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Yalcindag E, Stuart P, Hasegawa H, Streit A, Doležalová J, Morrogh-Bernard H, Cheyne SM, Nurcahyo W, Foitová I. Genetic characterization of nodular worm infections in Asian Apes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7226. [PMID: 33790353 PMCID: PMC8012698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86518-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes of Oesophagostomum spp., commonly known, as 'nodular worms' are emerging as the most widely distributed and prevalent zoonotic nematodes. Oesophagostomum infections are well documented in African non-human primates; however, the taxonomy, distribution and transmission of Oesophagostomum in Asian non-human primates are not adequately studied. To better understand which Oesophagostomum species infect Asian non-human primates and determine their phylogeny we analysed 55 faecal samples from 50 orangutan and 5 gibbon individuals from Borneo and Sumatra. Both microscopy and molecular results revealed that semi-wild animals had higher Oesophagostomum infection prevalence than free ranging animals. Based on sequence genotyping analysis targeting the Internal transcribed spacer 2 of rDNA, we report for the first time the presence of O. aculeatum in Sumatran apes. Population genetic analysis shows that there is significant genetic differentiation between Bornean and Sumatran O. aculeatum populations. Our results clearly reveal that O. aculeatum in free-ranging animals have a higher genetic variation than those in semi-wild animals, demonstrating that O. aculeatum is circulating naturally in wildlife and zoonotic transmission is possible. Further studies should be conducted to better understand the epidemiology and dynamics of Oesophagostomum transmission between humans, non-human primates and other wild species and livestock in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Yalcindag
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Peter Stuart
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, 1-1 Idaigaoka, Hasama, Yufu, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 9, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jana Doležalová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Palackého tř. 1, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helen Morrogh-Bernard
- Borneo Nature Foundation, Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Susan M Cheyne
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Wisnu Nurcahyo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ivona Foitová
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Frias L, Hasegawa H, Stark DJ, Lynn MS, Nathan SK, Chua TH, Goossens B, Okamoto M, MacIntosh AJJ. A pinworm's tale: The evolutionary history of Lemuricola (Protenterobius) nycticebi. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2018; 8:25-32. [PMID: 30619706 PMCID: PMC6299129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lemuricola (Protenterobius) nycticebi is the only pinworm species known to infect strepsirrhine primates outside Africa, and the only pinworm species yet described in slow lorises. Here, we provided a detailed morphological comparison of female and male worms, and a first description of fourth-stage larvae collected from free-living slow lorises (Nycticebus menagensis) in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Using mitochondrial and nuclear markers, we also reconstructed the species' phylogenetic relationship with other pinworms infecting primates. Both morphological and molecular results indicated a distinct association between L. (P.) nycticebi and its host. However, while taxonomy identified this species as a member of the Lemuricola clade and grouped pinworms infecting lemurs and slow lorises together, phylogenetic reconstruction split them, placing L. (P.) nycticebi within the Enterobius clade. Our results suggest that L. (P.) nycticebi may represent a different taxon altogether, and that it is more closely related to pinworm species infecting Old World primates outside Madagascar. Pongobius pongoi (Foitová et al., 2008) n. comb. is also proposed. Pinworms and their primate hosts have a long history of association. L. (P.) nycticebi was recovered from slow lorises in the wild. L. (P.) nycticebi was taxonomy classified within the Lemuricola clade. However, molecular phylogenetics placed it within the Enterobius clade. Taxonomic and molecular identifications should complement species descriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Frias
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Hideo Hasegawa
- Department of Biomedicine and Department of Infectious Disease Control, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Danica J Stark
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Danau Girang Field Centre, Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Milena Salgado Lynn
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Danau Girang Field Centre, Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia.,Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic Laboratory, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Tock H Chua
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Benoit Goossens
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Danau Girang Field Centre, Lower Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sabah Wildlife Department, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,Sustainable Places Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Andrew J J MacIntosh
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan.,Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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