ribosomal internal transcribed (ITS) spacer region from the DNA extracted from them was Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-amplified and sequenced. Results Based on the sequencing data, E. bieneusi was identified in the fecal samples collected from 149 (22.9%) and 79 (20.3%) dogs and cats. Of the factors investigated, poor living conditions appeared to be the major risk factor for contracting the pathogen. Eleven E. bieneusi genotypes, six known (PtEb IX, GD1, D, CD9, EbpC, I) and five novel (designated here as GD2– GD6), were found in dogs. Eight genotypes, six known (PtEb IX, GD1, D, CD9, EbpC, Type IV) and two novel (GD2 and GC1), were identified in cats. Genotype PtEb IX was most common in both dogs and cats, followed by genotype GD1. Conclusions Although PtEb IX was the most common E. bieneusi genotype in dogs, this is the first report of this genotype dominating in cats. The same genotype distribution of the pathogen between the two different companion animals species in the same geographic area indicates that inter-species transmission is probable. The widespread existence of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes (D, EbpC, Type IV) in companion animals indicates that they are potential sources of environmental contamination and infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Unconventional Feed Resources, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Xuhui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanshan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Minna Lv
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuancai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Ruiping Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Unconventional Feed Resources, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry ofAgriculture, Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510640, People's Republic of China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, P. R. China.
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Molecular characterization and novel genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pet snakes in Beijing, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:172-175. [PMID: 32612925 PMCID: PMC7322169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Little is known regarding the Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in snakes worldwide. In the present study, a total of 273 fecal samples were collected from pet snakes in Beijing, China. They were then tested for the presence of E. bieneusi by PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene. The overall infection rate of E. bieneusi was 4.4% (12/273), with the highest infection rate (20%, 1/5) of E. bieneusi was found in the Black rat snake (Pantherophis obsoletus), whereas no positive samples were detected from both Milk (0/22) and Coast garter snakes (0/2). Eight genotypes were identified, including four known genotypes: EbpA (n = 1), EbpC (n = 5), Henan-III (n = 1), and SHR1 (n = 1), and four novel genotypes: CRep-5 (n = 1), CRep-6 (n = 1), CRep-7 (n = 1), and CRep-8 (n = 1). Among them, EbpC (41.7%, 5/12) was the predominant genotype. Phylogenetic analysis showed that seven genotypes belonged to group 1, while genotype SHR1 belonged to group 2. Genotypes EbpA, EbpC, and Henan-III have been previously reported in humans. This suggests that pet snakes are a potential source of zoonotic microsporidiosis transmission in China. 4.4% (12/273) of pet snakes were PCR positive for E. bieneusi. Eight genotypes were identified, including four known and four novel genotypes. Transmission of E. bieneusi to humans from pet snakes is possible.
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18
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Dashti A, Rivero-Juarez A, Santín M, López-López P, Caballero-Gómez J, Frías-Casas M, Köster PC, Bailo B, Calero-Bernal R, Briz V, Carmena D. Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Microsporidia): Identification of novel genotypes and evidence of transmission between sympatric wild boars (Sus scrofa ferus) and Iberian pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) in Southern Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2869-2880. [PMID: 32500974 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia is a phylum of obligate emergent intracellular protist-like fungi pathogens that infect a broad range of hosts including vertebrates and invertebrates. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common cause of microsporidiosis in humans, affecting primarily immunosuppressed patients but also reported in immunocompetent individuals. Epidemiological information on the presence and molecular diversity of E. bieneusi in livestock and wildlife in Spain is limited. Therefore, the occurrence of this microsporidia was investigated in sympatric extensively reared Iberian pigs (n = 186) and free ranging wild boars (n = 142) in the province of Córdoba, Southern Spain. Forty-two Iberian pigs (22.6%) and three wild boars (2.1%) were found E. bieneusi positive by PCR. In Iberian pigs, occurrence of E. bieneusi was significantly higher in sows than in fattening pigs (31.6% vs. 11.4%; p = .001). Five genotypes were identified in Iberian pigs, four previously reported (EbpA, PigEb4, O, Pig HN-II) and a novel genotype (named PigSpEb1), while only two genotypes were identified in wild boars, EbpA and novel genotype PigSpEb1. All five genotypes identified belong to Group 1 suggesting zoonotic potential. This study constitutes the first report on the occurrence and molecular characterization of E. bieneusi in Iberian pigs and wild boars. The identification of two genotypes with zoonotic potential in sympatric Iberian pigs and wild boars suggests that E. bieneusi can be potentially transmitted between those two hosts, but also implies that they may act as natural sources of microsporidia infection to other hosts including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Dashti
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rivero-Juarez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mónica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Pedro López-López
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Javier Caballero-Gómez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mario Frías-Casas
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pamela C Köster
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bailo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Briz
- Viral Hepatitis Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Madrid, Spain
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Ma YY, Ma YT, Nie LB, Li TS, Peng JJ, Cong W, Zou Y, Zhu XQ. Prevalence and genotype distribution of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Shandong Province, eastern China. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1873-1878. [PMID: 32377907 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common microsporidian species, which can infect humans and various species of animals. However, little is known about E. bieneusi prevalence and genotypes in farmed raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Shandong Province, China. In this study, a total of 356 fecal samples were collected from farmed raccoon dogs in Weihai, Weifang, and Yantai cities in Shandong Province, China. A total of 23 (6.5%) samples were E. bieneusi-positive by nested PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. Statistical analysis showed that E. bieneusi prevalence in male raccoon dogs was higher than that in female raccoon dogs, and the highest E. bieneusi prevalence was detected in adult raccoon dogs. Sequence analysis revealed four known E. bieneusi genotypes (D, type IV, CHG1, and Peru8), and type IV (11/23) was the predominant genotype. The genotypes type IV, Peru8, and CHG1 were reported in raccoon dogs for the first time in China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three human-pathogenic genotypes (D, type IV, and Peru8) were clustered into group 1, and the CHG1 belonged to group 2. These findings expand the current understanding of E. bieneusi prevalence and genotype distribution in raccoon dogs in China. Our study also shows that raccoon dogs are hosts for E. bieneusi belonging to several genotypes, including zoonotic ones, highlighting the possibility of transmission of this pathogen between raccoon dogs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Ting Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Bi Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao-Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Jie Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cong
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai, 264209, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China.
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Ruviniyia K, Abdullah DA, Sumita S, Lim YAL, Ooi PT, Sharma RSK. Molecular detection of porcine Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in Peninsular Malaysia and epidemiological risk factors associated with potentially zoonotic genotypes. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1663-1674. [PMID: 32219552 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06648-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an emerging opportunistic pathogen infecting humans, and both domestic and wild pigs are known to harbour zoonotic genotypes. There remains a paucity of information on the prevalence and epidemiology of this enteropathogen in Southeast Asia. The present study was undertaken to determine the molecular prevalence and risk factors associated with E. bieneusi infection among commercially farmed pigs in Malaysia. Faecal samples were collected from 450 pigs from 15 different farms and subjected to nested PCR amplification of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene of E. bieneusi. Phylogenetic analysis involved 28 nucleotide sequences of the ITS region of E. bieneusi. An interviewer-administered questionnaire provided information on the animal hosts, farm management systems and environmental factors and was statistically analysed to determine the risk factors for infection. The prevalence of E. bieneusi infection was relatively high (40.7%). The highest prevalence (51.3%) was recorded among the piglets, while the adults showed the lowest level of infection (31.3%). Multivariate analysis indicated that age of the pigs, distance of the farm from human settlement and farm management system were significant risk factors of infection. Three genotypes (EbpA, EbpC and Henan-III) detected among the pigs are potentially zoonotic. The high prevalence of E. bieneusi among locally reared pigs, the presence of zoonotic genotypes and the spatial distribution of pig farms and human settlements warrant further investigation on the possibility of zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ruviniyia
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - D A Abdullah
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Animal Production Techniques, Northern Technical University, Mosul, Iraq
| | - S Sumita
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Y A L Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P T Ooi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R S K Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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21
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Thathaisong U, Siripattanapipong S, Leelayoova S, Mungthin M. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi among Pigs in Chonburi Province, Eastern Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:1392-1396. [PMID: 31549621 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an organism that infects a wide variety of vertebrates, including humans. Pigs also harbor E. bieneusi, of which several genotypes have been recently detected in human feces. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of E. bieneusi infection among pigs raised in three smallholder farms and eight small large-scale farms in Chonburi Province, Eastern Thailand, using nested polymerase chain reaction of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the small subunit of ribosomal RNA gene and to investigate genotypes of E. bieneusi isolates using nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis of the ITS region. Of 244 stool samples, E. bieneusi was detected in 14.8% (36/244). Two known zoonotic genotypes, that is, genotypes E (77.8%) and F (22.2%), were identified. Using phylogenetic tree analysis, these two genotypes were clustered in human pathogenic and zoonotic potential groups, designated as group 1. The high prevalence of zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi among pigs suggests that pig farming is one of the potential sources of human infection. This is the first report of E. bieneusi genotypes among pigs raised in pig farms in Eastern Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umaporn Thathaisong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand
| | | | - Saovanee Leelayoova
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mathirut Mungthin
- Department of Parasitology, Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
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22
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Zhou HH, Zheng XL, Ma TM, Qi M, Zhou JG, Liu HJ, Lu G, Zhao W. Molecular detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farm-raised pigs in Hainan Province, China: infection rates, genotype distributions, and zoonotic potential. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:12. [PMID: 32129760 PMCID: PMC7055476 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a zoonotic fungal pathogen with a high degree of host diversity that can parasitize many animals, including humans. Pigs may play an important role in the epidemiology of E. bieneusi as reservoir hosts. Nevertheless, the genotypes of E. bieneusi in pigs in China remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of E. bieneusi infection amongst pigs raised on farms from four cities of Hainan Province, using nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the partial small subunit of the ribosomal RNA gene, and to identify genotypes of E. bieneusi isolates based on sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Among 188 stool samples, E. bieneusi was detected in 46.8% (88/188). Eight genotypes including four known (EbpA, CS-4, MJ14, and CHG19) and four novel (HNP-I – HNP-IV) genotypes were identified. Using phylogenetic analysis, genotypes EbpA, CS4, CHG19, HNP-III, and HNP-IV were clustered into zoonotic Group 1, while the remaining three genotypes (MJ14, HNP-I, and HNP-II) clustered into Group 10. The high prevalence of zoonotic genotypes of E. bieneusi among pigs suggests that pig farming is a potential source of human infection. Additionally, this is the first identification of genotypes in Group 10 in pigs indicating unique epidemic features of E. bieneusi in pigs in Hainan Province, the southernmost part of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China
| | - Xin-Li Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, 843300 Xinjiang, PR China
| | - Tian-Ming Ma
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China
| | - Meng Qi
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 571100 Haikou, PR China
| | - Jing-Guo Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China
| | - Hai-Ju Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199 Hainan, PR China - Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, 571199 Haikou, PR China - Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang Province, PR China
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23
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Deng L, Chai Y, Luo R, Yang L, Yao J, Zhong Z, Wang W, Xiang L, Fu H, Liu H, Zhou Z, Yue C, Chen W, Peng G. Occurrence and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pet red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) in China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1026. [PMID: 31974403 PMCID: PMC6978461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57896-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are two well-known protist pathogens which can result in diarrhea in humans and animals. To examine the occurrence and genetic characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in pet red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris), 314 fecal specimens were collected from red squirrels from four pet shops and owners in Sichuan province, China. Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi were examined by nested PCR targeting the partial small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene respectively. The infection rates were 8.6% (27/314) for Cryptosporidium spp. and 19.4% (61/314) for E. bieneusi. Five Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified by DNA sequence analysis: Cryptosporidium rat genotype II (n = 8), Cryptosporidium ferret genotype (n = 8), Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype III (n = 5), Cryptosporidium rat genotype I (n = 4), and Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 2). Additionally, a total of five E. bieneusi genotypes were revealed, including three known genotypes (D, SCC-2, and SCC-3) and two novel genotypes (RS01 and RS02). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that genotype D fell into group 1, whereas the remaining genotypes clustered into group 10. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi in pet red squirrels in China. Moreover, C. parvum and genotype D of E. bieneusi, previously identified in humans, were also found in red squirrels, suggesting that red squirrels may give rise to cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis in humans through zoonotic transmissions. These results provide preliminary reference data for monitoring Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi infections in pet red squirrels and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Yijun Chai
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Run Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Leli Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jingxin Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Wuyou Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Leiqiong Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Chanjuan Yue
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, China
| | - Weigang Chen
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Sichuan Academy of Giant Panda, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China.
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24
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Wang Y, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Wang K, Gazizova A, Wang L, Cao L, Zhang Y, Huang J, Cui Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L. First detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in whooper swans (Cygnus cygnus) in China. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:5. [PMID: 31910900 PMCID: PMC6947823 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3884-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a parasite that infects humans and a wide range of other animals. The large migratory waterfowl, the whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), travels through many cities during its migration and can spread parasites. Despite receiving increasing attention worldwide, there have been no reports of E. bieneusi infection occurring in C. cygnus. Therefore, this study aims to assess the prevalence and genetic characteristics of E. bieneusi in C. cygnus in Sanmenxia, China. Methods Altogether, 467 fresh fecal samples were collected in the Swan Wetland Park in Sanmenxia, China. Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh fecal samples (n = 467) and E. bieneusi was identified by nested PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. ITS-positive sequences were aligned and phylogenetically analyzed to determine the genotypes of E. bieneusi. Results The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in C. cygnus was 7.49% (35/467). Sequencing of the 35 positive samples revealed eight known genotypes (EbpA, EbpC, Henan-III, Henan-IV, BEB6, CD9, Peru6 and PtEb IX) and three novel genotypes (CSW1, CSW2 and CSW3). The phylogenetic tree constructed from the ITS sequences showed that seven genotypes (Peru6, EbpA, EbpC, Henan-III, CSW3, Henan-IV and CSW1) clustered within the zoonotic Group 1 while the remaining novel genotype CSW2 clustered within Group 5. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi in C. cygnus. Of public health significance, our results suggest that migratory C. cygnus might play an important role in the water-borne transmission of E. bieneusi. Effective strategies will be necessary to control E. bieneusi infection in C. cygnus, other animals and humans.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Sanmenxia Management Office of Henan Yellow River Wetland National Nature Reserve, Sanmenxia, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Azhar Gazizova
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Letian Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Cui
- Sanmenxia Management Office of Henan Yellow River Wetland National Nature Reserve, Sanmenxia, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxi Zhang
- Sanmenxia Swan Lake National Urban Wetland Park Management Office, Sanmenxia, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Li DF, Zhang Y, Jiang YX, Xing JM, Tao DY, Zhao AY, Cui ZH, Jing B, Qi M, Zhang LX. Genotyping and Zoonotic Potential of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Pigs in Xinjiang, China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2401. [PMID: 31695688 PMCID: PMC6817468 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate intracellular fungus, infecting various invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, it is common in humans and causes diarrhea in the immunocompromised. In the present study, 801 fecal specimens were collected from pigs on seven large-scale pig farms in Xinjiang, China. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene showed that the overall E. bieneusi infection rate was 48.6% (389/801). The E. bieneusi infection rates differed significantly among the collection sites (20.0–73.0%) (χ2 = 75.720, df = 6, p < 0.01). Post-weaned pigs had the highest infection rate (77.2%, 217/281), followed by fattening pigs (67.4%, 87/129) and pre-weaned suckling pigs (35.5%, 60/169). Adult pigs had the lowest infection rate (11.3%, 25/222). The E. bieneusi infection rates also differed significantly among age groups (χ2 = 246.015, df = 3, p < 0.01). Fifteen genotypes were identified, including 13 known genotypes (CHC, CS-1, CS-4, CS-7, CS-9, D, EbpA, EbpC, EbpD, H, PigEb4, PigEBITS5, and WildBoar8) and two novel genotypes (XJP-II and XJP-III). Among them, six genotypes (CS-4, D, EbpA, EbpC, H, and PigEBITS5) have been reported in humans. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the genotypes belonged to Group 1 of E. bieneusi. These findings suggest that pigs may play an important role in transmitting E. bieneusi infections to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Fang Li
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Yu-Xi Jiang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Jin-Ming Xing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Da-Yong Tao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Ai-Yun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Long-Xian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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26
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Zhang N, Wu R, Ji T, Cui LL, Cao HX, Li D, Li J, Zhang L, Huang C, Zhou DH. Molecular Detection, Multilocus Genotyping, and Population Genetics of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Pigs in Southeastern China. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 67:107-114. [PMID: 31486160 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an important opportunistic pathogen widely distributed in humans and animals that causes diarrhea or fatal diarrhea in immunocompromised hosts. To examine the infection status and molecular characteristics of E. bieneusi in pigs, 725 fecal samples were collected from pigs in six areas of Fujian Province. The E. bieneusi genotypes were identified based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene by nested PCR, and its population genetics were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The results showed that the infection rate of E. bieneusi was 24.4% (177/725), and 11 known genotypes (EbpC, EbpA, CHN-RR2, KIN-1, CHG7, CHS5, CM11, CHG23, G, PigEBITS, and D) and 2 novel genotypes (FJF and FJS) were identified. All the genotypes were found to be clustered into zoonotic Group 1. Moreover, 52 positive samples were successfully amplified at minisatellite and microsatellite loci and formed 48 distinct multilocus genotypes (MLGs). Further population structure analyses showed strong genetic linkage disequilibrium (LD) and several recombination events (Rm), indicating that E. bieneusi has a clonal population structure. This study is the first to investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of E. bieneusi in Fujian Province and could provide baseline data to control E. bieneusi infection in pigs and humans and deepen our understanding of the zoonotic risk of E. bieneusi and its distribution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention & Control of Animal Infectious Diseases & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Ran Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lin-Lin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hao-Xuan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- Scientific Research Experiment Center & Laboratory Animal Center, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Cuiqin Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for the Prevention & Control of Animal Infectious Diseases & Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, 364012, China
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Udonsom R, Prasertbun R, Mahittikorn A, Chiabchalard R, Sutthikornchai C, Palasuwan A, Popruk S. Identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in goats and cattle in Thailand. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:308. [PMID: 31462318 PMCID: PMC6714406 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi has been increasingly reported to infect domestic animals and humans, with human infections primarily reported as zoonotic in origin. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence and genotype of E. bieneusi in humans and domestic animals in central Thailand by testing stool samples of 200 apparently healthy humans, 73 goats, 60 cattle and 65 pigs using nested-PCR/ sequence analysis based on the ITS region of SSU rRNA genes. Results E. bieneusi tested positive in 2 (1%) of the 200 stool samples collected from humans and 56 (28.3%) of the 198 stool samples collected from domestic animals. The highest prevalence of E. bieneusi was observed in pigs (39/65, 60%), followed by goats (14/73, 19.2%) and cattle (3/60, 5%). Seven novel E. bieneusi genotypes were identified, which were named GoatAYE1–4 and PigAYE1–3 and clustered in either zoonotic Group 1 or Group 2. Moreover, eleven previously described E. bieneusi genotypes were also identified (O, D, H, SX1, CHC8, CHG3, CS-10, SHZC1, LW1, WildBoar5, and EbpC). All novel genotypes exhibited zoonotic potential from a phylogenetic analysis of ITS region. Conclusion Our data showed that the prevalence of E. bieneusi is low in apparently healthy individuals and higher in pigs than cattle and goats. This study provides baseline data useful for controlling and preventing E. bieneusi infection in farm communities, where pigs and goats appear to be the major reservoir of E. bieneusi. The results of our study support the view that E. bieneusi is a zoonotic pathogen that should be considered a potential public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruenruetai Udonsom
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rapeepun Prasertbun
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rachatawan Chiabchalard
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Chantira Sutthikornchai
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Attakorn Palasuwan
- Oxidation in Red Cell Disorders and Health Task Force, Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 154 Rama I Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.
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Zou Y, Zheng WB, Song HY, Xia CY, Shi B, Liu JZ, Hou JL, Zhu XQ. Prevalence and genetic characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in Tibetan pigs in Tibet, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:104019. [PMID: 31470093 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis are important opportunistic enteric zoonotic pathogens that cause diarrhoea and intestinal diseases in animals and humans. China is the largest producer of pigs, but whether Tibetan pigs, a unique pig breed in Tibet, are infected with E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis is unknown. Therefore, we conducted a molecular epidemiological survey to determine the prevalence of E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis in Tibetan pigs in Tibet, China, and identified the genotypes of these causative agents. A total of 345 faecal specimens were collected from Tibetan pigs from three Tibet counties (Milin, Cuona and Gongbujiangda), examined by nested PCR and sequenced utilizing genetic markers in the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene for E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis, respectively. Moreover, using multilocus sequence typing, the subtypes of E. bieneusi were identified based on four loci (MS1, MS3, MS4 and MS7). A total of 41 (11.88%) faecal samples from Tibetan pigs were E. bieneusi-positive, and 2 (0.58%) were G. duodenalis-positive. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age was considered a risk factor for Tibetan pig infection of E. bieneusi. Two novel (GB11, GB31) and four known E. bieneusi genotypes (EbpC, EbpD, PigEBITS5 and CHS12) were identified and were all classified as zoonotic group 1 according to the phylogenetic analysis. Two MLGs (MLGI and MLGII) were further identified in the E. bieneusi EbpC genotype by multilocus sequence typing analysis. In addition, two G. duodenalis assemblages (D and E) were found in the present study. To our knowledge, the current study is the first to detect the prevalence and perform genetic characterization of G. duodenalis in Tibetan pigs in Tibet, China. The results could provide essential data for controlling E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis infections in Tibetan pigs that are in contact with other animals and humans, as Tibetan pigs could be a potential source for human infection by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Chen-Yang Xia
- Institute of Livestock Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region 850009, PR China
| | - Bin Shi
- Institute of Livestock Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region 850009, PR China
| | - Jian-Zhi Liu
- Institute of Livestock Research, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region 850009, PR China
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, PR China.
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Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in cats and dogs in Victoria, Australia. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:183. [PMID: 31395004 PMCID: PMC6686557 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi is one of the commonest microsporidians contributing to human microsporidiosis, and is frequently found in animals in various countries. However, there is limited epidemiological information on this microorganism in Australia. Here, we undertook the first molecular epidemiological study of E. bieneusi in cats and dogs in Victoria. RESULTS Genomic DNAs were extracted from 514 individual faecal deposits from cats (n = 172) and dogs (n = 342) and then tested using PCR-based sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Four distinct genotypes (designated D, PtEb IX, VIC_cat1 and VIC_dog1) of E. bieneusi were identified in 20 of the 514 faecal samples (3.9%). Genotype D is known to have a broad host range (humans and other animals) and has a wide geographical distribution around the world. The identification of this genotype here suggests that companion animals might represent reservoir hosts that are able to transmit E. bieneusi infection to humans in Australia. A phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequence data revealed that the novel genotype VIC_cat1 is related to the known genotype type IV within Group 1, and the new genotype VIC_dog1 is linked to a contentious "Group 3", which includes genotypes reported previously in the published literature to represent Group 2 or 3. CONCLUSIONS A future, large-scale phylogenetic study of all known E. bieneusi genotypes, including VIC_dog1, should aid in clarifying their relationships and assignment to Groups, and in the identification of new genotypes, thus assisting epidemiological investigations.
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30
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Luo R, Xiang L, Liu H, Zhong Z, Liu L, Deng L, Liu L, Huang X, Zhou Z, Fu H, Luo Y, Peng G. First report and multilocus genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from Tibetan pigs in southwestern China. Parasite 2019; 26:24. [PMID: 31041895 PMCID: PMC6492536 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common intestinal pathogen in a variety of animals. While E. bieneusi genotypes have become better-known, there are few reports on its prevalence in the Tibetan pig. This study investigated the prevalence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in the Tibetan pig in southwestern China. Tibetan pig feces (266 samples) were collected from three sites in the southwest of China. Feces were subjected to PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was detected in 83 (31.2%) of Tibetan pigs from the three different sites, with 25.4% in Kangding, 56% in Yaan, and 26.7% in Qionglai. Prevalence varies according to age group, from 24.4% (age 0-1 years) to 44.4% (age 1-2 years). Four genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified: two known genotypes EbpC (n = 58), Henan-IV (n = 24) and two novel genotypes, SCT01 and SCT02 (one of each). We compare our results with a compilation of published results on the host range and geographical distribution of E. bieneusi genotypes in China. Phylogenetic analysis showed these four genotypes clustered to group 1 with zoonotic potential. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of three microsatellites (MS1, MS3, MS7) and one minisatellite (MS4) was successful in 47, 48, 23 and 47 positive specimens and identified 10, 10, 5 and 5 genotypes at four loci, respectively. This study indicates the potential danger of E. bieneusi to Tibetan pigs in southwestern China, and offers basic advice for preventing and controlling infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Luo
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The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan Province
611130 PR China
| | - Leiqiong Xiang
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The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan Province
611130 PR China
| | - Haifeng Liu
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The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan Province
611130 PR China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
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The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan Province
611130 PR China
| | - Li Liu
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Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Research Base Chengdu Sichuan Province
625001 PR China
| | - Lei Deng
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The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan Province
611130 PR China
| | - Ling Liu
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The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan Province
611130 PR China
| | - Xiangming Huang
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Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Research Base Chengdu Sichuan Province
625001 PR China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
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The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan Province
611130 PR China
| | - Hualin Fu
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The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan Province
611130 PR China
| | - Yan Luo
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The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan Province
611130 PR China
| | - Guangneng Peng
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The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University Chengdu Sichuan Province
611130 PR China
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31
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Valenčáková A, Danišová O. Molecular characterization of new genotypes Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Slovakia. Acta Trop 2019; 191:217-220. [PMID: 30586572 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is characterized as a ubiquitous intestinal parasite with a wide genetic diversity, and it is capable of infecting a diverse range of hosts all around the world. Since information about the genotype diversity of E. bieneusi in pigs, calves, sheep and goats in Slovakia is very limited, we examined three farms where we mapped the occurrence of E. bieneusi and its genotypes, thus contributing to the information about geographic diversity of this pathogen worldwide. In this study we used PCR methods to examine 253 fecal samples from pigs, calves, sheep and goats with suspected microsporidiosis. Real time PCR was used to identify genotypes by amplification of SSU region and ITS region. After analysis we detected presence of E. bieneusi (7) and Microsporidia sp. (6) in 13 samples. The analysis of nucleotide sequences of ITS region of E. bieneusi shows, that the positive isolates belonged to 5 genotypes, including two known genotypes (I, F) and three new genotypes diagnosed in pigs, named SVK-S1, SVK-S2 and SVK-S3. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these novel genotypes identified in present study belong to group 1, which previously has been described as a zoonotic group. Genotype I was detected in two calves and genotype F was detected in two pigs.
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32
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Li D, Zheng S, Zhou C, Karim MR, Wang L, Wang H, Yu F, Li J, Wang W, Wang Y, Zhang S, Jian F, Wang R, Ning C, Zhang L. Multilocus Typing of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Pig Reveals the High Prevalence, Zoonotic Potential, Host Adaptation and Geographical Segregation in China. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2019; 66:707-718. [PMID: 30723969 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is one of the most frequently diagnosed Microsporidia of humans and most animals. However, there is no information on E. bieneusi infection of pigs in Tibet and Henan, China. In this study, 1,190 fecal samples were collected from pigs in Tibet and Henan and screened for the presence of E. bieneusi. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi infection was 54.2% (645/1,190), with differences in prevalence observed among geographical areas, ages, and pig breeds. Moreover, 10 E. bieneusi genotypes were identified based on internal transcribed spacer region genotyping, including eight known genotypes (EbpC, EbpA, CHG19, CHC5, Henan-III, I, D, and H) and two novel genotypes (XZP-I and XZP-II). Multilocus sequence typing revealed 18, 7, 17, and 13 genotypes at minisatellite/microsatellite loci MS1, MS3, MS4, and MS7, respectively. Strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) and few numbers of recombination events, suggest a clonal structure of the E. bieneusi population examined in this study. The low pairwise genetic distance (FST ) and gene flow (Nm) values indicated limited gene flow in the E. bieneusi population from different hosts, with phylogenetic, structure, and median-joining network analyses all indicating the existence of host and geographical isolation. The identification of isolates belonging to nine human-pathogenic genotypes indicates that pigs play an important role in the dissemination of E. bieneusi, improving our present understanding of E. bieneusi epidemiology in the studied region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shuangjian Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Md Robiul Karim
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Department of Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Luyang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Experimental Research Center, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yange Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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Prado JBF, Ramos CADN, Fiuza VRDS, Terra VJB. Occurrence of zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cats in Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:80-90. [PMID: 30785555 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an opportunistic intestinal pathogen that infects humans and a wide variety of animals worldwide. Our aim in this study was to investigate the occurrence of E. bieneusi in a domestic cat population in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Sixty fecal samples from diarrheic cats were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplicons were sequenced for identification. E. bieneusi was detected in two samples (3.3%), both identified as genotype D. This genotype has already been reported in animals and humans and is considered a zoonotic genotype. Our findings represent the first report of E. bieneusi in domestic cats in Brazil, reinforcing the importance of identifying this agent as a source of infection in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamille Batista Faria Prado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | - Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Cidade Universitária - Pioneiros, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Veronica Jorge Babo Terra
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
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Yu F, Qi M, Zhao Z, Lv C, Wang Y, Wang R, Zhang L. The Potential Role of Synanthropic Rodents and Flies in the Transmission of Enterocytozoon bieneusi on a Dairy Cattle farm in China. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:435-441. [PMID: 30191674 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi causes microsporidiosis, a condition with complex epidemiology involving both direct and indirect transmission routes. To assess the potential role of synanthropic rodents and flies in the transmission of this pathogen, a total of 277 cattle fecal samples, 199 synanthropic rodents, and 50 batches of 20 flies were collected from a cattle farm. These samples were screened for the presence of E. bieneusi by PCR and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene. The positive rates of cattle, synanthropic rodents, and flies were 11.9% (33/277), 4.0% (8/199) and 12.0% (6/50), respectively. Nineteen genotypes were identified, including 11 known genotypes (BEB6, I, COS-I, EbpC, D, J, CHS5, CHG1 to CHG3 and CHG14) and eight novel genotypes (named CHC9 to CHC16). The dominant genotype detected in the present study, BEB6, was found in all three categories of hosts. Moreover, human pathogenic genotypes D and EbpC were also observed in both synanthropic rodents and flies. These results demonstrate that synanthropic rodents and flies may act as biological disseminator or mechanical vector in the transmission of microsporidiosis to humans. Efforts should be made to minimize threats from these commensal animals to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Tarim Road 1487, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Zifang Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Chaochao Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Yange Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
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35
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Wang SS, Li JQ, Li YH, Wang XW, Fan XC, Liu X, Li ZJ, Song JK, Zhang LX, Zhao GH. Novel genotypes and multilocus genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in pigs in northwestern China: A public health concern. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Prevalence and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in China. Acta Trop 2018; 183:142-152. [PMID: 29660311 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi has been considered as the most frequently diagnosed microsporidian species in humans and various animal species, accounting for more than 90% of the cases of human microsporidiosis. Spores of this pathogen excreted from both symptomatic and asymptomatic hosts into environment also would be an important source of waterborne outbreak of microsporidiosis. Due to limited effective drugs available but with too much side effects to mammals (eg. toxic), accurate characterization of E. bieneusi in both humans and animals is essential to implement effective control strategies to this pathogen. In China, E. bieneusi infection was presented in humans and some animals with high prevalence. Analysis of genetic variations of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences found 361 genotypes in China, and some novel genotypes were identified in some specific hosts. Additionally, associations between infections and some risk factors were also observed. In the present article, we reviewed the current status of prevalence, genotypes, multilocus genotypes (MLGs) in humans, various animals and waters in China. These findings will provide basic information for developing effective control strategies against E. bieneusi infection in China as well as other countries.
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Li J, Qi M, Li T, Wang J, Wang R, Zhang S, Jian F, Ning C, Zhang L. Occurrence, Molecular Characterization, and Assessment of Zoonotic Risk of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Pigs in Henan, Central China. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65:893-901. [PMID: 29752883 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are common gastrointestinal pathogens in humans and animals. Little is known about them and the range of species/assemblages/genotypes occurring in domestic pigs in China. Here, we present data on the occurrence and molecular diversity of these pathogens detected in the feces from farms in Henan, central China. Of 897 fecal samples tested, 28 (3.1%), 15 (1.7%), and 408 (45.5%) samples were positive for Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi, respectively. Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis were most frequently detected in piglets, while E. bieneusi was markedly more prevalent in fattening pigs. Sequence analysis of SSU rRNA gene revealed that positive Cryptosporidium strains belonged to C. suis (n = 18) and C. scrofarum (n = 10). Giardia duodenalis assemblages E (n = 9), assemblages A (n = 3), and assemblages C (n = 3) were characterized based on the sequence analysis of tpi gene. Thirteen E. bieneusi genotypes comprising four novel (pigHN-I to pigHN-IV) and nine known (EbpC, EbpA, pigEbITS5, LW1, H, CM8, G, CHG19, and CHS5) genotypes were identified by ITS sequence analysis of a large proportion (n = 200) of E. bieneusi-positive samples. EbpC was the most frequent genotype, detected in 60 specimens. All 13 genotypes identified in this study clustered in zoonotic Group 1. The findings indicate that the presence of zoonotic species/assemblages/genotypes of these pathogens poses a threat to public health, suggesting that pigs in Henan province could be a significant source of human infection and water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Yiqi Zhang
- Zhengzhou Foreign Language School, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yayun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tingwen Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Jianling Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China
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Heyworth MF. Genetic aspects and environmental sources of microsporidia that infect the human gastrointestinal tract. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 111:18-21. [PMID: 28339881 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trx001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon intestinalis are microsporidia that infect the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Each of these microsporidia has been shown to infect various non-human hosts (mammalian and avian), raising the possibility of inter-species transmission, for example, from such hosts to human subjects via waterborne dispersal of microsporidian spores. During the past two decades, genome sequencing has delineated more than 90 genotypes of Ent. bieneusi, and has led to the conclusion that not all the genotypes of this organism infect human subjects. Well documented in the HIV-infected population, GI tract microsporidiosis is also known to occur in immunocompetent, HIV-negative, individuals. The prevalence of HIV-associated microsporidiosis diminished following the introduction of effective anti-retroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Heyworth
- Research Service (151), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, University and Woodland Avenues, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Qi M, Li J, Zhao A, Cui Z, Wei Z, Jing B, Zhang L. Host specificity of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) in China. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:219. [PMID: 29609645 PMCID: PMC5880058 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate, intracellular fungus and is commonly reported in humans and animals. To date, there have been no reports of E. bieneusi infections in Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus). The present study was conducted to understand the occurrence and molecular characteristics of E. bieneusi in Bactrian camels in China. RESULTS Of 407 individual Bactrian camel fecal specimens, 30.0% (122) were E. bieneusi-positive by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on internal transcriber spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. A total of 14 distinct E. bieneusi ITS genotypes were obtained: eight known genotypes (genotype EbpC, EbpA, Henan-IV, BEB6, CM8, CHG16, O and WL17), and six novel genotypes (named CAM1 to CAM6). Genotype CAM1 (59.0%, 72/122) was the most predominant genotype in Bactrian camels in Xinjiang, and genotype EbpC (18.9%, 23/122) was the second-most predominant genotype. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that six known genotypes (EbpC, EbpA, WL17, Henan-IV, CM8 and O) and three novel genotypes (CAM3, CAM5 and CAM6) fell into the human-pathogenic group 1. Two known genotypes (CHG16 and BEB6) fell into the cattle host-specific group 2. The novel genotypes CAM1, CAM 2 and CAM4 cluster into group 8. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi in Bactrian camels. The host-specific genotype CAM1 was the predominant genotype, which plays a negligible role in the zoonotic transmission of E. bieneusi. However, the second-most predominant genotype, EbpC, has greater zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Zhaohui Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zilin Wei
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Liu H, Jiang Z, Yuan Z, Yin J, Wang Z, Yu B, Zhou D, Shen Y, Cao J. Infection by and genotype characteristics of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in HIV/AIDS patients from Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region, China. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:684. [PMID: 29029610 PMCID: PMC5640944 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterocytozoon bieneusi has been increasingly reported to infect humans and various mammals. Microsporidia cause diarrhea in HIV-infected patients worldwide. PCR amplification and sequencing based on the internal transcribed spacer region have been used to describe the genotypes of E. bieneusi and transmission of microsporidiosis. Methods In this study, we examined E. bieneusi infection and genotypes in HIV-positive patients in Guangxi, China. Stool specimens were collected from 285 HIV-positive patients and 303 HIV-negative individuals. E. bieneusi genotypes were characterized using nested PCR and sequencing. Results Thirty-three (11.58%) HIV-positive patients were infected with microsporidia, and no infection was found in the 303 healthy controls. Three new genotypes were identified and named as GX25, GX456, and GX458; four known genotypes, PigEBITS7, Type IV/K, D, and Ebpc, were also identified. Our data showed that the positive rate for microsporidia was significantly higher in the rural patients than in the other occupation groups. In addition, the positive rate for microsporidia was significantly higher in the patients who drink unboiled water than in those with other drinking water sources. Conclusions Our results will provide baseline data for preventing and controlling E. bieneusi infection in HIV/AIDS patients. Further studies are required to clarify the epidemiology and potential sources of microsporidia. Our study showed that microsporidium infection occurs in the HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi, China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-017-2787-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Zhongying Yuan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zunfu Wang
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Bingxue Yu
- Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Multi-locus genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in captive Asiatic black bears in southwestern China: High genetic diversity, broad host range, and zoonotic potential. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171772. [PMID: 28182656 PMCID: PMC5300288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an obligate eukaryotic intracellular parasite that infects a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Although considerable research has been conducted on this organism, relatively little information is available on the occurrence of E. bieneusi in captive Asiatic black bears. The present study was performed to determine the prevalence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in captive Asiatic black bears in zoos in southwestern China. Fecal specimens from Asiatic black bears in four zoos, located in four different cities, were collected and analyzed for the prevalence of E. bieneusi. The average prevalence of E. bieneusi was 27.4% (29/106), with the highest prevalence in Guiyang Zoo (36.4%, 16/44). Altogether, five genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified among the 29 E. bieneusi-positive samples, including three known genotypes (CHB1, SC02, and horse2) and two novel genotypes named ABB1 and ABB2. Multi-locus sequence typing using three microsatellites (MS1, MS3, and MS7) and one minisatellite (MS4) revealed V, III, V, and IV genotypes at these four loci, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the genotypes SC02 and ABB2 were clustered into group 1 of zoonotic potential, the genotypes CHB1 and ABB1 were clustered into a new group, and the genotype horse2 was clustered into group 6 of unclear zoonotic potential. In conclusion, this study identified two novel E. bieneusi genotypes in captive Asiatic black bears, and used microsatellite and minisatellite markers to reveal E. bieneusi genetic diversity. Moreover, our findings show that genotypes SC02 (identified in humans) and ABB2 belong to group 1 with zoonotic potential, suggesting the risk of transmission of E. bieneusi from Asiatic black bears to humans and other animals.
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Prasertbun R, Mori H, Pintong AR, Sanyanusin S, Popruk S, Komalamisra C, Changbunjong T, Buddhirongawatr R, Sukthana Y, Mahittikorn A. Zoonotic potential of Enterocytozoon genotypes in humans and pigs in Thailand. Vet Parasitol 2016; 233:73-79. [PMID: 28043391 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is an opportunistic intestinal pathogen infecting humans and a variety of animals. Its mode of transmission and zoonotic potential are not completely understood. E. bieneusi has been frequently identified in pigs. The objective of our study was to investigate E. bieneusi in pigs and humans in Western and Central Thailand to determine its presence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential. A total of 277 human and 210 pig faecal samples were collected and analysed. E. bieneusi was found in 5.4% and 28.1% of human and pig samples, respectively, by nested PCR. Genotyping based on the internal transcribed spacer regions of the small subunit ribosomal RNA demonstrated three known genotypes (D, H, PigEb10) and eight novel genotypes (TMH1-8) in humans, and five known genotypes (D, EbpA, EbpC, H, O) and 11 novel genotypes (TMP1-11) in pigs. All known genotypes identified in humans and pigs had zoonotic potential. Further studies are needed to evaluate zoonotic risk of novel genotypes, as pigs may play an important role in the transmission of E. bieneusi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapeepun Prasertbun
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hirotake Mori
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ai-Rada Pintong
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suparut Sanyanusin
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaluk Popruk
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalit Komalamisra
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ruangrat Buddhirongawatr
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand; Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Yaowalark Sukthana
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aongart Mahittikorn
- Department of Protozoology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Deng L, Li W, Yu X, Gong C, Liu X, Zhong Z, Xie N, Lei S, Yu J, Fu H, Chen H, Xu H, Hu Y, Peng G. First Report of the Human-Pathogenic Enterocytozoon bieneusi from Red-Bellied Tree Squirrels (Callosciurus erythraeus) in Sichuan, China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163605. [PMID: 27683278 PMCID: PMC5040432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common opportunistic pathogen causing diarrhea and enteric disease in a variety of animal hosts. Although it has been reported in many animals, there is no published information available on the occurrence of E. bieneusi in red-bellied tree squirrels. To understand the occurrence, genetic diversity, and zoonotic potential of E. bieneusi in red-bellied tree squirrels, 144 fecal specimens from Sichuan province, China, were examined by PCR amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene of E. bieneusi. The overall infection rate of E. bieneusi 16.7% (24/144) was observed in red-bellied tree squirrels. Altogether five genotypes of E. bieneusi were identified: three known genotypes D (n = 18), EbpC (n = 3), SC02 (n = 1) and two novel genotypes CE01, CE02 (one each). Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis employing three microsatellite (MS1, MS3, MS7) and one minisatellite (MS4) revealed 16, 14, 7 and 14 positive specimens were successfully sequenced, and identified eight, three, three and two genotypes at four loci, respectively. In phylogenetic analysis, the three known genotypes D, EbpC, and SC02 were clustered into group 1 with zoonotic potential, and the two novel genotypes CE01 and CE02 were clustered into group 6. The present study firstly reported the occurrence of E. bieneusi in red-bellied tree squirrels in China, and the E. bieneusi genotypes D and EbpC were found in humans previously. These results indicate that red-bellied tree squirrels may play a potential role in the transmission of E. bieneusi to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Wei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xingming Yu
- The Chengdu Zoo, Institute of Wild Animals, Chengdu, Sichuan, 625001, China
| | - Chao Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Xuehan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Na Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Shuangshuang Lei
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Jianqiu Yu
- The Chengdu Zoo, Institute of Wild Animals, Chengdu, Sichuan, 625001, China
| | - Hualin Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- The Chengdu Zoo, Institute of Wild Animals, Chengdu, Sichuan, 625001, China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Yanchun Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, China
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Fiuza VRDS, Lopes CWG, Cosendey RIJ, de Oliveira FCR, Fayer R, Santín M. Zoonotic Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes found in brazilian sheep. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:196-201. [PMID: 27473995 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheep has been reported in only three countries worldwide. The present study has found E. bieneusi in Brazilian sheep for the first time; in 24/125 (19.2%) fecal samples by PCR and on 8/10 (80%) farms from three diverse locations. A significantly greater number of lambs (34.1%) were found infected than older sheep (11.1%) (P=0.0036); most of the lambs were less than 6months of age. Farms with an intensive production system had a lower infection rate (10.5%) of infection than semi-intensive farms (23%), but this difference was not statistically significant. Sequencing analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rRNA gene revealed four known E. bieneusi genotypes (BEB6, BEB7, I, and LW1) and two novel genotypes (BEB18 and BEB19). Genotypes LW1 and BEB19 clustered within designated zoonotic Group 1 while genotypes BEB6, BEB7, I, and BEB18, and clustered within Group 2. BEB6 was the most prevalent (45.8%), followed by BEB7 (33.3%). Genotypes BEB6, I, and LW1 are zoonotic and can pose a risk to human health for immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner Ricardo da Silva Fiuza
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Building 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, BR-465 km 7, 23897-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Wilson Gomes Lopes
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, BR-465 km 7, 23897-970, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rachel Ingrid Juliboni Cosendey
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Apoio à Pesquisa em Nefrologia e Ciências Médicas, HUAP, UFF, 24033-900, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ronald Fayer
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Building 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Monica Santín
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-East, Building 173, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Zhang XX, Cong W, Liu GH, Ni XT, Ma JG, Zheng WB, Zhao Q, Zhu XQ. Prevalence and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sika deer in Jilin province, Northeastern China. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:382-8. [PMID: 27078663 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is one of the most important zoonotic pathogen that can infect almost all animals, including humans. However, little information is available regarding prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi in sika deer. In the present study, the prevalence of E. bieneusi infection in sika deer in Jilin province, Northeastern China was examined using PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. 23 (7.06%) of 326 samples were tested E. bieneusi-positive, and the risk factor significantly associated with E. bieneusi prevalence was the age of sika deer. Sequence analysis of the ITS rRNA gene suggested that 8 genotypes of E. bieneusi were found in this study, with five known genotypes, namely J (n = 11), BEB6 (n = 4), EbpC (n = 1), CHN-DC1 (n = 1), KIN-1 (n = 1) and three novel genotypes, namely JLD-1 (n = 2), JLD-2 (n = 2) and JLD-3 (n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that genotypes CHN-DC-1, KIN-1, EbpC, JLD-2 and JLD-3 fell into group 1, while other three genotypes (genotypes J, BEB6 and JLD-1) were clustered into group 2 (so-called bovine-specific groups). These findings indicated the presence of zoonotic E. bieneusi in Jilin province, Northeastern China. Effective strategies should be performed to control E. bieneusi infection in sika deer, other animals and humans.
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Xu H, Jin Y, Wu W, Li P, Wang L, Li N, Feng Y, Xiao L. Genotypes of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Giardia duodenalis in dogs and cats in Shanghai, China. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:121. [PMID: 26932267 PMCID: PMC4774012 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1409-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Controversies exist on the potential role of companion animals in the transmission of enteric pathogens in humans. This study was conducted to examine the genotype distribution of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Giardia duodenalis in companion animals in Shanghai, China, and to assess their zoonotic potential. Methods Fecal specimens from 485 dogs and 160 cats were examined for the occurrence and genotype distribution of the three pathogens by PCR. PCR products were sequenced to determine the species and genotypes. The χ2 test was used to compare differences in infection rates between living conditions or age groups. Results Cryptosporidium spp., E. bieneusi and G. duodenalis were found in 39 (8.0 %), 29 (6.0 %) and 127 (26.2 %) of dogs, and 6 (3.8 %), 9 (5.6 %) and 21 (13.1 %) of cats, respectively. Infection rates of the pathogens in dogs from pet shops and a clinic were higher than those in household dogs, and higher in cats from one animal shelter than from pet shops. No significant differences in infection rates were detected among age groups. Cryptosporidium canis and C. felis were the only Cryptosporidium species found in dogs and cats, respectively. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype PtEb IX was the dominant genotype in dogs, whereas Type IV and D were the most common ones in cats. Multi-locus sequence typing at the glutamate dehydrogenase, β-giardin, and triosephosphate isomerase loci revealed the presence of G. duodenalis assemblages A (n = 23), B (n = 1), C (n = 26), and D (n = 58) in dogs (only A in household dogs) and assemblages A (n = 2), B (n = 6), C (n = 2), D (n = 1), and F (n = 7) in cats. Co-infection was detected in 24 dogs and 5 cats, especially those living in crowded conditions. Conclusions Living condition is a major risk factor affecting the occurrence of enteric protists in companion animals in China, and although dogs and cats can be potential sources of human infections, the different distribution of pathogen species and genotypes between dogs and cats suggests that inter-species transmission of these pathogens is probably rare in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yue Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Wenxian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Pei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA.
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Zhang XX, Jiang J, Cai YN, Wang CF, Xu P, Yang GL, Zhao Q. Molecular Characterization of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Domestic Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Northeastern China. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 54:81-5. [PMID: 26951984 PMCID: PMC4792315 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A study of 426 rabbits from 3 cities in Jilin province (Changchun City and Jilin City) and Liaoning province (Shenyang City) was conducted between May and June 2015. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in rabbits was 0.94% (4/426), with 0% (0/116), 1.72% (3/174), and 0.74% (1/136) in Jilin, Changchun, and Shenyang City, respectively. Only 3 farms (farm 1 and farm 3 in Changchun City, farm 8 in Shenyang City) were PCR-positive for E. bieneusi. Moreover, rabbits of more than 6 months (1.72%) had the highest E. bieneusi prevalence, followed by rabbits of 4-6 months (1.26%), 2-3 months (0.58%), and less than 1 month (0%). Analysis of ITS gene of E. bieneusi suggested that all 4 E. bieneusi isolates were genotype D, and were classified as group 1a. The present results first demonstrated the existence of zoonotic E. bieneusi in domestic rabbits in China. Effective control measures should be implemented to prevent E. bieneusi infection in domestic rabbits, other animals, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Shuangyang, Jilin Province 130600, PR China
| | - Ya-Nan Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province 121001, PR China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
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Zhang XX, Cong W, Lou ZL, Ma JG, Zheng WB, Yao QX, Zhao Q, Zhu XQ. Prevalence, risk factors and multilocus genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed foxes (Vulpes lagopus), Northern China. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:72. [PMID: 26847241 PMCID: PMC4743323 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsporidiosis is a common disease in animals and humans around the world. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common microsporidian species in humans. Many animal species may be a potential source of human microsporidiosis. However, information concerning prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi infection in farmed foxes (Vulpes lagopus) is scarce. Therefore, the present study examined prevalence, risk factors and genotypes of E. bieneusi in farmed foxes in northern China using a genetic approach. Results Of 302 fecal samples from farmed foxes, 37 (12.25 %, 95 % CI 8.55–15.95) were PCR-positive for E. bieneusi, and the prevalence was highly associated with the farming mode in that foxes raised outdoors (26.03 % positive, 95 % CI 18.91–33.15) had a significantly higher E. bieneusi prevalence than those raised indoors. Eleven internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes were identified among the positive samples: four known E. bieneusi genotypes (Peru 8, Types IV, CHN-DC1 and D) and seven novel genotypes (NCF1-NCF7). Genotype NCF2 was the commonest (n = 13) and was found in five farms across three provinces (Jilin, Heilongjiang and Hebei). All genotypes belonged to phylogenetic group 1. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analyses revealed additional diversity. Conclusions These findings indicate the presence of zoonotic E. bieneusi infection in farmed foxes in northern China. This is also the first report of genotypes Peru8, CHN-DC1 and Type IV, and seven novel genotypes (NCF1-NCF7) in farmed foxes by ITS combining with microsatellite and minisatellite markers for the first time. The results will provide baseline data for preventing and controlling E. bieneusi infection in farmed foxes, other animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Wei Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Long Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Jian-Gang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Qiu-Xia Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China.
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China.
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Shi K, Li M, Wang X, Li J, Karim MR, Wang R, Zhang L, Jian F, Ning C. Molecular survey of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in sheep and goats in China. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:23. [PMID: 26782742 PMCID: PMC5024852 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over recent years, several studies have conducted genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in various hosts worldwide using sequence analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), however, relatively little is known about E. bieneusi in sheep and goats in China. Therefore this research was conducted to understand the prevalence and genotype distribution of E. bieneusi in farmed sheep and goats in China. Results A total of 1025 fecal specimens from farmed animals in various geographic areas were collected. Overall, PCR and sequence analysis of the ITS detected E. bieneusi in 34.4 % (353/1025) of isolates; of which the prevalence in goats was 28.8 % (176/611) and in sheep was 42.8 % (177/414). Phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences identified 42 genotypes (nine known and 33 novel ones). These consisted of four known genotypes (D, KIN-1, EbpC, and F) and 10 novel genotypes (CHG6, CHG7, CHG9, CHG19, CHG23, CHG25, CHS5 and CHS10–CHS12) which all belonged to the so-called zoonotic group 1. A further four known genotypes (CD6, COS-I, BEB6, and J) and 22 novel genotypes (CHG1–CHG3, CHG5, CHG8, CHG10–CHG14, CHG16–CHG18, CHG20, CHG22, CHG24, CHS3, CHS4 and CHS6–CHS9) formed a clade within the group 2. One novel genotype (CHG21) was clustered in the group 9 with the genotype CM4. Conclusions E. bieneusi is highly prevalent, widely distributed, and genetically diverse in Chinese farmed goats and sheep. Some of the genotypes identified are potentially zoonotic. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-016-1304-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Mengjie Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Md Robiul Karim
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Changshen Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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50
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Perec-Matysiak A, Buńkowska-Gawlik K, Kváč M, Sak B, Hildebrand J, Leśniańska K. Diversity of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes among small rodents in southwestern Poland. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:242-6. [PMID: 26520234 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Diversity of Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in wild small rodent populations still remains incomplete and only few molecular studies have been conducted among these hosts. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether small rodents, i.e., Apodemus agrarius, Apodemus flavicollis, Mus musculus and Myodes glareolus act as hosts of E. bieneusi and can play an important role in spore spreading in the environment of south-western Poland. Molecular analyses were conducted to determine pathogen genotypes. A total of 191 fecal and 251 spleen samples collected from 311 rodent individuals were examined for the occurrence of E. bieneusi by PCR amplifying ITS gene. The overall prevalence of E. bieneusi in rodent samples was 38.9%. The nucleotide sequences of ITS region of E. bieneusi revealed the presence a total of 12 genotypes with two being already known, i.e., D and gorilla 1 genotypes. The remaining ten are novel genotypes (WR1-WR10) which segregated into three groups in a neighbor joining phylogeny. This study reports for the first time E. bieneusi occurrence in wild living rodents in Poland and shows extensive genetic diversity within E. bieneusi isolates of rodent origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Perec-Matysiak
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Wrocław University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Buńkowska-Gawlik
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Wrocław University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, The Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, The Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Joanna Hildebrand
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Wrocław University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kinga Leśniańska
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, Wrocław University, Przybyszewskiego 63, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland
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