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Martínez CI, Iriarte LS, Salas N, Alonso AM, Pruzzo CI, dos Santos Melo T, Pereira-Neves A, de Miguel N, Coceres VM. Prolonged survival of venereal Tritrichomonas foetus parasite in the gastrointestinal tract, bovine fecal extract, and water. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0042923. [PMID: 37800972 PMCID: PMC10714773 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00429-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Nowadays, the routine herd diagnosis is usually performed exclusively on bulls, as they remain permanently infected, and prevention and control of Tritrichomonas foetus transmission are based on identifying infected animals and culling practices. The existence of other forms of transmission and the possible role of pseudocysts or cyst-like structures as resistant forms requires rethinking the current management and control of this parasitic disease in the future in some livestock regions of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian I. Martínez
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucrecia S. Iriarte
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nehuen Salas
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrés M. Alonso
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Cesar I. Pruzzo
- Centro de Diagnóstico e Investigaciones Veterinarias, FCV-UNLP, Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Tuanne dos Santos Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Antonio Pereira-Neves
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Natalia de Miguel
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Veronica M. Coceres
- Laboratorio de Parásitos Anaerobios, Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús (INTECH), CONICET-UNSAM, Chascomús, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías, Universidad Nacional de San Martin (UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Benchimol M, Gadelha AP, de Souza W. Unusual Cell Structures and Organelles in Giardia intestinalis and Trichomonas vaginalis Are Potential Drug Targets. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2176. [PMID: 36363768 PMCID: PMC9698047 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents the main cell organelles and structures of two important protist parasites, Giardia intestinalis, and Trichomonas vaginalis; many are unusual and are not found in other eukaryotic cells, thus could be good candidates for new drug targets aimed at improvement of the chemotherapy of diseases caused by these eukaryotic protists. For example, in Giardia, the ventral disc is a specific structure to this parasite and is fundamental for the adhesion and pathogenicity to the host. In Trichomonas, the hydrogenosome, a double membrane-bounded organelle that produces ATP, also can be a good target. Other structures include mitosomes, ribosomes, and proteasomes. Metronidazole is the most frequent compound used to kill many anaerobic organisms, including Giardia and Trichomonas. It enters the cell by passive diffusion and needs to find a highly reductive environment to be reduced to the nitro radicals to be active. However, it provokes several side effects, and some strains present metronidazole resistance. Therefore, to improve the quality of the chemotherapy against parasitic protozoa is important to invest in the development of highly specific compounds that interfere with key steps of essential metabolic pathways or in the functional macromolecular complexes which are most often associated with cell structures and organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Benchimol
- Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Centro de Ciêcias da Saúde, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro 96200-000, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens e Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gadelha
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada as Ciências da Vida, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Rio de Janeiro 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens e Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
- CMABio, Escola Superior de Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas-UEA, Manaus 69850-000, Brazil
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Fungal Secondary Metabolites as Inhibitors of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413309. [PMID: 34948102 PMCID: PMC8707610 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the major non-lysosomal pathway responsible for regulated degradation of intracellular proteins in eukaryotes. As the principal proteolytic pathway in the cytosol and the nucleus, the UPS serves two main functions: the quality control function (i.e., removal of damaged, misfolded, and functionally incompetent proteins) and a major regulatory function (i.e., targeted degradation of a variety of short-lived regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control, signal transduction cascades, and regulation of gene expression and metabolic pathways). Aberrations in the UPS are implicated in numerous human pathologies such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmunity, inflammation, or infectious diseases. Therefore, the UPS has become an attractive target for drug discovery and development. For the past two decades, much research has been focused on identifying and developing compounds that target specific components of the UPS. Considerable effort has been devoted to the development of both second-generation proteasome inhibitors and inhibitors of ubiquitinating/deubiquitinating enzymes. With the feature of unique structure and bioactivity, secondary metabolites (natural products) serve as the lead compounds in the development of new therapeutic drugs. This review, for the first time, summarizes fungal secondary metabolites found to act as inhibitors of the UPS components.
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Guzmán-Téllez P, Martínez-Valencia D, Silva-Olivares A, Del Ángel RM, Serrano-Luna J, Shibayama M. Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria gruberi 20S proteasome: identification and characterization. Eur J Cell Biol 2020; 99:151085. [PMID: 32646643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2020.151085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Naegleria are ubiquitous free-living amoebae and are characterized by the presence of three phases in their biological cycle: trophozoite, cyst and flagellate. Of this genus, only Naegleria fowleri has been reported as pathogenic to humans. The proteasome is a multi-catalytic complex and is considered to be the most important structure responsible for the degradation of intracellular proteins. This structure is related to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and, in pathogenic microorganisms, to the modulation of their virulence. Until now, the proteasome and its function have not been described for the Naegleria genus. In the current study, using bioinformatic analysis, protein sequences homologous to those reported for the subunits of the 20S proteasome in other organisms were found, and virtual modelling was used to determine their three-dimensional structure. The presence of structural and catalytic subunits of the 20S proteasome was detected by Western and dot blot assays. Its localization was observed by immunofluorescence microscopy to be mainly in the cytoplasm, and a leading role of the chymotrypsin-like catalytic activity was determined using fluorogenic peptidase assays and specific proteasome inhibitors. Finally, the role of the 20S proteasome in the proliferation and differentiation of Naegleria genus trophozoites was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Guzmán-Téllez
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Martínez-Valencia
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angélica Silva-Olivares
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa M Del Ángel
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Serrano-Luna
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Mineko Shibayama
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. IPN 2508, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
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Zhao P, Xue Y, Li J, Li X, Zu X, Zhao Z, Quan C, Gao W, Feng S. Non-lipopeptide fungi-derived peptide antibiotics developed since 2000. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:651-673. [PMID: 31020454 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs) are the smallest cyclopeptides and their basic structure includes a six-membered piperazine nucleus. Typical peptides lack a special functional group in the oligopeptide nucleus. Both are produced by at least 35 representative genera of fungi, and possess huge potential as pharmaceutical drugs and biocontrol agents. To date, only cyclosporin A has been developed into a commercial product. This review summarises 186 fungi-derived compounds reported since 2000. Antibiotic (antibacterial, antifungal, synergistic antifungal, antiviral, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, antileishmanial, insecticidal, antitrypanosomal, nematicidal and antimicroalgal) activities are discussed for 107 of them, including 66 DKPs (14 epipolythiodioxopiperazines, 20 polysulphide bridge-free thiodiketopiperazines, and 32 sulphur-free prenylated indole DKPs), 15 highly N-methylated, and 26 non-highly N-methylated typical peptides. Structure-activity relationships, mechanisms of action, and research methods are covered in detail. Additionally, biosynthases of tardioxopiperazines and neoechinulins are highlighted. These compounds have attracted considerable interest within the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yun Xue
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Jinghua Li
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Xin Li
- Life Science College, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, 044000, China
| | - Xiangyang Zu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Zhanqin Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China.
| | - Chunshan Quan
- Department of Life Science, Dalian Nationalities University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Weina Gao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Shuxiao Feng
- College of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
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Potential role of autophagy in proteolysis in Trichomonas vaginalis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 52:336-344. [PMID: 30503389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of several protists, offering prospects for the developments of new drugs targeting autophagy. However, there is no evidence illustrating functional autophagy in the deep-branching trichomonads. The human parasitic protist Trichomonas vaginalis has been predicted to possess reduced autophagic machinery, with only autophagy-related protein 8 (Atg8) conjugation system required for autophagosome formation. METHODS The recombinant protein of TvAtg8 (rTvAtg8) and the polyclonal antibody against rTvAtg8 were generated. The expression and localization of TvAtg8 was monitored upon autophagy induction by glucose restriction (GR) compared with glucose-rich cultivation. The role of TvAtg8 in proteolysis was clarified. RESULTS Here, we report that T. vaginalis Atg8 (TvAtg8) is upregulated and conjugated to autophagosome-like vesicles upon autophagy induction by GR. Moreover, we investigate, for the first time, the role of autophagy in T. vaginalis. Proteasome inhibition (PI)-induced autophagy compensates for the removal of polyubiquitinated proteins under glucose-rich condition. GR-induced autophagy is a major proteolytic system in T. vaginalis. These results suggest that autophagy is vital for proteolysis in T. vaginalis with an impaired ubiquitin-proteasome system or under glucose-limited environment. CONCLUSION Our findings unveiled previously unidentified functions of autophagy in proteostasis in trichomonads, advancing our understanding of this highly conserved process in the ancient eukaryote.
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Dias-Lopes G, Wiśniewski JR, de Souza NP, Vidal VE, Padrón G, Britto C, Cuervo P, De Jesus JB. In-Depth Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Trophozoites and Pseudocysts of Trichomonas vaginalis. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3704-3718. [PMID: 30239205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted anaerobic parasite that infects humans causing trichomoniasis, a common and ubiquitous sexually transmitted disease. The life cycle of this parasite possesses a trophozoite form without a cystic stage. However, the presence of nonproliferative and nonmotile, yet viable and reversible spherical forms with internalized flagella, denominated pseudocysts, has been commonly observed for this parasite. To understand the mechanisms involved in the formation of pseudocysts, we performed a mass spectrometry-based high-throughput quantitative proteomics study using a label-free approach and functional assays by biochemical and flow cytometric methods. We observed that the morphological transformation of trophozoite to pseudocysts is coupled to (i) a metabolic shift toward a less glycolytic phenotype; (ii) alterations in the abundance of hydrogenosomal iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly machinery; (iii) increased abundance of regulatory particles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system; (iv) significant alterations in proteins involved in adhesion and cytoskeleton reorganization; and (v) arrest in G2/M phase associated with alterations in the abundance of regulatory proteins of the cell cycle. These data demonstrate that pseudocysts experience important physiological and structural alterations for survival under unfavorable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek R Wiśniewski
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction , Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - José Batista De Jesus
- Departamento de Medicina , Universidade Federal de São João del Rei , 36301-160 São João del Rei , Minas Gerais Brazil
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8
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Abstract
The protist Tritrichomonas foetus (Excavata, Parabasalia) is a parasite that causes bovine and feline trichomonosis. Bovine trichomonosis is a venereal disease that leads to abortion and reproductive problems in herds. Feline trichomonosis affects domestic cats. Here, we report the genome sequence of the T. foetus K strain, isolated in Brazil.
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Bibo-Verdugo B, Jiang Z, Caffrey CR, O'Donoghue AJ. Targeting proteasomes in infectious organisms to combat disease. FEBS J 2017; 284:1503-1517. [PMID: 28122162 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteasomes are multisubunit, energy-dependent, proteolytic complexes that play an essential role in intracellular protein turnover. They are present in eukaryotes, archaea, and in some actinobacteria species. Inhibition of proteasome activity has emerged as a powerful strategy for anticancer therapy and three drugs have been approved for treatment of multiple myeloma. These compounds react covalently with a threonine residue located in the active site of a proteasome subunit to block protein degradation. Proteasomes in pathogenic organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium falciparum also have a nucleophilic threonine residue in the proteasome active site and are therefore sensitive to these anticancer drugs. This review summarizes efforts to validate the proteasome in pathogenic organisms as a therapeutic target. We describe several strategies that have been used to develop inhibitors with increased potency and selectivity for the pathogen proteasome relative to the human proteasome. In addition, we highlight a cell-based chemical screening approach that identified a potent, allosteric inhibitor of proteasomes found in Leishmania and Trypanosoma species. Finally, we discuss the development of proteasome inhibitors as anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsaida Bibo-Verdugo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zhenze Jiang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Chemistry & Biochemistry Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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