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da Cunha KF, de Oliveira Garcia M, Allend SO, de Albernaz DTF, da Rosa BN, Pereira IL, de Pereira de Pereira CM, Hartwig DD. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of 1-thiocarbamoyl-3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H pyrazoles and thiazoles in multidrug-resistant pathogens. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2587-2595. [PMID: 37656404 PMCID: PMC10689707 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To find novel antibiotic drugs, six 1-thiocarbamoyl-3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H derivatives named 1b, 1d (pyrazoles), 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d (thiazoles) were evaluated in silico and in vitro. The in silico analyses were based on ADME pharmacokinetic parameters (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion). The in vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated in Gram-positive and Gram-negative species (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC® 25904, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC® 35984, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC® 700603, and Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC® 19606), by determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), kinetics curve, and antibiofilm assays. As results, the azoles have activity against the Gram-negative species K. pneumoniae ATCC® 700603 and A. baumannii ATCC® 19606. No antibacterial activity was observed for the Gram-positive bacteria evaluated. Thus, the azoles were evaluated against clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and A. baumannii multidrug-resistant (Ab-MDR). All azoles have antibacterial activity against Ab-MDR isolates (Gram-negative) with MIC values between 512 μg/mL and 1,024 μg/mL. Against KPC isolates the azoles 1b, 1d, and 2d present antibacterial activity (MIC = 1,024 μg/mL). In the kinetics curve assay, the 1b and 1d pyrazoles reduced significantly viable cells of Ab-MDR isolates and additionally inhibited 86.6 to 95.8% of the biofilm formation. The in silico results indicate high possibility to permeate the blood-brain barrier (2b) and was predict human gastrointestinal absorption (all evaluated azoles). Considering that the research and development of new antibiotics is a priority for drug-resistant pathogens, our study revealed the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of novel azoles against K. pneumoniae and A. baumannii pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Furtado da Cunha
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, CEP: 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelle de Oliveira Garcia
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, CEP: 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Suzane Olachea Allend
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, CEP: 96010-900, Brazil
- Biotechnology Unit, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, CEP: 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Déborah Trota Farias de Albernaz
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, CEP: 96010-900, Brazil
- Biotechnology Unit, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, CEP: 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno Nunes da Rosa
- Center of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, CEP: 96010-900, Brazil
| | - Isabel Ladeira Pereira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, CEP: 96010-900, Brazil
- Biotechnology Unit, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, CEP: 96010-900, Brazil
| | | | - Daiane Drawanz Hartwig
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, CEP: 96010-900, Brazil.
- Biotechnology Unit, Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, CEP: 96010-900, Brazil.
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de Giacometi M, Mayer JCP, de Mello AB, Islabão YW, Strothmann AL, da Fonseca RN, Sena-Lopes Â, Dornelles L, Borsuk S, Hübner SDO, Oliveira CB. Activity of compounds derived from benzofuroxan in Trichomonasvaginalis. Exp Parasitol 2023; 253:108601. [PMID: 37625643 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Currently, trichomoniasis is treated with the class of nitroimidazoles, namely, metronidazole; however, resistant isolates and strains have been reported. The compounds derived from benzofuroxan are biologically active heterocycles. This study evaluated the in vitro antiparasitic activity of these compounds in trophozoites of T. vaginalis and determined the mean inhibitory concentration (IC50), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), mortality curve, and cytotoxicity. The compounds were named EH1, EH2, EH3, and EA2 and tested in various concentrations: 100 to 15 μM (EH1 and EH2); 100 to 5 μM (EH3); and 100 to 25 μM (EA2), respectively. The greatest efficacy was observed in the highest concentrations in 24 h, with inhibition of approximately 100% of trophozoites. Compounds EH2 and EH3 had the lowest MIC: EH2 (35 μM) and EH3 (45 μM), with IC50 of 11.33 μM and 6.83 μM, respectively. Compound EA2 was effective at the highest concentrations. The activity of the compounds in T. vaginalis started in the first hour of incubation with 90% inhibition; after 12 h, inhibition >95% was observed. Compound EH1 showed the lowest activity, with the highest activity between 12 and 24 h after incubation. These results demonstrate that benzofuroxan derivatives are promising compounds for the in vitro treatment of T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie de Giacometi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - João Cândido Pilar Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, LabSelen-NanoBio, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexia Brauner de Mello
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Yan Wahast Islabão
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriane Leites Strothmann
- Center for Technological Development, Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Ângela Sena-Lopes
- Center for Technological Development, Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciano Dornelles
- Department of Chemistry, LabSelen-NanoBio, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sibele Borsuk
- Center for Technological Development, Biotechnology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Belmonte Oliveira
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Detection of metronidazole resistance in Trichomonas vaginalis using uncultured vaginal swabs. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2421-2432. [PMID: 35657426 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating T. vaginalis infections although metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis has been reported in clinical isolates. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of mutations in nitroreductase genes associated with metronidazole resistance in vaginal swabs testing positive for T. vaginalis. This study included 385 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive pregnant women. Vaginal swabs were collected from consenting pregnant women and used for the detection of T. vaginalis using the TaqMan assay. From the vaginal swabs, nitroreductase genes ntr4 and ntr6 containing mutations associated with metronidazole resistance were amplified using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. To validate the PCR assay, T. vaginalis cultured isolates with known metronidazole resistance profiles were used as controls in the mutation detection assays. The prevalence of T. vaginalis in the study population was 12.2% (47/385). Mutations associated with resistance to metronidazole were detected in more than 40% of the samples tested, i.e. 21/47 (45%) and 24/47 (51%) for ntr4 and ntr6, respectively. A total of 19 samples (40%) carried mutations for both ntr4 and ntr6 genes associated with metronidazole resistance. The validation assays showed a positive correlation between phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles. This study found a high prevalence of mutations associated with metronidazole resistance. This is concerning since metronidazole is currently used in the syndromic management of STIs in South Africa. Molecular-based assays for monitoring metronidazole resistance profiles using nitroreductase genes may serve as a feasible method for antimicrobial surveillance studies for T. vaginalis.
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Santos HLC, Rebello KM. An Overview of Mucosa-Associated Protozoa: Challenges in Chemotherapy and Future Perspectives. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:860442. [PMID: 35548465 PMCID: PMC9084232 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.860442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections caused by protozoans that infect the mucosal surfaces are widely neglected worldwide. Collectively, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Trichomonas vaginalis infect more than a billion people in the world, being a public health problem mainly in developing countries. However, the exact incidence and prevalence data depend on the population examined. These parasites ultimately cause pathologies that culminate in liver abscesses, malabsorption syndrome, vaginitis, and urethritis, respectively. Despite this, the antimicrobial agents currently used to treat these diseases are limited and often associated with adverse side effects and refractory cases due to the development of resistant parasites. The paucity of drug treatments, absence of vaccines and increasing problems of drug resistance are major concerns for their control and eradication. Herein, potential candidates are reviewed with the overall aim of determining the knowledge gaps and suggest future perspectives for research. This review focuses on this public health problem and focuses on the progress of drug repositioning as a potential strategy for the treatment of mucosal parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Lucia Carneiro Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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