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Li H, Gazzola D, Hu Y, Aroian RV. An efficient method for viable cryopreservation and recovery of hookworms and other gastrointestinal nematodes in the laboratory. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:451-458. [PMID: 37201563 PMCID: PMC10330584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hookworms (genera Ancylostoma and Necator) are amongst the most prevalent and important parasites of humans globally. These intestinal parasites ingest blood, resulting in anemia, growth stunting, malnutrition, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. They are also critical parasites of dogs and other animals. In addition, hookworms and hookworm products are being explored for their use in treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. There is thus a significant and growing interest in these mammalian host-obligate parasites. Laboratory research is hampered by the lack of good means of cryopreservation and recovery of parasites. Here, we describe a robust method for long-term (≥3 year) cryopreservation and recovery of both Ancylostoma and Necator hookworms that is also applicable to two other intestinal parasites that passage through the infective L3 stage, Strongyloides ratti and Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. The key is a revised recovery method, in which cryopreserved L1s are thawed and raised to the infective L3 stage using activated charcoal mixed with uninfected feces from a permissive host. This technique will greatly facilitate research on and availability of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes with great importance to global health, companion animal health, and autoimmune/inflammatory disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Li
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - David Gazzola
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Biology, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Raffi V Aroian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Chylinski C, Cortet J, Cabaret J, Blanchard A. Haemonchus contortus Adopt Isolate-Specific Life History Strategies to Optimize Fitness and Overcome Obstacles in Their Environment: Experimental Evidence. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1759. [PMID: 37889629 PMCID: PMC10251867 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) use flexible life history strategies to maintain their fitness under environmental challenges. Costs incurred by a challenge to one life trait can be recouped by increasing the expression of subsequent life traits throughout their life cycle. Anticipating how parasites respond to the challenge of control interventions is critical for the long-term sustainability of the practice and to further ensure that the parasites withstand favourable adaptive responses. There is currently limited information on whether distinct populations of a GIN species respond to the same environmental challenge in a consistent manner, with similar alterations to their life history strategies or comparable fitness outcomes. This study compared the life history traits and experimental fitness of three distinct Haemonchus contortus isolates exposed to environmental challenges at both the parasitic (i.e., passage through resistant or susceptible sheep) and free-living (i.e., exposure to diverse climatic conditions) life stages. The key findings show that H. contortus maintain their fitness under challenge with isolate-specific alterations to their life history strategies. Further, partial exploration of the H. contortus isolates transcriptomes using cDNA-AFLP methods confirmed disparate expression profiles between them. These results bring fresh insights into our understanding of the non-genetic adaptive processes of GIN that may hinder the efficacy of parasite control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Chylinski
- Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) International Sarl, A One Business Centre, La Pièce 3, 1180 Rolle, Switzerland
- ISP, INRAE, Université Tours, UMR1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Jacques Cortet
- ISP, INRAE, Université Tours, UMR1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Jacques Cabaret
- ISP, INRAE, Université Tours, UMR1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Alexandra Blanchard
- Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) International Sarl, A One Business Centre, La Pièce 3, 1180 Rolle, Switzerland
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Kaba T, Terefe G, Waktole H. Sheep and goat response to Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection based on egg output and worm burden. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:177. [PMID: 37115352 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to assess the performance of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and the host's responses to regulate egg outputs and worm burden. Infective larva (L3) was prepared by culturing egg of the worms harvested from the intestine of slaughtered sheep. Following this, L3 was maintained in the donor sheep to get adequate quantity of it for experimental trials. A complete randomized block design was used by considering host as blocking factor. Twenty eight small ruminants (sheep = 14) and (goat = 14) were employed in such a way that half of them were drenched with 10,000 T. colubriformis L3 and the remaining halves were controls. Faecal egg count (FEC) was recorded from the initial period (day-zero) up to day-56. At the end of experiment, animals were euthanized in humane manner, worms were recovered from the intestines, counted, and burden was estimated. FEC at various days post infection was insignificantly (P > 0.05) higher in goats than in sheep. The worm burden was significantly (P = 0.040) higher in infected goat than in infected sheep despite they were given equal dose of L3. In conclusion, relatively lower worm burden under natural conditions in goat may be due to their feeding behavior rather than their inherent resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Kaba
- College of Agricultural Science, Department Animal Science, Veterinary Program, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box: 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Getachew Terefe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Hika Waktole
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Li H, Gazzola D, Hu Y, Aroian RV. An efficient method for viable cryopreservation of hookworms and other gastrointestinal nematodes in the laboratory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.01.526637. [PMID: 36778351 PMCID: PMC9915591 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hookworms (genera Ancylostoma and Necator ) are amongst of the most prevalent and important parasites of humans globally. These intestinal parasites ingest blood, resulting in anemia, growth stunting, malnutrition, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. They are also critical parasites of dogs and other animals. In addition, hookworms and hookworm products are being explored for their use in treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. There is thus a significant and growing interest in these mammalian host-obligate parasites. Laboratory research is hampered by the lack of good means of cryopreservation. Here, we describe a robust method for long-term (≥3 year) cryoprotection and recovery of both Ancylostoma and Necator hookworms that is also applicable to two other intestinal parasites that passages through the infective third larval stage, Strongyloides ratti and H eligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri . The key is the use cryo-preserved first-staged larvae raised to the infective third larval stage using activated charcoal mixed with uninfected feces from a permissive host. This technique will greatly facilitate research on and availability of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes with great importance to global health, companion animal health, and autoimmune/inflammatory disease therapies.
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Geurden T, Smith ER, Vercruysse J, Yazwinski T, Rehbein S, Nielsen MK. Reflections and future directions for continued development and refinement of guidelines for anthelmintic efficacy studies. Vet Parasitol 2022; 307-308:109741. [PMID: 35667202 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This reflection paper complements the WAAVP (World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology) general anthelmintic efficacy guideline, which outlines the general principles of anthelmintic efficacy evaluation across all animal host species. It provides background to the recommendations made in the WAAVP general anthelmintic efficacy guideline, with insights into the discussions leading to specific recommendations in the general guideline or the absence thereof. Furthermore, this paper discusses recent technological advancements with potential value to the evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy that may be considered for future versions of the general or species-specific guidelines if supported by sufficient levels of evidence. Finally, it also identifies potential research questions, such as the statistical approach for comparing worm counts between groups of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily R Smith
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, USA Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, USA
| | - Jozef Vercruysse
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Gent, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Yazwinski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steffen Rehbein
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Rohrdorf, Germany
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Muchiut S, Fernández S, Domínguez P, Riva E, Rodríguez E, Steffan P, Bernat G, Fiel C. Influence of faecal culture media and incubation time on the yield of infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus (Rudolphi 1803). Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1493-1497. [PMID: 33587159 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to determine the yield of Haemonchus contortus third-stage larvae (L3) in faecal cultures in different conditions, including incubation time (7 or 14 days), the addition of inert additives (polystyrene pellets, vermiculite or no additive) and physical condition of the incubated faeces (ground or whole pellets). Twelve groups of 10 cultures each were arranged and incubated at 24 °C to evaluate the interaction of the above-mentioned conditions. Significantly, more L3 (p=0.0019 to p=0.0200) were recovered from cultures incubated for 7 days than for 14 days, except for the groups containing whole pellets with no additives (p=0.53) or with vermiculite (p=0.41). Larval yields from 7-day incubated cultures did not differ between groups (p=0.47), but for the whole pellets with vermiculite group, which yielded significantly less L3 (p<0.0001) than the rest of the cultures. Incubation for 14 days showed that cultures containing whole pellets with no additives yielded significantly more L3 (p<0.05) than the rest. Culturing faeces with H. contortus seems not to require inert additives or extra manipulation to obtain good L3 yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Muchiut
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina.
| | - Silvina Fernández
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CIVETAN, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Paula Domínguez
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CIVETAN, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Eliana Riva
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina.,Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Edgardo Rodríguez
- Área de Bioestadística, CIVETAN, FCV-UNCPBA, Pje. Arroyo Seco s/n, B7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Pedro Steffan
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - Gisele Bernat
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CICPBA), FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - César Fiel
- Área de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (FCV-UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
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Mancilla-Montelongo G, Castañeda-Ramírez GS, Can-Celis A, Chan-Pérez JI, Sandoval-Castro CA, Torres-Acosta JFDJ. Optimal age of Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae (L3) for the in vitro larval exsheathment inhibition test under tropical conditions. Vet Parasitol 2020; 278:109027. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gasser RB, Schwarz EM, Korhonen PK, Young ND. Understanding Haemonchus contortus Better Through Genomics and Transcriptomics. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 93:519-67. [PMID: 27238012 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic roundworms (nematodes) cause substantial mortality and morbidity in animals globally. The barber's pole worm, Haemonchus contortus, is one of the most economically significant parasitic nematodes of small ruminants worldwide. Although this and related nematodes can be controlled relatively well using anthelmintics, resistance against most drugs in common use has become a major problem. Until recently, almost nothing was known about the molecular biology of H. contortus on a global scale. This chapter gives a brief background on H. contortus and haemonchosis, immune responses, vaccine research, chemotherapeutics and current problems associated with drug resistance. It also describes progress in transcriptomics before the availability of H. contortus genomes and the challenges associated with such work. It then reviews major progress on the two draft genomes and developmental transcriptomes of H. contortus, and summarizes their implications for the molecular biology of this worm in both the free-living and the parasitic stages of its life cycle. The chapter concludes by considering how genomics and transcriptomics can accelerate research on Haemonchus and related parasites, and can enable the development of new interventions against haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Gasser
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - E M Schwarz
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - P K Korhonen
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - N D Young
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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