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Ortolá B, Daròs JA. RNA Interference in Insects: From a Natural Mechanism of Gene Expression Regulation to a Biotechnological Crop Protection Promise. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:137. [PMID: 38534407 DOI: 10.3390/biology13030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Insect pests rank among the major limiting factors in agricultural production worldwide. In addition to direct effect on crops, some phytophagous insects are efficient vectors for plant disease transmission. Large amounts of conventional insecticides are required to secure food production worldwide, with a high impact on the economy and environment, particularly when beneficial insects are also affected by chemicals that frequently lack the desired specificity. RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural mechanism gene expression regulation and protection against exogenous and endogenous genetic elements present in most eukaryotes, including insects. Molecules of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or highly structured RNA are the substrates of cellular enzymes to produce several types of small RNAs (sRNAs), which play a crucial role in targeting sequences for transcriptional or post-transcriptional gene silencing. The relatively simple rules that underlie RNAi regulation, mainly based in Watson-Crick complementarity, have facilitated biotechnological applications based on these cellular mechanisms. This includes the promise of using engineered dsRNA molecules, either endogenously produced in crop plants or exogenously synthesized and applied onto crops, as a new generation of highly specific, sustainable, and environmentally friendly insecticides. Fueled on this expectation, this article reviews current knowledge about the RNAi pathways in insects, and some other applied questions such as production and delivery of recombinant RNA, which are critical to establish RNAi as a reliable technology for insect control in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beltrán Ortolá
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Lv Y, Li X, Zhang H, Zou F, Shen B. CircRNA expression profiles in deltamethrin-susceptible and -resistant Culex pipiens pallens (Diptera: Culicidae). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 261:110750. [PMID: 35513264 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The excessive and improper application of insecticides has caused the evolution of resistance in many mosquito populations, including Culex pipiens pallens (L.). Deltamethrin, a representative pyrethroid insecticide, is the most widely used synthetic insecticide in mosquito-borne control field. Comprehensively identifying genes and regulators associated with deltamethrin resistance and elucidating the manner in which they regulate this process is critical for effective control of mosquitoes. CircRNAs are the upstream regulatory factors of miRNAs and mRNAs, which play a role via the competitive endogenous RNA mechanism. In this study, we used high-throughput circRNA sequencing to identify circRNAs that were expressed differently in deltamethrin-susceptible strain (DS strain) and -resistant strain (DR strain) mosquitoes [NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database accession number: PRJNA714543]. We detected a total of 12,816 significantly differentially expressed circRNAs (DE-circRNAs). Among them, 6769 circRNAs were up-regulated and 6047 circRNAs were down-regulated in the DR strain compared to DS strain. Among the DE-circRNAs, we further screened that supercont3.352:252102|253283 was significantly over-expressed in the DR strain through qPCR multiple verification (P < 0.05).We used the divergent primer to amplify the rolling circle product and obtained the full-length sequence of supercont3.352:252102|253283 (GeneBank accession number: MW729338). Through software comparison and bioinformatics analysis, we predicted that supercont3.352:252102|253283 might participate in deltamethrin resistance by sponging cpp-miR-1671 and blocking its inhibition on CYP4G15.We further found that the expression of cpp-miR-1671 was significantly lower in DR strain (P < 0.01), while the expression of CYP4G15 was significantly higher in DR strain (P < 0.05).Taken together, the present study provided the most comprehensive circRNA expression profile of mosquitoes, and suggested that supercont3.352:252102|253283 might participate in deltamethrin resistance through the supercont3.352:252102|253283/cpp-miR-1671/CYP4G15 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lv
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xixi Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feifei Zou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Ben Youssef M, Christelle Ouédraogo B, Bastarache P, Dumas P, Moffat CE, Vickruck JL, Morin PJ. Exposure to Temperature and Insecticides Modulates the Expression of Small Noncoding RNA-Associated Transcripts in the Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2022; 22:23. [PMID: 35172010 PMCID: PMC8849280 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) is an insect that can adapt to various challenges, including temperature fluctuations or select insecticide treatments. This pest is also an ongoing threat to the potato industry. Small noncoding RNAs such as miRNAs, which can control posttranscriptionally the expression of various genes, and piRNAs, which can notably impact mRNA turnover, are modulated in insects under different conditions. Unfortunately, information regarding the expression status of key players involved in their synthesis and function is for the most part lacking. The current study thus aims at assessing the levels of such targets in L. decemlineata exposed to hot and cold temperatures as well as treated to the insecticides chlorantraniliprole, clothianidin, imidacloprid, and spinosad. Transcript expression levels of Ago1, Ago2, Ago3, Dcr2a, Dcr2b, Expo-5, Siwi-1, and Siwi-2, components of pathways associated with small noncoding RNA production or function, were measured by qRT-PCR and revealed modulation of select transcripts in response to temperature challenges and to select insecticides. RNAi-mediated reduction of Ago2 transcript levels in L. decemlineata injected with Ago2-targeting dsRNA and exposed to cold and warm temperatures was also conducted. Changes in survival rates were observed for the latter condition in dsRNA- versus saline-injected insects. These results showcase the differential expression of select targets involved in small noncoding RNA homeostasis and provide leads for the subsequent assessment of their involvement during stress response in L. decemlineata using RNAi-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Ben Youssef
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Brigitte Christelle Ouédraogo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Pierre Bastarache
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Pascal Dumas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Chandra E Moffat
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Jessica L Vickruck
- Fredericton Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Road, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 4Z7, Canada
| | - Pier Jr Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine-Maillet Avenue, Moncton, New Brunswick, E1A 3E9, Canada
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Ekoka E, Maharaj S, Nardini L, Dahan-Moss Y, Koekemoer LL. 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling as a promising target for the chemical control of malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:86. [PMID: 33514413 PMCID: PMC7844807 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development and spread of resistance to insecticides among anopheline malaria vectors, the efficacy of current World Health Organization (WHO)-approved insecticides targeting these vectors is under threat. This has led to the development of novel interventions, including improved and enhanced insecticide formulations with new targets or synergists or with added sterilants and/or antimalarials, among others. To date, several studies in mosquitoes have revealed that the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) signaling pathway regulates both vector abundance and competence, two parameters that influence malaria transmission. Therefore, insecticides which target 20E signaling (e.g. methoxyfenozide and halofenozide) may be an asset for malaria vector control. While such insecticides are already commercially available for lepidopteran and coleopteran pests, they still need to be approved by the WHO for malaria vector control programs. Until recently, chemicals targeting 20E signaling were considered to be insect growth regulators, and their effect was mostly studied against immature mosquito stages. However, in the last few years, promising results have been obtained by applying methoxyfenozide or halofenozide (two compounds that boost 20E signaling) to Anopheles populations at different phases of their life-cycle. In addition, preliminary studies suggest that methoxyfenozide resistance is unstable, causing the insects substantial fitness costs, thereby potentially circumventing one of the biggest challenges faced by current vector control efforts. In this review, we first describe the 20E signaling pathway in mosquitoes and then summarize the mechanisms whereby 20E signaling regulates the physiological processes associated with vector competence and vector abundance. Finally, we discuss the potential of using chemicals targeting 20E signaling to control malaria vectors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Ekoka
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. .,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Surina Maharaj
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Luisa Nardini
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Yael Dahan-Moss
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lizette L Koekemoer
- WITS Research Institute for Malaria, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Centre for Emerging, Zoonotic & Parasitic Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Chang Z, Ji G, Huang R, Chen H, Gao Y, Wang W, Sun X, Zhang J, Zheng J, Wei Q. PIWI-interacting RNAs piR-13643 and piR-21238 are promising diagnostic biomarkers of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:9292-9310. [PMID: 32428871 PMCID: PMC7288952 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging studies demonstrate that PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) participate in the development of cancers. 75 pairs of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) samples and 31 benign thyroid nodule samples were included in this three-phase biomarker identifying study. First, piRNA expression profiles of five pairs of PTC samples were acquired piRNA sequencing. The expression of all upregulated piRNAs were further validated by RT-qPCR. Paired t and nonparametric test were used to evaluate the association between all upregulated piRNAs and clinic stage. The expression levels of key piRNAs were corrected by demographic data to construct a multivariate model to distinguish malignant nodules from benign. Additionally, the intersection between target genes of key piRNAs and differentially expressed genes in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) PTC samples were used to perform enrichment analysis. Only piR-13643 and piR-21238 were significantly upregulated in PTC and associated with clinic stage. Moreover, both piR-13643 (Area Under Curve (AUC): 0.821) and piR-21238 (AUC: 0.823) showed better performance in distinguishing malignant nodules from benign than currently used biomarkers HBME1 (AUC: 0.590). Based on our findings, piR-13643 and piR-21238 were observed to be significantly upregulated in human PTC. PIWI-interacting RNAs could serve as promising novel biomarkers for accurate detection of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Chang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Guo Ji
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Runzhi Huang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Center for Difficult and Complicated Abdominal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohui Gao
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Weifeng Wang
- Central Laboratory, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuechen Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration (Tongji University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Department of Prevention, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
- Human Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai
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Vaschetto LM, Beccacece HM. The emerging importance of noncoding RNAs in the insecticide tolerance, with special emphasis on Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2019; 10:e1539. [PMID: 31045325 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently generated high-throughput sequencing data sets have shed light on the important regulatory roles of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) molecules in the development of higher organisms. Nowadays it is well-known that regulatory ncRNAs can bind complementary RNA or DNA sequences and recruit chromatin remodelers to selectively modulate gene expression. Consequently, genome sequencing and transcriptomics technologies are now being used to reveal hidden associations among ncRNAs and distinct biological mechanisms. This is the case for the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella, a worldwide pest known to infest cruciferous crops and to display resistance to most insecticides, including Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) based biopesticides. In P. xylostella, it is thought that ncRNAs could play important roles in both development and insecticide resistance. This review will highlight recent insights into the roles of ncRNAs in P. xylostella and related lepidopterans, and will outline genetic engineering technologies which might be used to design efficient ncRNA-based pest control strategies. This article is categorized under: Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis María Vaschetto
- Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IDEA, CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (FCEFyN, UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Hernán Mario Beccacece
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (FCEFyN, UNC), Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIByT, CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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Qu A, Wang W, Yang Y, Zhang X, Dong Y, Zheng G, Wu Q, Zou M, Du L, Wang Y, Wang C. A serum piRNA signature as promising non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:3703-3720. [PMID: 31118791 PMCID: PMC6500438 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s193266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a novel class of small non-coding RNAs, which are not easily degraded but detectable in human body fluids. Recent studies have shown that aberrant piRNA expression is a signature feature across multiple tumor types. However, the expressions of piRNAs in serum of tumor patients and their potential clinical values remain largely unclear. Patients and methods: High-throughput sequencing was performed to investigate the serum piRNA profiles, followed by evaluations in serum samples of 220 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and 220 healthy controls using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Biomarker panels including piRNA-based Panel I and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-based Panel II, were developed by logistic regression model, and their diagnostic potentials were compared. Fagan's nomogram was plotted to promote clinical application. Results: We identified five differentially expressed serum piRNAs (piR-001311, piR-004153, piR-017723, piR-017724 and piR-020365), which, when combined in the piRNA-based Panel I, outperformed the CEA-based Panel II (P<0.001) and could detect CRC with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.867. In addition, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with low serum piR-017724 level had worse overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, serum piR-017724 was an independent prognostic factor for OS and PFS (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest serum piRNA expression signatures have potential for use as biomarkers for CRC detection and to predict prognosis at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfei Wang
- Humanistic Medicine Research Center, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China.,Humanistic Medicine Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhuan Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Guixi Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyan Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjin Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
There are several RNA interference (RNAi) pathways in insects. The small interfering RNA pathway is considered to be the main antiviral mechanism of the innate immune system; however, virus-specific P-element-induced Wimpy testis gene (PIWI)-interacting RNAs (vpiRNAs) have also been described, especially in mosquitoes. Understanding the antiviral potential of the RNAi pathways is important, given that many human and animal pathogens are transmitted by mosquitoes, such as Zika virus, dengue virus and chikungunya virus. In recent years, significant progress has been made to characterize the piRNA pathway in mosquitoes (including the possible antiviral activity) and to determine the differences between mosquitoes and the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The new findings, especially regarding vpiRNA in mosquitoes, as well as important questions that need to be tackled in the future, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Varjak
- 1MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Mayke Leggewie
- 2Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.,3German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg 20359, Germany
| | - Esther Schnettler
- 2Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.,3German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg 20359, Germany
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A novel miRNA, miR-13664, targets CpCYP314A1 to regulate deltamethrin resistance in Culex pipiens pallens. Parasitology 2018; 146:197-205. [PMID: 29966536 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Extensive insecticide use has led to the resistance of mosquitoes to these insecticides, posing a major barrier to mosquito control. Previous Solexa high-throughput sequencing of Culex pipiens pallens in the laboratory has revealed that the abundance of a novel microRNA (miRNA), miR-13664, was higher in a deltamethrin-sensitive (DS) strain than a deltamethrin-resistant (DR) strain. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that the miR-13664 transcript level was lower in the DR strain than in the DS strain. MiR-13664 oversupply in the DR strain increased the susceptibility of these mosquitoes to deltamethrin, whereas inhibition of miR-13664 made the DS strain more resistant to deltamethrin. Results of bioinformatic analysis, quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, luciferase assay and miR mimic/inhibitor microinjection revealed CpCYP314A1 to be a target of miR-13664. In addition, downregulation of CpCYP314A1 expression in the DR strain reduced the resistance of mosquitoes to deltamethrin. Taken together, our results indicate that miR-13664 could regulate deltamethrin resistance by interacting with CpCYP314A1, providing new insights into mosquito resistance mechanisms.
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