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Liu G, Wang S, Liang W, Hornok S, Zhao S, Tan W, Liu Z, Gu X, Wang Y. Arthrostoma leucurus sp. n. (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae), A New Hookworm Species Isolated from Asian Badger in China. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1447-1454. [PMID: 35870100 PMCID: PMC9399214 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To date, ten validated Arthrostoma species were reported. Here, a new hookworm species was found from Asian badger (Meles leucurus). Methods Nineteen hookworms (9 males and 10 females) were collected from the small intestine of two Asian badgers in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, northwestern China. The hookworms were morphologically examined according to key taxonomic characters, such as anterior extremity direction, structures of oral opening (cutting plates or teeth), vulva location, buccal capsule anatomy (integrated or formed by articulating plates), the length of spicule and gubernaculum, number of plates of buccal capsule, and presence or absence of vulvar papillae.
Results The hookworm species from Asian badger, here named as Arthrostoma leucurus sp. n., was different from the previously described ten Arthrostoma species. The phylogenetic tree based on the cox1 gene showed that Arthrostoma leucurus sp. n. formed a separate clade, as a sister group to Ancylostoma and Uncinaria species. Conclusion Arthrostoma leucurus sp. n., the eleven validated Arthrostoma species, was identified from Asian badger in China. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11686-022-00587-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihua Liang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
| | - Sándor Hornok
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, 1078 Hungary
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Tan
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Ürümqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinli Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhi Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832002 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
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Zhuang T, Abuzeid AMI, Hu J, Zhu S, Lu J, Zhou X, Chen X, Li G. Eukaryotic expression and immunogenicity of Ancylostoma ceylanicum calreticulin. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102633. [PMID: 35872299 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a zoonotic soil-derived nematode that parasitizes human and animal intestines, causing malnutrition and iron-deficiency anemia. Calreticulin is a multifunctional protein involved in all stages of parasitic infection. Studies have found that parasites can secret calreticulin to regulate the host's immune response. To explore the immunogenicity of the eukaryotic expression plasmid of Ancylostoma ceylanicum calreticulin (Ace-CRT), we constructed a recombinant Ace-CRT eukaryotic expression plasmid (pEGFP-N3-Ace-CRT). Successful expression of the target protein in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 T cells was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. BALB/c mice were immunized with pEGFP-N3-Ace-CRT plasmid. Measuring IgG antibody levels in immunized mice sera by ELISA showed that the recombinant plasmid stimulated IgG antibody production in mice. Spleen lymphocytes were collected from vaccinated mice to determine the proportion of T cell subsets and the expression levels of cytokines. Flow cytometry revealed that the percentage of CD3 + CD4+ and CD3 + CD8+ T cells in mice spleen in the immunization group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Recombinant plasmid immunization increased IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13 expression while decreasing IL-5, IL-6, and INF-γ in mice spleens. These results indicate that the eukaryotic plasmid constructed in this study had good immunogenicity and mainly induced a T helper 2 response in the host, laying a foundation for screening candidate molecules for anti-hookworm vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Asmaa M I Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Junjing Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Shilan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Jinmiao Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China.
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