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Xiong Y, Lou P, Xu C, Han B, Liu J, Gao J. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in veterinary practice: novel opportunities and potential challenges. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1335107. [PMID: 38332755 PMCID: PMC10850357 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1335107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are nanoscale vesicles that transport signals between cells, mediating both physiological and pathological processes. EVs facilitate conserved intercellular communication. By transferring bioactive molecules between cells, EVs coordinate systemic responses, regulating homeostasis, immunity, and disease progression. Given their biological importance and involvement in pathogenesis, EVs show promise as biomarkers for veterinary diagnosis, and candidates for vaccine production, and treatment agents. Additionally, different treatment or engineering methods could be used to boost the capability of extracellular vesicles. Despite the emerging veterinary interest, EV research has been predominantly human-based. Critical knowledge gaps remain regarding isolation protocols, cargo loading mechanisms, in vivo biodistribution, and species-specific functions. Standardized methods for veterinary EV characterization and validation are lacking. Regulatory uncertainties impede veterinary clinical translation. Advances in fundamental EV biology and technology are needed to propel the veterinary field forward. This review introduces EVs from a veterinary perspective by introducing the latest studies, highlighting their potential while analyzing challenges to motivate expanded veterinary investigation and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yindi Xiong
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Lou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuang Xu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingping Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Arafa FM, Said H, Osman D, Rezki N, Aouad MR, Hagar M, Osman M, Elwakil BH, Jaremko M, Tolba MM. Nanoformulation-Based 1,2,3-Triazole Sulfonamides for Anti- Toxoplasma In Vitro Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:401. [PMID: 37624339 PMCID: PMC10460005 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is deemed a successful parasite worldwide with a wide range of hosts. Currently, a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine serves as the first-line treatment; however, these drugs have serious adverse effects. Therefore, it is imperative to focus on new therapies that produce the desired effect with the lowest possible dose. The designation and synthesis of sulfonamide-1,2,3-triazole hybrids (3a-c) were performed to create hybrid frameworks. The newly synthesized compounds were loaded on chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) to form nanoformulations (3a.CNP, 3b.CNP, 3c.CNP) for further in vitro investigation as an anti-Toxoplasma treatment. The current study demonstrated that all examined compounds were active against T. gondii in vitro relative to the control drug, sulfadiazine. 3c.CNP showed the best impact against T. gondii with the lowest IC50 value of 3.64 µg/mL. Using light microscopy, it was found that Vero cells treated with the three nanoformulae showed remarkable morphological improvement, and tachyzoites were rarely seen in the treated cells. Moreover, scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies confirmed the efficacy of the prepared nanoformulae on the parasites. All of them caused parasite ultrastructural damage and altered morphology, suggesting a cytopathic effect and hence confirming their promising anti-Toxoplasma activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadwa M. Arafa
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21577, Egypt
| | - Heba Said
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Doaa Osman
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Nadjet Rezki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed R. Aouad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah 30002, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Hagar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21321, Egypt
| | - Mervat Osman
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Bassma H. Elwakil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health Initiative (SHI) and Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Mohamed Tolba
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
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Król G, Fortunka K, Majchrzak M, Piktel E, Paprocka P, Mańkowska A, Lesiak A, Karasiński M, Strzelecka A, Durnaś B, Bucki R. Metallic Nanoparticles and Core-Shell Nanosystems in the Treatment, Diagnosis, and Prevention of Parasitic Diseases. Pathogens 2023; 12:838. [PMID: 37375528 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of nanotechnology in the fight against parasitic diseases is in the early stages of development, but it brings hopes that this new field will provide a solution to target the early stages of parasitosis, compensate for the lack of vaccines for most parasitic diseases, and also provide new treatment options for diseases in which parasites show increased resistance to current drugs. The huge physicochemical diversity of nanomaterials developed so far, mainly for antibacterial and anti-cancer therapies, requires additional studies to determine their antiparasitic potential. When designing metallic nanoparticles (MeNPs) and specific nanosystems, such as complexes of MeNPs, with the shell of attached drugs, several physicochemical properties need to be considered. The most important are: size, shape, surface charge, type of surfactants that control their dispersion, and shell molecules that should assure specific molecular interaction with targeted molecules of parasites' cells. Therefore, it can be expected that the development of antiparasitic drugs using strategies provided by nanotechnology and the use of nanomaterials for diagnostic purposes will soon provide new and effective methods of antiparasitic therapy and effective diagnostic tools that will improve the prevention and reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Król
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Kamila Fortunka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Michał Majchrzak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Ewelina Piktel
- Independent Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2B, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Paulina Paprocka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Angelika Mańkowska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Agata Lesiak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Maciej Karasiński
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Strzelecka
- Department of Public Health , Institute of Health Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Bonita Durnaś
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Robert Bucki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, IX Wieków Kielc 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
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Kamel HH, Elleboudy NAF, Hasan AN, Ali IR, Mohammad OS. Nano magnetic-based ELISA and nano magnetic-based latex agglutination test for diagnosis of experimental trichinellosis. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:400-409. [PMID: 37193503 PMCID: PMC10182192 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01583-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human trichinellosis is a worldwide foodborne public health threat. Detecting circulating antigens of Trichinella spiralis "T. spiralis" allows for an early diagnosis before larval encystation develops in skeletal muscles. For the first time, the present study aimed to formulate an effective nanomagnetic beads based-ELISA and -latex agglutination test (NMB-ELISA and NMB-LAT) to recognize T. spiralis adult worm crude extract antigen (AWCEA) in sera of experimentally infected mice. The study included thirty-eight mice classified into 3 groups; T. spiralis-infected group (GI) which was euthanized 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 days post-infection (dpi), other parasitic infections group (GII) and healthy control group (GIII). Rabbit anti-T. spiralis polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were utilized to detect AWCEA in serum samples by sandwich ELISA, NMB-ELISA, and NMB-LAT. Using NMB-ELISA, AWCEA was detected in sera collected at 6 and 8 dpi, with a sensitivity of 50% and 75%, respectively, and a specificity of 100%. Whereas, sandwich ELISA and NMB-LAT couldn't detect the antigen at the same time intervals. Both ELISA formats were able to detect the antigen in samples collected at 10, 12, and 14 dpi with a sensitivity of 100% for NMB-ELISA and 25%, 75%, and 100% respectively, for sandwich-ELISA. Yet, NMB-LAT couldn't detect AWCEA until 12 dpi with a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 75%. In conclusion, NMB-ELISA is a promising sensitive tool for early and specific diagnosis of acute trichinellosis. The use of NMB-LAT could be a helpful screening procedure in field surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Hussein Kamel
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Aml Nabil Hasan
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Rabea Ali
- Parasitology Department, Theodore Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omnia Sobhi Mohammad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Aly NSM, Kim HS, Marei YM, Elhamshary AS, Bayoumi IR, Omar RE, Mohammed DA, Miyoshi SI, Rashed GA. Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis Using Surface Antigen Grade 1 Detection by ELISA, Nano-Gold ELISA, and PCR in Pregnant Women. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:1335-1345. [PMID: 36974071 PMCID: PMC10039636 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s401876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The accurate diagnosis of toxoplasmosis has critical importance in pregnant women. Nanotechnology and molecular biology are making possible opportunities for accurate and rapid diagnosis of many infectious diseases. Aim and Methods The aim of our study was to compare nano-gold ELISA with ELISA and PCR for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis using Toxoplasma surface antigen grade 1 (SAG1) in pregnant women seeking antenatal care in outpatient clinics. Results PCR showed the highest diagnostic values than nano-gold ELISA and ELISA regarding sensitivity (97.3% versus 89.2% and 83.8%); specificity (100% versus 94% and 88%); and diagnostic accuracy (98.9% versus 91.95% and 86.2%), respectively. There is no statistical difference between PCR and nanogold ELISA results. Discussion Nano-gold ELISA had a significant improvement in diagnosis than the traditional ELISA method. Most likely with the assistance of nanoparticles, more antibodies enter the antigen-antibody complex because of the considerable improvement in the surface area of nano-gold particles. Conclusion Although PCR had higher diagnostic values than nano ELISA, nano ELISA is cheaper and easier than PCR. We recommend nano-gold ELISA with SAG1 as a promising technique in the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and survey studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa S M Aly
- Department of Parasitology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
- Division of International Infectious Diseases Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Correspondence: Nagwa SM Aly, Department of Parasitology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Fareed Nada Street, Benha, 13511, Egypt, Tel +2-13-9101186, Email
| | - Hye-Sook Kim
- Division of International Infectious Diseases Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yasmin M Marei
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
| | - Azza S Elhamshary
- Department of Parasitology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim R Bayoumi
- Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabab E Omar
- Department of Parasitology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
| | - Dina A Mohammed
- Department of Parasitology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Department of Sanitary Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Gehan A Rashed
- Department of Parasitology, Benha Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13511, Egypt
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Semedo SSL, da Silva Sanfelice RA, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Silva TF, da Silva Bortoleti BT, de Oliveira GC, de Lion Siervo GEM, Bosqui LR, Lazarin-Bidói D, Conchon-Costa I, de Barros LD, Garcia JL, Nakazato G, Pavanelli WR, Fernandes GSA, da Costa IN. Biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNp-Bio) restore testosterone levels and increase TNF-α and IL-6 in Leydig cells infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Exp Parasitol 2022; 241:108343. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Assolini JP, Carloto ACM, Bortoleti BTDS, Gonçalves MD, Tomiotto Pellissier F, Feuser PE, Cordeiro AP, Hermes de Araújo PH, Sayer C, Miranda Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. Nanomedicine in leishmaniasis: A promising tool for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease - An update overview. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 923:174934. [PMID: 35367420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that has a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from visceral to cutaneous, with millions of new cases and thousands of deaths notified every year. The severity of the disease and its various clinical forms are determined by the species of the causative agent, Leishmania, as well as the host's immune response. Major challenges still exist in the diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis, and there is no vaccine available to prevent this disease in humans. Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising tool in a variety of fields. In this review, we highlight the main and most recent advances in nanomedicine to improve the diagnosis and treatment, as well as for the development of vaccines, for leishmaniasis. Nanomaterials are nanometric in size and can be produced by a variety of materials, including lipids, polymers, ceramics, and metals, with varying structures and morphologies. Nanotechnology can be used as biosensors to detect antibodies or antigens, thus improving the sensitivity and specificity of such immunological and molecular diagnostic tests. While in treatment, nanomaterials can act as drug carriers or, be used directly, to reduce any toxic effects of drug compounds to the host and to be more selective towards the parasite. Furthermore, preclinical studies show that different nanomaterials can carry different Leishmania antigens, or even act as adjuvants to improve a Th1 immune response in an attempt to produce an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Assolini
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Universidade Alto Vale do Rio Peixe, Caçador, SC, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Emilio Feuser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Arthur Poester Cordeiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Synthesis, Characterization and Nanoformulation of Novel Sulfonamide-1,2,3-triazole Molecular Conjugates as Potent Antiparasitic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084241. [PMID: 35457059 PMCID: PMC9025934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a highly prevalent parasite that has no gold standard treatment due to the poor action or the numerous side effects. Focused sulfonamide-1,2,3-triazole hybrids 3a–c were wisely designed and synthesized via copper catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition approach between prop-2-yn-1-alcohol 1 and sulfa drug azides 2a–c. The newly synthesized click products were fully characterized using different spectroscopic experiments and were loaded onto chitosan nanoparticles to form novel nanoformulations for further anti-Toxoplasma investigation. The current study proved the anti-Toxoplasma effectiveness of all examined compounds in experimentally infected mice. Relative to sulfadiazine, the synthesized sulfonamide-1,2,3-triazole (3c) nanoformulae demonstrated the most promising result for toxoplasmosis treatment as it resulted in 100% survival, 100% parasite reduction along with the remarkable histopathological improvement in all the studied organs.
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Arruda da Silva Sanfelice R, Silva TF, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Bortoleti BTDS, Lazarin-Bidóia D, Scandorieiro S, Nakazato G, de Barros LD, Garcia JL, Verri WA, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli WR, Costa IN. Biogenic silver nanoparticles reduce Toxoplasma gondii infection and proliferation in RAW 264.7 macrophages by inducing tumor necrosis factor-alpha and reactive oxygen species production in the cells. Microbes Infect 2022; 24:104971. [PMID: 35341976 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.104971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the serious adverse effects caused by pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, the drugs commonly used to treat toxoplasmosis, there is a need for treatment alternatives for this disease. Nanotechnology has enabled significant advances toward this goal. This study was conducted to evaluate the activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNp-Bio) in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages infected with the RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The macrophages were infected with T. gondii tachyzoites and then treated with various concentrations of AgNp-Bio. The cells were evaluated by microscopy, and culture supernatants were collected for ELISA determination of their cytokine concentration. Treatment with 6 μM AgNp-Bio reduced the infection and parasite load in infected RAW 264.7 macrophages without being toxic to the cells. The treatment also induced the synthesis of reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (both pro-inflammatory mediators), which resulted in ultrastructural changes in the tachyzoites and their intramacrophagic destruction. Our findings suggest that AgNp-Bio affect T. gondii tachyzoites by activating microbicidal and pro-inflammatory mechanisms and may be a potential alternative treatment for toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC/FIOCRUZ/PR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC/FIOCRUZ/PR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin-Bidóia
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Sara Scandorieiro
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 Km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu Aparecido Verri
- Laboratory of Pain, Inflammation, Neuropathy, and Cancer, Department of Pathology, Center of Biological Sciences, Londrina State University, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Allam AF, Hagras NAE, Farag HF, Osman MM, Shalaby TI, Kazem AH, Shehab AY, Mogahed NMFH. Remarkable histopathological improvement of experimental toxoplasmosis after receiving spiramycin-chitosan nanoparticles formulation. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:166-177. [PMID: 35299902 PMCID: PMC8901813 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the anti-Toxoplasma effect of chitosan nanoparticles [CS NPs], spiramycin, spiramycin co-administered with metronidazole and spiramycin-CS NPs formulation on the parasite burden and histopathological changes in the liver, spleen and brain in experimentally infected mice. Seventy male Swiss albino mice were classified into seven equal groups: healthy control (I), infected untreated control (II), infected group receiving CS NPs (III), spiramycin administered infected group (IV), infected group receiving spiramycin-metronidazole (V), infected receiving 400 mg/kg spiramycin-CS NPs (VI) and infected treated with spiramycin-loaded CS NPs 100 mg/kg (VII). All groups were inoculated intraperitoneally with 2500 T. gondii tachyzoites RH strain except the healthy control group. All groups were sacrificed on the 8th day after infection. Density of the parasite and histopathological examination of the liver, spleen and brain of all treated mice revealed reduction in the mean tachyzoites count as well as decreased inflammation, congestion and necrosis within tissue sections. Spiramycin-loaded NPs displayed the highest significant reduction in the pathological insult tailed by spiramycin-metronidazole and CS NPs. In conclusion, spiramycin-loaded CS NPs showed a promising synergistic combination in the treatment of the histopathology caused by toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Farahat Allam
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El Horreya Avenue, El Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nancy Abd-elkader Hagras
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hoda Fahmy Farag
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El Horreya Avenue, El Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mervat Mostafa Osman
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El Horreya Avenue, El Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Thanaa Ibrahim Shalaby
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amani Hussein Kazem
- Department of Pathology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amel Youssef Shehab
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El Horreya Avenue, El Hadara, Alexandria, Egypt
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Hagras NAE, Mogahed NMFH, Sheta E, Darwish AAE, El-hawary MA, Hamed MT, Elwakil BH. The powerful synergistic effect of spiramycin/propolis loaded chitosan/alginate nanoparticles on acute murine toxoplasmosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010268. [PMID: 35294434 PMCID: PMC8926208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel formula of spiramycin/propolis loaded chitosan (CS)/alginate (Alg) nanoparticles (NPs) was assessed for Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) treatment in comparison with the commercially available spiramycin regarding tissue penetration and blood brain barrier (BBB) passage. Swiss Albino mice were inoculated intraperitoneally by 2500 tachyzoites of the virulent T. gondii RH strain. The experimental groups were treated with oral spiramycin, propolis, CS/Alg NPs, spiramycin loaded CS/Alg NPs, propolis loaded CS/Alg NPs, and spiramycin/propolis loaded CS/Alg NPs. The results demonstrated that spiramycin/propolis loaded CS/Alg NPs exerted the longest survival time with no mortality on the sacrifice day (8th) in addition to representing the highest significant parasite percent reduction of (≥96% reduction) in liver, spleen and brain designating successful tissue penetration and BBB passage. Tachyzoites treated with spiramycin/propolis loaded CS/Alg NPs demonstrated the most disfigured rapturing organism via scanning electron microscope examination along with representing an overall remarkable improvement of the histopathological pictures of liver, spleen and brain. In conclusion, spiramycin/propolis loaded CS/Alg NPs showed the uppermost efficacy in the treatment of acute murine toxoplasmosis. The safe nature and the anti-parasitic effect of each of CS, Alg, spiramycin and propolis encourage the synergistic use of spiramycin/propolis loaded CS/Alg NPs as a potent treatment for human toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Abd-elkader Hagras
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Eman Sheta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira Abd-elfattah Darwish
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Ali El-hawary
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Moaaz Tarek Hamed
- Department of Botany & Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Bassma Hassan Elwakil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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12
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Gaafar MR, El-Mansoury ST, Eissa MM, Shalaby TI, Younis LK, Rashed HA. Effect of alginate nanoparticles on the immunogenicity of excretory-secretory antigens against acute toxoplasmosis in murine model. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106215. [PMID: 34687647 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Efficacy of alginate nanoparticles (Alg-NPs) as vaccine delivery for the excretory-secretory antigens (ESAs) against the virulent strain of Toxoplasma gondii was evaluated. Swiss albino mice were intraperitoneally immunized with three doses of either in vivo and in vitro-prepared ESA vaccines, 20 µg each, at 2-week intervals, then were challenged with 2500 tachyzoites of the RH HXGPRT (-) Toxoplasma gondii strain, four weeks later. Mice mortality, tachyzoite number in both peritoneal fluid and impression smear, and viability, ultrastructural tachyzoite changes, measuring immunological markers, and histopathological changes of both liver and spleen were studied, in comparison to alum adjuvanted ESAs and infected control subgroups. The in vivo-prepared Alg-NPs loaded ESAs vaccinated subgroups induced significant reduction in mice mortality, tachyzoite count in both peritoneal fluid and impression smears and viability. Scanning electron microscopy revealed tachyzoites deformities with multiple irregularities, while transmission electron microscopy showed tachyzoites distortion, disrupted plasma membranes, loss of nuclear integrities, and absence of dense granules with extensive vacuolations. A statistically significant increase in the level of both IFN-γ and anti-Toxoplasma IgG was noted. Histopathological results recorded amelioration of the pathological changes induced by Toxoplasma infection in both liver and spleen, with scanty parasites. Therefore, Alg-NPs proved its effectiveness in enhancing the ESAs antigencity, and recommended to test its potentiality as drugs carrier for anti-Toxoplasma agents to enhance their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha R Gaafar
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Salwa T El-Mansoury
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Maha M Eissa
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Thanaa I Shalaby
- Medical Biophysics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Layla K Younis
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Hoda A Rashed
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
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13
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Eid RK, Arafa MF, Ashour DS, Essa EA, Zoghroban HS, Issa YA, Nomeir HM, Abo Safia HS, El Maghraby GM. Eudragit coated microemulsion for enhanced efficacy of spiramycin against toxoplasmic encephalitis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Warner RC, Chapman RC, Davis BN, Davis PH. REVIEW OF DNA VACCINE APPROACHES AGAINST THE PARASITE TOXOPLASMA GONDII. J Parasitol 2021; 107:882-903. [PMID: 34852176 DOI: 10.1645/20-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an apicomplexan parasite that affects both humans and livestock. Transmitted to humans through ingestion, it is the second-leading cause of foodborne illness-related death. Currently, there exists no approved vaccine for humans or most livestock against the parasite. DNA vaccines, a type of subunit vaccine which uses segments of the pathogen's DNA to generate immunity, have shown varying degrees of experimental efficacy against infection caused by the parasite. This review compiles DNA vaccine efforts against Toxoplasma gondii, segmenting the analysis by parasite antigen, as well as a review of concomitant adjuvant usage. No single antigenic group was consistently more effective within in vivo trials relative to others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie C Warner
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, 68182
| | - Ryan C Chapman
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, 68182
| | - Brianna N Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, 68182
| | - Paul H Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, 68182
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15
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Liu H, Zhong W, Zhang X, Lin D, Wu J. Nanomedicine as a promising strategy for the theranostics of infectious diseases. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:7878-7908. [PMID: 34611689 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01316e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi and their global spread pose a great threat to human health. The 2019 World Health Organization report predicted that infection-related mortality will be similar to cancer mortality by 2050. Particularly, the global cumulative numbers of the recent outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have reached 110.7 million cases and over 2.4 million deaths as of February 23, 2021. Moreover, the crisis of these infectious diseases exposes the many problems of traditional diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, such as time-consuming and unselective detection methods, the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, serious side effects, and poor drug delivery. There is an urgent need for rapid and sensitive diagnosis as well as high efficacy and low toxicity treatments. The emergence of nanomedicine has provided a promising strategy to greatly enhance detection methods and drug treatment efficacy. Owing to their unique optical, magnetic, and electrical properties, nanoparticles (NPs) have great potential for the fast and selective detection of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. NPs exhibit remarkable antibacterial activity by releasing reactive oxygen species and metal ions, exerting photothermal effects, and causing destruction of the cell membrane. Nano-based delivery systems can further improve drug permeability, reduce the side effects of drugs, and prolong systemic circulation time and drug half-life. Moreover, effective drugs against COVID-19 are still lacking. Recently, nanomedicine has shown great potential to accelerate the development of safe and novel anti-COVID-19 drugs. This article reviews the fundamental mechanisms and the latest developments in the treatment and diagnosis of bacteria, viruses, and fungi and discusses the challenges and perspectives in the application of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Wenhao Zhong
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Dongjun Lin
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China. .,School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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16
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Sanfelice RADS, Bortoleti BTDS, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Silva TF, Bosqui LR, Nakazato G, Castilho PM, de Barros LD, Garcia JL, Lazarin-Bidóia D, Conchon-Costa I, Pavanelli WR, Costa IN. Biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNp-Bio) reduce Toxoplasma gondii infection and proliferation in HeLa cells, and induce autophagy and death of tachyzoites by apoptosis-like mechanism. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106070. [PMID: 34331897 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that can cause severe and debilitating diseases, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The available treatment is based on drugs that have low efficacy, high toxicity, several adverse effects, and need long periods of treatment. Thus, the search for therapeutic alternatives is urgently needed. Biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNp-Bio) have been associated with several biological effects, as antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, and antiprotozoal activity. Thus, the objective was evaluating AgNp-Bio effect on HeLa cells infected with T. gondii (RH strain). First, nontoxic AgNp-Bio concentrations for HeLa cells (1.5 - 6 µM) were determined, which were tested on cells infected with T. gondii. A significant reduction in infection, proliferation, and intracellular parasitic load was observed, also an increase in ROS and IL-6. Additionally, the evaluation of the action mechanisms of the parasite showed that AgNp-Bio acts directly on tachyzoites, inducing depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, ROS increase, and lipid bodies accumulation, as well as triggering an autophagic process, causing damage to the parasite membrane, and phosphatidylserine exposure. Based on this, it was inferred that AgNp-Bio affects T. gondii by inducing immunomodulation and microbicidal molecules produced by infected cells, and acts on parasites, by inducing autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Taylon Felipe Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Bosqui
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Laboratory of Basic and Applied Bacteriology, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Pablo Menegon Castilho
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Protozoology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Pr 445 km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin-Bidóia
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer - LIDNC, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil.
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Nano DNA Vaccine Encoding Toxoplasma gondii Histone Deacetylase SIR2 Enhanced Protective Immunity in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101582. [PMID: 34683874 PMCID: PMC8538992 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogen of toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), is a zoonotic protozoon that can affect the health of warm-blooded animals including humans. Up to now, an effective vaccine with completely protection is still inaccessible. In this study, the DNA vaccine encoding T. gondii histone deacetylase SIR2 (pVAX1-SIR2) was constructed. To enhance the efficacy, chitosan and poly (d, l-lactic-co-glycolic)-acid (PLGA) were employed to design nanospheres loaded with the DNA vaccine, denoted as pVAX1-SIR2/CS and pVAX1-SIR2/PLGA nanospheres. The pVAX1-SIR2 plasmids were transfected into HEK 293-T cells, and the expression was evaluated by a laser scanning confocal microscopy. Then, the immune protections of pVAX1-SIR2 plasmid, pVAX1-SIR2/CS nanospheres, and pVAX1-SIR2/PLGA nanospheres were evaluated in a laboratory animal model. The in vivo findings indicated that pVAX1-SIR2/CS and pVAX1-SIR2/PLGA nanospheres could generate a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response, as indicated by the regulated production of antibodies and cytokines, the enhanced maturation and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression of dendritic cells (DCs), the induced splenocyte proliferation, and the increased percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Furthermore, this enhanced immunity could obviously reduce the parasite burden in immunized animals through a lethal dose of T. gondii RH strain challenge. All these results propose that pVAX1-SIR2 plasmids entrapped in chitosan or PLGA nanospheres could be the promising vaccines against acute T. gondii infections and deserve further investigations.
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18
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Hamed EFA, Mostafa NE, Fawzy EM, Ibrahim MN, Attia R, Salama MA. The delayed death-causing nature of Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extracts and their mixture within experimental chronic toxoplasmosis: Therapeutic and prophylactic implications. Acta Trop 2021; 221:105992. [PMID: 34089696 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The restricted effect, significant toxicity, and emerging resistance of anti-toxoplasmosis synthetic agents impose the search for alternatives. The current research aimed to evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy of Rosmarinus officinalis extracts and their mixtures against chronic murine toxoplasmosis and to clarify the phenomenon of delayed death. METHODS This research included two experimental designs, the first to test the preventive and curative efficacy of the extracts and the second to assess delayed death in mice infected with the ME49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii. The essential oils of the plant were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. RESULTS Treatment with a mixture of rosemary extracts displayed reduction rates of 81% for T. gondii cyst burden and 23% for cyst viability. The reinfected group with the pretreated cysts reported 93.4% reduction in cyst burden and 95.4% in cyst viability. Moreover, 90% reduction of the infectivity rate was obtained. The therapeutic efficacy of this mixture was superior to its valuable prophylactic effect. Histopathological examination of liver and brain tissue exhibited marked improvement. Both extracts possess free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities evidenced by high expression of iNOS stain. Our results were signified by low BAG-1 gene expression and massive mutilation of T. gondii cyst in the targeted group using scanning electron microscopy. Analysis of R. officinalis revealed the presence of isobornylformate as a novel ingredient. CONCLUSIONS R. officinalis displays a therapeutic rather than prophylactic potential, indicating the emergence of an effective safe alternative therapy.
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A novel enhanced dot blot immunoassay using colorimetric biosensor for detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 79:101708. [PMID: 34481108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study reports development of a novel point of care assay, namely an enhanced immuno-dot blot assay, for discrimination of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibodies. This method has been designed based on formation of a sandwich complex between a gold nanoprobe (chitosan gold nanoparticle-anti-human IgG or anti-IgM) and anti- Toxoplasma lysate antigen (TLA) which holds anti-TLA antibodies, either IgG or IgM. Briefly, anti-human IgG or anti-IgM antibody was conjugated to chitosan gold nanoparticles via glutaraldehyde chemistry. Then, lysate antigen was immobilized on the surface of nitrocellulose membrane, which followed by addition of the sera sample and gold nanoprobes. The positive signals were readily detectable via observation with naked eye. This positive color change was further intensified via gold enhancement chemistry. The intensity of biosensor signal was proportional to the concentration of active antibodies on the surface of nanoparticles, titer of T. gondii antibodies in the sera samples and concentration of Toxoplasma lysate antigen coated on the nitrocellulose membrane. A minimum concentration to use the antibodies for conjugation, to detect titer of Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies, and the concentration of TLA coated in nitrocellulose membrane were 0.5 mg/mL, 2 IU/mL, 10 IU/mL, and 20 μg/mL, respectively. This enhanced immuno-dot blot assay offers a simple diagnostic technique without expensive equipment requirement for distinguishing of anti- T. gondii IgM and IgG antibodies in field conditions, pregnant women, and immunocompromised patients.
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Santos P, Almeida F. Exosome-Based Vaccines: History, Current State, and Clinical Trials. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711565. [PMID: 34335627 PMCID: PMC8317489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by most cell types as part of an intracellular communication system in crucial processes such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and immune response. However, EVs have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as cancer and numerous infectious diseases. An important feature of EVs is their ability to deliver a wide range of molecules to nearby targets or over long distances, which allows the mediation of different biological functions. This delivery mechanism can be utilized for the development of therapeutic strategies, such as vaccination. Here, we have highlighted several studies from a historical perspective, with respect to current investigations on EV-based vaccines. For example, vaccines based on exosomes derived from dendritic cells proved to be simpler in terms of management and cost-effectiveness than dendritic cell vaccines. Recent evidence suggests that EVs derived from cancer cells can be leveraged for therapeutics to induce strong anti-tumor immune responses. Moreover, EV-based vaccines have shown exciting and promising results against different types of infectious diseases. We have also summarized the results obtained from completed clinical trials conducted on the usage of exosome-based vaccines in the treatment of cancer, and more recently, coronavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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21
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Neves ACO, Viana AD, Menezes FG, Wanderlei Neto AO, Melo MCN, Gasparotto LHS. Biospectroscopy and chemometrics as an analytical tool for comparing the antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles with popular antibiotics against Escherichia coli. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 253:119558. [PMID: 33631629 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been widely studied in medical and correlated fields, details on their mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. Herein we present the first study on the combination of infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics as an analytical tool to investigate the mechanism of action of AgNPs against Escherichia coli by comparison with popular and commercially available antibiotics. The rationale behind this study is that the selected antibiotics act on bacteria in specific and distinct manners (DNA, cell membrane, mitochondria, etc.). Hence, via multivariate analysis we were able to compare the spectra of bacteria treated with the antibiotics and AgNPs to determine the main target of the latter. Spectral comparison, exploratory analysis, clustering and classification based on infrared spectra were carried out for E. coli samples in the absence and presence (treated) of four widely known antibiotics (ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and sulfadiazine) as well as RA-AgNPs and ERA-AgNPs. Chemometrics models indicated an interesting similarity between infrared spectra from E. coli treated with sulfadiazine and AgNPs, in which vibrational modes associated to phosphate groups were found to be the most representative. This result suggests that both AgNPs and sulfadiazine affects DNA structural features and availability, but not necessarily through the same mechanism. This biospectroscopy-based approach opens an interesting possibility for the understanding over the mechanism of antibacterial activity of AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C O Neves
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59072-970, Brazil.
| | - Anderson D Viana
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59072-970, Brazil; Agricultural School of Jundiaí, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Macaíba, RN 59280-000, Brazil
| | - Fabrício G Menezes
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59072-970, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Celeste N Melo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz H S Gasparotto
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59072-970, Brazil
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22
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Arshad R, Pal K, Sabir F, Rahdar A, Bilal M, Shahnaz G, Kyzas GZ. A review of the nanomaterials use for the diagnosis and therapy of salmonella typhi. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Costa IN, Ribeiro M, Silva Franco P, da Silva RJ, de Araújo TE, Milián ICB, Luz LC, Guirelli PM, Nakazato G, Mineo JR, Mineo TWP, Barbosa BF, Ferro EAV. Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Can Control Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Both Human Trophoblast Cells and Villous Explants. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:623947. [PMID: 33552033 PMCID: PMC7858645 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.623947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine plus folinic acid is the conventional treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis. However, this classical treatment presents teratogenic effects and bone marrow suppression. In this sense, new therapeutic strategies are necessary to reduce these effects and improve the control of infection. In this context, biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNp-Bio) appear as a promising alternative since they have antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiparasitic activity. The purpose of this study to investigate the action of AgNp-Bio in BeWo cells, HTR-8/SVneo cells and villous explants and its effects against Toxoplasma gondii infection. Both cells and villous explants were treated with different concentrations of AgNp-Bio or combination of sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine (SDZ + PYZ) in order to verify the viability. After, cells and villi were infected and treated with AgNp-Bio or SDZ + PYZ in different concentrations to ascertain the parasite proliferation and cytokine production profile. AgNp-Bio treatment did not reduce the cell viability and villous explants. Significant reduction was observed in parasite replication in both cells and villous explants treated with silver nanoparticles and classical treatment. The AgNp-Bio treatment increased of IL-4 and IL-10 by BeWo cells, while HTR8/SVneo cells produced macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and IL-4. In the presence of T. gondii, the treatment induced high levels of MIF production by BeWo cells and IL-6 by HTR8SV/neo. In villous explants, the AgNp-Bio treatment downregulated production of IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8 after infection. In conclusion, AgNp-Bio can decrease T. gondii infection in trophoblast cells and villous explants. Therefore, this treatment demonstrated the ability to reduce the T. gondii proliferation with induction of inflammatory mediators in the cells and independent of mediators in chorionic villus which we consider the use of AgNp-Bio promising in the treatment of toxoplasmosis in BeWo and HTR8/SVneo cell models and in chorionic villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Mayara Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Priscila Silva Franco
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Rafaela José da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Thádia Evelyn de Araújo
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Iliana Claudia Balga Milián
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Luana Carvalho Luz
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Mendonça Guirelli
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Tiago W. P. Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bellisa Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Smith NC, Goulart C, Hayward JA, Kupz A, Miller CM, van Dooren GG. Control of human toxoplasmosis. Int J Parasitol 2020; 51:95-121. [PMID: 33347832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan parasite that is able to infect any nucleated cell in any warm-blooded animal. Toxoplasma gondii infects around 2 billion people and, whilst only a small percentage of infected people will suffer serious disease, the prevalence of the parasite makes it one of the most damaging zoonotic diseases in the world. Toxoplasmosis is a disease with multiple manifestations: it can cause a fatal encephalitis in immunosuppressed people; if first contracted during pregnancy, it can cause miscarriage or congenital defects in the neonate; and it can cause serious ocular disease, even in immunocompetent people. The disease has a complex epidemiology, being transmitted by ingestion of oocysts that are shed in the faeces of definitive feline hosts and contaminate water, soil and crops, or by consumption of intracellular cysts in undercooked meat from intermediate hosts. In this review we examine current and future approaches to control toxoplasmosis, which encompass a variety of measures that target different components of the life cycle of T. gondii. These include: education programs about the parasite and avoidance of contact with infectious stages; biosecurity and sanitation to ensure food and water safety; chemo- and immunotherapeutics to control active infections and disease; prophylactic options to prevent acquisition of infection by livestock and cyst formation in meat; and vaccines to prevent shedding of oocysts by definitive feline hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Smith
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Cibelly Goulart
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Jenni A Hayward
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Catherine M Miller
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia
| | - Giel G van Dooren
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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Paul S, Ruiz-Manriquez LM, Serrano-Cano FI, Estrada-Meza C, Solorio-Diaz KA, Srivastava A. Human microRNAs in host-parasite interaction: a review. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:510. [PMID: 33178551 PMCID: PMC7644590 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small noncoding RNA molecules with significant capacity to regulate the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a sequence-specific manner either through translation repression or mRNA degradation triggering a fine-tuning biological impact. They have been implicated in several processes, including cell growth and development, signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, apoptosis, inflammation, and immune response modulation. However, over the last few years, extensive studies have shown the relevance of miRNAs in human pathophysiology. Common human parasitic diseases, such as Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Amoebiasis, Chagas disease, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Clonorchiasis, and Echinococcosis are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, identifying and characterizing parasite-specific miRNAs and their host targets, as well as host-related miRNAs, are important for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of parasite-specific diseases at the molecular level. In this review, we have demonstrated the impact of human microRNAs during host-parasite interaction as well as their potential to be used for diagnosis and prognosis purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Luis M. Ruiz-Manriquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Francisco I. Serrano-Cano
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Carolina Estrada-Meza
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Karla A. Solorio-Diaz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc. San Pablo, 76130 Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Aashish Srivastava
- Section of Bioinformatics, Clinical Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5021 Bergen, Norway
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26
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Assolini JP, da Silva TP, da Silva Bortoleti BT, Gonçalves MD, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Sahd CS, Carloto ACM, Feuser PE, Cordeiro AP, Sayer C, Hermes de Araújo PH, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. 4-nitrochalcone exerts leishmanicidal effect on L. amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, and the 4-nitrochalcone encapsulation in beeswax copaiba oil nanoparticles reduces macrophages cytotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 884:173392. [PMID: 32735985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Leishmaniasis treatment currently available involves some difficulties, such as high toxicity, variable efficacy, high cost, therefore, it is crucial to search for new therapeutic alternatives. Over the past few years, research on new drugs has focused on the use of natural compounds such as chalcones and nanotechnology. In this context, this research aimed at assessing the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of free 4-nitrochalcone (4NC) on promastigotes and encapsulated 4NC on L. amazonensis-infected macrophages, as well as their action mechanisms. Free 4NC was able to reduce the viability of promastigotes, induce reactive oxygen species production, decrease mitochondrial membrane potential, increase plasma membrane permeability, and expose phosphatidylserine, in addition to altering the morphology and lowering parasite cellular volume. Treatment containing encapsulated 4NC in beeswax-copaiba oil nanoparticles (4NC-beeswax-CO Nps) did not alter the viability of macrophages. Furthermore, 4NC-beeswax-CO Nps reduced the percentage of infected macrophages and the number of amastigotes per macrophages, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species, NO, TNF-α, and IL-10. Therefore, free 4NC proved to exert anti-promastigote effect, while 4NC-beeswax-CO Nps showed a leishmanicidal effect on L. amazonensis-infected macrophages by activating the macrophage microbicidal machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Assolini
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Thais Peron da Silva
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Claudia Stoeglehner Sahd
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Emilio Feuser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Arthur Poester Cordeiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, PR, Brazil; Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Fiocruz, Curitiba, Brazil.
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Assolini JP, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, da Silva Bortoleti BT, Gonçalves MD, Sahd CS, Carloto ACM, Feuser PE, Cordeiro AP, Borghi SM, Verri WA, Sayer C, Hermes de Araújo PH, Costa IN, Conchon-Costa I, Miranda-Sapla MM, Pavanelli WR. Diethyldithiocarbamate encapsulation reduces toxicity and promotes leishmanicidal effect through apoptosis-like mechanism in promastigote and ROS production by macrophage. J Drug Target 2020; 28:1110-1123. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1783669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Assolini
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Manoela Daiele Gonçalves
- Department of Chemical, Center of Exact Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudia Stoeglehner Sahd
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Emilio Feuser
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Arthur Poester Cordeiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Sergio Marques Borghi
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu Aparecido Verri
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Food Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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28
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Cakir-Koc R, Budama-Kilinc Y, Ustun E, Babur C. Conjugation and Characterization of Latex Particles with Toxoplasma gondii-specific Immunoglobulin Y Antibodies for Diagnostic Aim and Evaluation Efficiency in In Vitro Culture. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 92:103145. [PMID: 32797775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that causes severe health problems in the world. Toxoplasmosis, an infection caused by T. gondii, leads to high risk of mortality in patients with immunodeficiency, transplantation, and cancer. Besides that, it causes miscarriages in pregnancy, various abnormalities such as hydrocephalus in infants and congenital diseases. Because the clinical indication of the disease is not specific, it is confused with many diseases, and this leads to the necessity of directly detecting the presence of the toxoplasmosis. Therefore, various diagnostic assays are needed for the diagnosis of the disease. Amongs them, latex agglutination assay is widely used for the detection of specific antibodies or antigens in samples. Latex particles are coated with immunogenic molecules (antigens) to detect antibodies in the blood or used to identify antigens when coated with specific antibodies. In both, aggregation of latex particles results in agglutination. Monoclonal antibodies are often used in latex agglutination assay as in other diagnostic methods. However, monoclonal antibodies can be produced in low quantities at a high cost. Besides, to produce monoclonal antibodies, an experienced staff, a well-equipped cell culture laboratory, a long period of time, and a burdened budget are needed. In recent years, as an alternative to monoclonal antibodies, immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies, which are obtained from chicken eggs, and specifically produced against desired antigenic constructs, have become quite attractive in terms of both low cost and abundant production without requiring infrastructure. In contrast, the latex assay based on IgY antibodies for use in the diagnosis of T. gondii has not been developed. This study aimed to conjugate T. gondii-specific IgY antibodies to latex particles, characterize the particles by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and spectroscopic methods, and finally demonstrate the interaction with T.gondii parasites in culture with scanning electron microscopy analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Cakir-Koc
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Eslin Ustun
- Department of Bioengineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cahit Babur
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health, Public Health General Directorate, Microbiology Reference Laboratory And Biological Products Presidency, National Parasitology Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
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Machado LF, Sanfelice RA, Bosqui LR, Assolini JP, Scandorieiro S, Navarro IT, Depieri Cataneo AH, Wowk PF, Nakazato G, Bordignon J, Pavanelli WR, Conchon-Costa I, Costa IN. Biogenic silver nanoparticles reduce adherence, infection, and proliferation of toxoplasma gondii RH strain in HeLa cells without inflammatory mediators induction. Exp Parasitol 2020; 211:107853. [PMID: 32061628 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The highlights of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNp-Bio) include low toxicity - depending on size and concentration - and efficient antiparasitic activity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the action of the AgNp-Bio on HeLa cells in an infection with strain of RH Toxoplasma gondii. Firstly, we performed a cellular viability test and characterized the AgNp-Bio to proceed with the infection of HeLa cells with T. gondii to be treated using AgNp-Bio or conventional drugs. Subsequently, we determined the level of standard cytokines Th1/Th2 as well as the content of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results indicated a mean size of 69 nm in diameter for the AgNp-Bio and obtained a dose-dependent toxicity. In addition, the concentrations of 3 and 6 μM promoted a significant decrease in adherence, infection, and intracellular proliferation. We also found lower IL-8 and production of inflammatory mediators. Thus, the nanoparticles reduced the adherence, infection, and proliferation of ROS and NO, in addition to immunomodulating the IL-8. Therefore, our data proved relevant to introduce a promising therapeutic alternative to toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Fernanda Machado
- Departamento de Patologia Experimental - Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia Das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raquel Arruda Sanfelice
- Departamento de Patologia Experimental - Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia Das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rodrigues Bosqui
- Departamento de Patologia Experimental - Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia Das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Assolini
- Departamento de Patologia Experimental - Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia Das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Sara Scandorieiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia - Laboratório de Bacteriologia Básica e Aplicada. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Italmar Teodorico Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - Laboratório de Zoonoses e Saúde Pública. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular. Instituto Carlos Chagas, ICC/ Fiocruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gerson Nakazato
- Departamento de Microbiologia - Laboratório de Bacteriologia Básica e Aplicada. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juliano Bordignon
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular. Instituto Carlos Chagas, ICC/ Fiocruz, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogerio Pavanelli
- Departamento de Patologia Experimental - Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia Das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon-Costa
- Departamento de Patologia Experimental - Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia Das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Departamento de Patologia Experimental - Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia Das Doenças Negligenciadas e Câncer. Universidade Estadual de Londrina, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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30
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Successful treatment of acute experimental toxoplasmosis by spiramycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Exp Parasitol 2019; 204:107717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Wang JL, Zhang NZ, Li TT, He JJ, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ. Advances in the Development of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Vaccines: Challenges, Opportunities, and Perspectives. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:239-253. [PMID: 30718083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Important progress has been made in understanding how immunity is elicited against Toxoplasma gondii - a complex pathogen with multiple mechanisms of immune evasion. Many vaccine candidates have been tested using various strategies in animal models. However, none of these strategies has delivered as yet, and important challenges remain in the development of vaccines that can eliminate the tissue cysts and/or fully block vertical transmission. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the host immune response to T. gondii infection and summarize the key limitations for the development of an effective, safe, and durable toxoplasmosis vaccine. We also discuss how the successes and failures in developing and testing vaccine candidates have provided a roadmap for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Nian-Zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Jun-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China.
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Van Giau V, An SSA, Hulme J. Recent advances in the treatment of pathogenic infections using antibiotics and nano-drug delivery vehicles. Drug Des Devel Ther 2019; 13:327-343. [PMID: 30705582 PMCID: PMC6342214 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s190577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide misuse of antibiotics and the subsequent rise of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria have prompted a paradigm shift in the established view of antibiotic and bacterial-human relations. The clinical failures of conventional antibiotic therapies are associated with lengthy detection methods, poor penetration at infection sites, disruption of indigenous microflora and high potential for mutational resistance. One of the most promising strategies to improve the efficacy of antibiotics is to complex them with micro or nano delivery materials. Such materials/vehicles can shield antibiotics from enzyme deactivation, increasing the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug. Alternatively, drug-free nanomaterials that do not kill the pathogen but target virulent factors such as adhesins, toxins, or secretory systems can be used to minimize resistance and infection severity. The main objective of this review is to examine the potential of the aforementioned materials in the detection and treatment of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Van Giau
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, ;
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, ;
| | - John Hulme
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon Bionano Research Institute, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, ;
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33
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Jenkins MC, Stevens L, O'Brien C, Parker C, Miska K, Konjufca V. Incorporation of a recombinant Eimeria maxima IMP1 antigen into nanoparticles confers protective immunity against E. Maxima challenge infection. Vaccine 2018; 36:1126-1131. [PMID: 29406243 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if conjugating a recombinant Eimeria maxima protein, namely EmaxIMP1, into 20 nm polystyrene nanoparticles (NP) could improve the level of protective immunity against E. maxima challenge infection. Recombinant EmaxIMP1 was expressed in Escherichia coli as a poly-His fusion protein, purified by NiNTA chromatography, and conjugated to 20 nm polystyrene NP (NP-EmaxIMP1). NP-EMaxIMP1 or control non-recombinant (NP-NR) protein were delivered per os to newly-hatched broiler chicks with subsequent booster immunizations at 3 and 21 days of age. In battery cage studies (n = 4), chickens immunized with NP-EMaxIMP1 displayed complete protection as measured by weight gain (WG) against E. maxima challenge compared to chickens immunized with NP-NR. WG in the NP-EMaxIMP1-immunized groups was identical to WG in chickens that were not infected with E. maxima infected chickens. In floor pen studies (n = 2), chickens immunized with NP-EMaxIMP1 displayed partial protection as measured by WG against E. maxima challenge compared to chickens immunized with NP-NR. In order to understand the basis for immune stimulation, newly-hatched chicks were inoculated per os with NP-EMaxIMP1 or NP-NR protein, and the small intestine, bursa, and spleen, were examined for NP localization at 1 h and 6 h post-inoculation. Within 1 h, both NP-EMaxIMP1 and NP-NR were observed in all 3 tissues. An increase was observed in the level of NP-EmaxIMP1 and NP-NR in all tissues at 6 h post-inoculation. These data indicate that 20 nm NP-EmaxIMP1 or NP-NR reached deeper tissues within hours of oral inoculation and elicited complete to partial immunity against E. maxima challenge infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Jenkins
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1040, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - Laura Stevens
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, United States
| | - Celia O'Brien
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1040, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Carolyn Parker
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Building 1040, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Katrzyna Miska
- Animal Biosciences & Biotechnology Laboratory, Building 200, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Vjollca Konjufca
- Department of Microbiology, Southern Illinois University, United States
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34
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Mirza Alizadeh A, Jazaeri S, Shemshadi B, Hashempour-Baltork F, Sarlak Z, Pilevar Z, Hosseini H. A review on inactivation methods of Toxoplasma gondii in foods. Pathog Glob Health 2018; 112:306-319. [PMID: 30346249 PMCID: PMC6381540 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1514137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a widespread zoonotic protozoan which poses a great threat to human health and economic well-being worldwide. It is usually acquired by ingestion of water contaminated with oocysts from the feces of infected cats or by the ingestion of raw or undercooked foodstuff containing tissue cysts. The oocyst can contaminate irrigation water and fresh edible produce. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the human population worldwide harbor this parasite. Infection with T. gondii is an important cause of diseases of the central nervous system and the eye in immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and applicability of thermal (heating, cooking, freezing and low temperature), non-thermal (high pressure processing, ionizing irradiation and curing) and chemical and biochemical (disinfection, essential oils and biochemical methods such as enzymes, nanoparticles, antibiotics and immune response) treatments for the inactivation, inhabitation or to kill T. gondii in foodstuff intended for public consumption and under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Mirza Alizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Jazaeri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Shemshadi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Fataneh Hashempour-Baltork
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sarlak
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Pilevar
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedayat Hosseini
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science, Food Science and Technology/National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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35
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Caldas LA, de Souza W. A Window to Toxoplasma gondii Egress. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030069. [PMID: 30110938 PMCID: PMC6161258 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toxoplasma gondii cellular cycle has been widely studied in many lifecycle stages; however, the egress event still is poorly understood even though different types of molecules were shown to be involved. Assuming that there is no purpose or intentionality in biological phenomena, there is no such question as “Why does the parasite leaves the host cell”, but “Under what conditions and how?”. In this review we aimed to summarize current knowledge concerning T. gondii egress physiology (signalling pathways), structures, and route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Ayres Caldas
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
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36
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de Paula Reis M, de Lima DA, Pauli KB, Andreotti CEL, de Moraes ALS, Gonçalves DD, Navarro IT, Bueno PSA, Seixas FAV, Gasparotto Junior A, Lourenço ELB. Molecular docking to Toxoplasma gondii thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase and efficacy of raltitrexed in infected mice. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1465-1471. [PMID: 29550996 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis of worldwide distribution. Currently, two drugs, pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, are used as a reference in the treatment of toxoplasmosis, but the resistance of Toxoplasma gondii appears as a relevant public health problem. In order to identify new drugs to toxoplasmosis treatment, we performed a molecular docking of raltitrexed to T. gondii thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase (TS-DHFR) and also evaluated its efficacy in infected mice. Initially, raltitrexed was docked on the crystallographic structures of TS-DHFR from T. gondii and Mus musculus. Then, 48 h after infection with the T. gondii RH strain, different groups of mice received an oral dose of raltitrexed (0.15, 0.75, and 1.5 mg kg-1). Two days after treatments, raltitrexed was able to prevent mortality and reduce the number of tachyzoites in the peritoneal fluid and liver imprints from infected mice. The results showed that raltitrexed has important protective activities against the T. gondii RH strain. Molecular docking still suggests that the effects against the parasite may be dependent on the inhibition of T. gondii thymidylate synthase. This study opens new perspectives for the use of raltitrexed in patients infected with T. gondii, especially when conventional treatments do not exhibit the expected efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle de Paula Reis
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research of Natural Products, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniely Alves de Lima
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research of Natural Products, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | - Karoline Bach Pauli
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research of Natural Products, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Daniela Dib Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Preclinical Research of Natural Products, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Arquimedes Gasparotto Junior
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, km 12, P.O. Box 533, 79, Dourados, MS, 804-970, Brazil.
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