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Galaktionov KV, Gonchar A, Postanogova D, Miroliubov A, Bodrov SY. Parvatrema spp. (Digenea, Gymnophallidae) with parthenogenetic metacercariae: diversity, distribution and host specificity in the palaearctic. Int J Parasitol 2024; 54:333-355. [PMID: 38452965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
There are several species of gymnophallid digeneans in the genus Parvatrema that are unique in developing metacercariae that reproduce by parthenogenesis in the second intermediate host. Transmission of these digeneans takes place in coastal ecosystems of the North Pacific and North Atlantic seas. The first intermediate hosts are bivalves, the second ones are gastropods, and the definitive hosts are migratory birds. We integrated data accumulated over 25 years of research and differentiated a complex of five closely related species. They differ in the molluscan second intermediate hosts, distribution ranges, and life cycles patterns. The type I life cycle includes two generations of parthenogenetic metacercariae, followed by development of metacercariae which are invasive for the definitive host. In the type II life cycle, the number of generations of parthenogenetic metacercariae is unlimited, and they can also produce cercariae. These cercariae emerge into the environment and can infect new individuals of the second intermediate host. We conclude that the type I life cycle is a derived option that has evolved as a better fit to transmission in the unstable conditions in the intertidal zone. Another evolutionary trend in Parvatrema is transition from inhabiting the extrapallial space of the gastropod second intermediate host to endoparasitism in its mantle and internal organs. rDNA sequence analysis highlighted that Parvatrema spp. with parthenogenetic metacercariae form a monophyletic clade and suggested the Pacific origin of the group, with two transfers to the North Atlantic and colonisation of new second intermediate host species. Apparently the group formed in the late Pliocene-Pleistocene and diversified as a result of recurrent isolation in inshore refugia during glacial periods. We argue that parthenogenetic metacercariae in Parvatrema may serve as a model for early digenean evolution, demonstrating the first steps of adopting the molluscan first intermediate host and becoming tissue parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Galaktionov
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia
| | - Anna Gonchar
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia.
| | - Daria Postanogova
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia
| | - Aleksei Miroliubov
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia
| | - Semen Yu Bodrov
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics and Paleogenomics, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
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Aldama-Prieto Y, Navarro-Serralde JL, Ruíz EA, Sereno-Uribe AL, García-Varela M. Linking metacercariae and adults of Microphallus basodactylophallus (Digenea: Microphallidae), based on larval stages from ctenophores and adult parasites from aquatic birds found in Mexico. Syst Parasitol 2023; 101:8. [PMID: 38127230 PMCID: PMC10739321 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-023-10131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Members of the genus Microphallus Ward, 1901, are endoparasites mainly of birds and mammals distributed worldwide. Unencysted metacercariae of Microphallus sp., were collected from the mesoglea of ctenophores of the genus Pleurobrachia Fleming; adult digeneans were recovered from the intestines of Eudocimus albus Linnaeus (Threskiornithidae) and Buteogallus urubitinga Gmelin (Accipitridae), in four locations from southeastern Mexico. Adult specimens were identified as M. basodactylophallus (Bridgman, 1969) based on the following features: body pyriform entirely covered by minute spines, prepharynx short, oesophagus very long, caeca short and widely divergent, testes slightly symmetrical and excretory vesicle short and V-shaped. Sequences from D1-D3 domain of the large subunit of ribosomal DNA (LSU) were generated, aligned, and compared with those of congeneric species available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the metacercariae and adults formed a clade together with an isolate identified as M. basodactylophallus from Florida, USA (GenBank: AY220628). The intraspecific genetic divergence among isolates was low ranged from 0.0% to 0.6%, allowing the link between the two stages of the life cycle. We observed phenotypic plasticity in the morphological traits of M. basodactylophallus adults in definitive hosts (mammals and birds) throughout the distribution, which ranged from the USA to southeastern Mexico. Finally, the unencysted metacercariae identified as M. basodactylophallus represent the first report of a microphallid in ctenophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeraldin Aldama-Prieto
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jorge L Navarro-Serralde
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, C. P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Enrico Alejandro Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Ecología, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, C. P. 11340, Mexico
| | - Ana L Sereno-Uribe
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Martín García-Varela
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 04510, Mexico, Mexico.
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No Tail No Fail: Life Cycles of the Zoogonidae (Digenea). DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The Zoogonidae is the only digenean family where known cercariae lack the tail but actively search for the second intermediate host. However, the data on the zoogonid life cycles are scarce. In the present study, we elucidated and verified life cycles of the Zoogonidae from the White Sea. Using rDNA data, we showed that Pseudozoogonoides subaequiporus utilizes gastropods from the family Buccinidae as the first intermediate host and protobranch bivalves as the second one. This life cycle can be facultatively truncated: some cercariae of P. subaequiporus encyst within the daughter sporocysts. Molecular data also confirmed previous hypotheses on Zoogonoides viviapus life cycle with buccinid gastropods acting as the first intermediate hosts, and annelids and bivalves as the second intermediate hosts. We demonstrated the presence of short tail primordium in the developing cercariae of both species. Based on the reviewed and our own data, we hypothesize that the emergence of tailless cercariae in the evolution of the Zoogonidae is linked to the switch to non-arthropod second intermediate hosts, and that it possibly happened only in the subfamily Zoogoninae. Basally branching zoogonids have retained the ancestral second intermediate host and might have also retained the tail.
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Kirillova NY, Shchenkov SV, Kirillov AA, Ruchin AB. Trematodes of Genera Gyrabascus and Parabascus from Bats in European Russia: Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:878. [PMID: 35741399 PMCID: PMC9219772 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphological variability of trematodes from bats (Chiroptera) is poorly studied. Since the variability of adult digenean specimens may be rather high, morphological features are often insufficient for the identification of closely related species, and confirmation with the use of molecular data is required. The aim of our study was to combine the morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of several bat trematodes from the genera Gyrabascus and Parabascus (Pleurogenidae): Gyrabascus amphoraeformis, Gyrabascus oppositus, Parabascus lepidotus, Parabascus duboisi, and Parabascus semisquamosus, of which G. amphoraeformis and G. oppositus are little known in European Russia. We made detailed morphological descriptions of these trematodes from several definitive hosts, analyzed morphometric features, and generated new partial sequences of the 28S rRNA gene. A broad variability of trematodes of the genera Gyrabascus and Parabascus was revealed both from various host species and from specimens of the same host species. We propose a new taxonomic key for the identification of the studied species. Certain host specificity of these trematodes was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Yu. Kirillova
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center RAS, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin RAS, Togliatti 445003, Russia; (N.Y.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Sergei V. Shchenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia;
| | - Alexander A. Kirillov
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center RAS, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin RAS, Togliatti 445003, Russia; (N.Y.K.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Alexander B. Ruchin
- Joint Directorate of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve, National Park “Smolny”, Saransk 430005, Russia
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Kremnev G, Gonchar A, Krapivin V, Uryadova A, Miroliubov A, Krupenko D. Life cycle truncation in Digenea, a case study of Neophasis spp. (Acanthocolpidae). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 15:158-172. [PMID: 34040963 PMCID: PMC8143980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Truncated life cycles may emerge in digeneans if the second intermediate host is eliminated, and the first intermediate host, the mollusc, takes up its role. To understand the causes of this type of life cycle truncation, we analyzed closely related species of the genus Neophasis (Acanthocolpidae) with three-host and two-host life cycles. The life cycle of Neophasis anarrhichae involves two hosts: wolffishes of the genus Anarhichas as the definitive host and the common whelk Buccinum undatum as the intermediate host. Neophasis oculata, a closely related species with a three-host life cycle, would be a suitable candidate for the comparison, but some previous data on its life cycle seem to be erroneous. In this study, we aimed to redescribe the life cycle of N. oculata and to verify the life cycle of N. anarrhichae using molecular and morphological methods. Putative life cycle stages of these two species from intermediate hosts were linked with adult worms from definitive hosts using ribosomal molecular data: 18S, ITS1, 5.8S-ITS2, 28S. These markers did not differ within the species and were only slightly different between them. Intra- and interspecific variability was also estimated using mitochondrial COI gene. In the constructed phylogeny Neophasis spp. formed a common clade with two other genera of the Acanthocolpidae, Tormopsolus and Pleorchis. We demonstrated that the first intermediate hosts of N. oculata were gastropods Neptunea despecta and B. undatum (Buccinoidea). Shorthorn sculpins Myoxocephalus scorpius were shown to act as the second intermediate and definitive hosts of N. oculata. The previous reconstruction of the two-host life cycle of N. anarrhichae was reaffirmed. We suggest that life cycle truncation in N. anarrhichae was initiated by an acquisition of continuous morphogenesis in the hermaphroditic generation and supported by a strong prey-predator relationship between A. lupus and B. undatum. Life cycles of digeneans Neophasis oculata and N. anarrhichae were redescribed. Phylogenetic position of genus Neophasis within family Acanthocolpidae was established. Causes of life cycle truncation within Neophasis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgii Kremnev
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia
| | - Anna Gonchar
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia.,Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Vladimir Krapivin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia
| | | | - Aleksei Miroliubov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia.,Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
| | - Darya Krupenko
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg University, Russia
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Kudlai O, Pantoja C, O’Dwyer K, Jouet D, Skírnisson K, Faltýnková A. Diversity of
Plagiorchis
(Trematoda: Digenea) in high latitudes: Species composition and snail host spectrum revealed by integrative taxonomy. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olena Kudlai
- Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Ecology Nature Research Centre Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Camila Pantoja
- Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Katie O’Dwyer
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre Galway‐Mayo Institute of Technology Galway Ireland
| | - Damien Jouet
- BioSpecT EA7506 Faculty of Pharmacy University of Reims Champagne‐Ardenne Reims Cedex France
| | - Karl Skírnisson
- Laboratory of Parasitology Institute for Experimental Pathology, Keldur University of Iceland Reykjavík Iceland
| | - Anna Faltýnková
- Institute of Parasitology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic
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Sokolov S, Shchenkov S, Gordeev I, Ryazanova T. Description of a metacercaria of a zoogonid trematode Steganoderma cf. eamiqtrema Blend and Racz, 2020 (Microphalloidea: Zoogonidae), with notes on the phylogenetic position of the genus Steganoderma Stafford, 1904, and resurrection of the subfamily Lecithostaphylinae Odhner, 1911. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1669-1676. [PMID: 33835245 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Metacercariae of the zoogonid trematode Steganoderma cf. eamiqtrema ex crab Chionoecetes bairdi caught in the Sea of Okhotsk were described using morphological and molecular-genetic (ITS2 region, 28S rRNA and nd1 genes) data. These are the first molecular-genetic data for the genus Steganoderma. The studied trematodes differed from S. eamiqtrema in having a much larger body size. The phylogenetic analysis based on the 28S rRNA gene supported neither the current taxonomic hypothesis that Steganoderma belongs to the subfamily Lepidophyllinae nor the earlier views that the Steganodermatinae and the Lecithostaphylinae are synonymous. The topology of the phylogenetic tree shows that the Steganodermatinae and the Lecithostaphylinae are independent subfamilies. However, morphological differences between them are obscure. Until morphological evidence for the Steganodermatinae is found, we propose to distinguish the subfamily Lepidophyllinae sensu stricto with the genera Lepidophyllus and Urinatrema, and the subfamily Lecithostaphylinae sensu lato uniting all the other former lepidophyllines. Thus, for now, we propose to consider the Steganodermatinae as a conditional synonym for Lecithostaphylinae sensu lato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Sokolov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Shchenkov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Gordeev
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tatyana Ryazanova
- Kamchatka branch of Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia
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Gonchar A, Galaktionov KV. It is marine: distinguishing a new species of Catatropis (Digenea: Notocotylidae) from its freshwater twin. Parasitology 2021; 148:74-83. [PMID: 32958097 PMCID: PMC11010198 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The morphology of sexual adults is the cornerstone of digenean systematics. In addition, life cycle data have always been significant. The integration of these approaches, supplemented with molecular data, has allowed us to detect a new species that many researchers may have previously seen, but not recognized. Sexual adults from common eiders that we found in northern European seas were extremely similar to other notocotylids, but the discovery of their intermediate host, a marine snail, revealed the true nature of this material. Here we describe sexual adults, rediae and cercariae of Catatropis onobae sp. nov. We discuss how 'Catatropis verrucosa' should be regarded, justify designation of the new species C. onobae for our material and explain why it can be considered a cryptic species. The phylogenetic position of C. onobae within Notocotylidae, along with other evidence, highlights the challenges for the taxonomy of the family, for which two major genera appear to be polyphyletic and life cycle data likely undervalued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gonchar
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb., 7–9, Saint Petersburg199034, Russia
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya emb., 1, Saint Petersburg199034, Russia
| | - Kirill V. Galaktionov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb., 7–9, Saint Petersburg199034, Russia
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya emb., 1, Saint Petersburg199034, Russia
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A new species of Atriophallophorus Deblock & Rosé, 1964 (Trematoda: Microphallidae) described from in vitro-grown adults and metacercariae from Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray, 1843) (Mollusca: Tateidae). J Helminthol 2019; 94:e108. [PMID: 31779720 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x19000993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The adult and metacercaria life stages of a new species of the microphallid genus Atriophallophorus Deblock & Rosé, 1964 are described from specimens collected at Lake Alexandrina (South Island, New Zealand). In addition to molecular analyses of ribosomal and mitochondrial genes, metacercariae of Atriophallophorus winterbourni n. sp. from the snail host Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray) were grown in vitro to characterize internal and external morphology of adults using light and scanning electron microscopy and histological techniques. Atriophallophorus winterbourni n. sp. is readily distinguishable from Atriophallophorus coxiellae Smith, 1973 by having a different structure of the prostatic chamber, sub-circular and dorsal to genital atrium, rather than cylindrical, fibrous, elongate and placed between the seminal vesicle and the genital atrium. The new species is most similar to Atriophallophorus minutus (Price, 1934) with regards to the prostatic chamber and the morphometric data, but possesses elongate-oval testes and subtriangular ovary rather than oval and transversely oval in A. minutus. Phylogenetic analyses including sequence data for A. winterbourni n. sp. suggested a congeneric relationship of the new species to a hitherto undescribed metacercariae reported from Australia, both forming a strongly supported clade closely related to Microphallus and Levinseniella. In addition, we provide an amended diagnosis of Atriophallophorus to accommodate the new species and confirm the sinistral interruption of the outer rim of the ventral sucker caused by the protrusion of the dextral parietal atrial scale at the base of the phallus.
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Dumbo JC, Dos Santos QM, Avenant-Oldewage A. Morphological and molecular characterization of Glossidium pedatum Looss, 1899 and Orientocreadium batrachoides Tubangui, 1931 from sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2019.1595143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Chissiua Dumbo
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Biological Science, Science Faculty, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
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Huston DC, Cutmore SC, Cribb TH. Molecular systematics of the digenean community parasitising the cerithiid gastropod Clypeomorus batillariaeformis Habe & Kusage on the Great Barrier Reef. Parasitol Int 2018; 67:722-735. [PMID: 30053543 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A rich fauna of digenetic trematodes has been documented from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), yet little is known of the complex life-cycles of these parasites which occur in this diverse marine ecosystem. At Heron Island, a small coral cay at the southern end of the GBR, the intertidal marine gastropod Clypeomorus batillariaeformis Habe & Kusage (Cerithiidae) is especially abundant. This gastropod serves as an intermediate host for 12 trematode species utilising both fish and avian definitive hosts. However, 11 of these species have been characterised solely with morphological data. Between 2015 and 2018 we collected 4870C. batillariaeformis from Heron Island to recollect these species with the goal of using molecular data to resolve their phylogenetic placement. We found eight of the 12 previously known species and two new forms, bringing the total number of digenean species known to parasitise C. batillariaeformis to 14. The families of this trematode community now include the Atractotrematidae Yamaguti, 1939, Bivesiculidae Yamaguti, 1934, Cyathocotylidae Mühling, 1898, Hemiuridae Looss, 1899, Heterophyidae Leiper, 1909, Himasthlidae Odhner, 1910, Microphallidae Ward, 1901, and Renicolidae Dollfus, 1939. Molecular data (ITS and 28S rDNA) were generated for all trematode species, and the phylogenetic position of each species was determined. The digenean community parasitising C. batillariaeformis includes several common species, as well as multiple species which are uncommon to rare. Although most of those trematodes in the community which exploit fishes as definitive hosts have remained common, the composition of those which utilise birds appears to have shifted over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Huston
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Scott C Cutmore
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas H Cribb
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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