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Liu X, Liu Y, Cao Q, Wu Y, Huo X, Du X, Chen Z. Impact of age on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea induced microsatellite instability in young and old C57BL/6J mice. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 853:503189. [PMID: 32522351 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Age is an important factor in the evaluation of chemical toxicology. Chemical carcinogenic compounds can induce genomic mutations. However, few studies have been conducted on the association between genomic mutation frequency, such as microsatellite instability (MSI), and the age of mice treated with a nitrosourea mutagen. In the current work, we treated young (6 weeks) and old (10 months) mice with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) for 4 months; the MSI frequency was then measured using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and short tandem repeat (STR) scanning. The percentage of animals with MSI in the old group was significantly higher than that in the young group (100% and 75%). The frequency of MSI events was significantly different between the two groups as well (15.8% for old and 9.4% for young). The ratio of MSI loci displayed no obvious difference between the two groups. In addition, a few loci, including D15Mit5 and D8Mit14 exhibited the highest frequency of MSI events. Since specific loci showed increased MSI in the present study and a higher frequency in previous studies, these loci could be regarded as "hot spot". These results suggested that old mice would be more susceptible to this mutagen, and prone to accrue MSI. The hot spot microsatellite loci are potentially useful markers for genomic instability analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qi Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xueyun Huo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
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2
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Liu X, Yu X, Xu Y, Du X, Huo X, Li C, Lv J, Guo M, Lu J, Chen Z. Development of an effective microsatellite marker system to determine the genetic structure of Meriones meridianus populations. Exp Anim 2020; 69:224-232. [PMID: 32062628 PMCID: PMC7220706 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic quality of the gerbil, Meriones meridianus,
plays an important role in the study of medical biology. However, no effective system has
been established for evaluating a population’s genetic diversity to date. In the present
study, we established a set of reasonable evaluative systems based on microsatellite
markers of the Mongolian gerbil by using the method of cross-amplification of species.
Following electrophoresis analysis, short tandem repeat (STR) scanning, and sequencing, 11
microsatellite loci were identified by matching the criteria characteristics and were used
to evaluate the genetic diversity of two stocks of Meriones meridianus: Meriones
meridianus jei Wang, 1964 (M. m. jei) and Meriones
meridianus cryptorhinus Blanford, 1875 (M. m. cryptorhinus)
from Xinjiang, China. The microsatellite loci screened were highly polymorphic and were
suitable for genetic quality control of Meriones meridianus. In addition,
the quality of the non-bred M. m. jei and M. m.
cryptorhinus strains in our study is sufficient for them to be promising stocks
in the future for the farmed animal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyi Yu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Yimei Xu
- Center for Laboratory Animal Research of Xinjiang, Center for Disease Control of Xinjiang, No. 138, Jianquan Yi Jie, Tianshan District, Urumqi City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 830011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xueyun Huo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Changlong Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jianyi Lv
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmen, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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Dahlhaus R. Of Men and Mice: Modeling the Fragile X Syndrome. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:41. [PMID: 29599705 PMCID: PMC5862809 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is one of the most common forms of inherited intellectual disability in all human societies. Caused by the transcriptional silencing of a single gene, the fragile x mental retardation gene FMR1, FXS is characterized by a variety of symptoms, which range from mental disabilities to autism and epilepsy. More than 20 years ago, a first animal model was described, the Fmr1 knock-out mouse. Several other models have been developed since then, including conditional knock-out mice, knock-out rats, a zebrafish and a drosophila model. Using these model systems, various targets for potential pharmaceutical treatments have been identified and many treatments have been shown to be efficient in preclinical studies. However, all attempts to turn these findings into a therapy for patients have failed thus far. In this review, I will discuss underlying difficulties and address potential alternatives for our future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Dahlhaus
- Institute for Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer Centre, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Huo X, Du Y, Lu J, Guo M, Li Z, Zhang S, Li X, Chen Z, Du X. Analysis of microsatellite instability in CRISPR/Cas9 editing mice. Mutat Res 2017; 797-799:1-6. [PMID: 28284774 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR- associated (Cas) protein 9 system is a novel and powerful tool which is widely used for genome editing. CRISPR/Cas9 is RNA-guided and can lead to desired genomic modifications. However, whether the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing causes genomic alterations and genomic instability, such as microsatellite instability (MSI), is still unknown. Here we detected MSI in 21 CRISPR/Cas9 mouse strains using a panel of 42 microsatellite loci which were selected from our previous studies. Surprisingly, MSI occurrence was common in CRISPR/Cas9 modified genome, and most of the strains (19/21, 90.5%) examined showed MSI. Of 42 loci examined, 8 loci (8/42, 19.05%) exhibited MSI in the Cas9 editing mice. The Ttll9 (4/42, 9.5%) were the most unstable strains, and D10Mit3 and D10Mit198 (9/21, 42.9%) were considered to be the most "hot" loci in the Cas9 strains we tested. Through analyzing the mutation of microsatellite loci, we provide new insights into the genomic alterations of CRISPR/Cas9 models and it will help us for a better understanding of this powerful technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Huo
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yating Du
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Meng Guo
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Laboratory Animal, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhenkun Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shuangyue Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Laboratory Animal, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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Zhang S, Huo X, Li Z, Li X, Tang W, Li C, Guo M, Du X, Chen Z. Microsatellite instability detected in tumor-related genes in C57BL/6J mice with thymic lymphoma induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Mutat Res 2015; 782:7-16. [PMID: 26498208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been observed within tumors and found to be closely associated with the degree of malignancy and prognosis in tumors. However, whether MSI in tumor-related genes can be induced by a chemical and whether a connection exists between MSI and tumors remain unclear. In the present study, we detected MSI in the tissues of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treated mice by targeting to 5, 29, 30 microsatellite loci in 3 mismatch repair (MMR) genes, 1 DNA repair gene, and 5 tumor suppressor (TS) genes, respectively. Among 26 mice survived in the MNU-group, 18 (69%) mice presented thymic lymphomas. Moreover, 61% (11/18) of the tumors metastasized to the other organs, including the liver, spleen, and kidney. We examined 104 tissues from MNU-treated mice using the 64 loci, and found 8 MSI events involved 4 loci in 4 tissues types. The MSI incidence in MMR, DNA repair, and TS genes was 67% (2/3), 0% (0/1) and 40% (2/5), respectively. MSI occurrence in tumor and non-tumor tissues was 5.6% (1/18) and 0% (0/8) and that in metastasis and non-metastasis tissues was 7.1% (1/14) and 9.4% (6/64), showing no significant difference. MSI loci in intronic regions of Atm, Msh6 and p21 and MSI in the 3'UTR of Pms2 were detected in MNU-treated mice. Specifically, we found a loss of heterozygosity in intron of Atm (ATM-8) in one metastasis mouse. Four similar events occurred in p21 gene intron (P21-1) of another non-metastasis mouse. Another MSI was a heterozygous mutation existed in an Msh6 allele (MSH6-2) in metastasis mouse. We also found a homozygous 2-bp insertion in the 3'UTR of Pms2 in two non-metastasis mice. These results imply that MNU can induce MSI in MMR and TS genes in C57BL/6J mice. MSI frequency does not seem to be associated with tumorigenesis or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyue Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xueyun Huo
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhenkun Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wang Tang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Changlong Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Meng Guo
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
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Du X, Lan T, Yuan B, Chen J, Hu J, Ren W, Chen Z. Cadmium-induced microsatellite instability in the kidneys and leukocytes of C57BL/6J mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:683-692. [PMID: 24391048 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a cytotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic industrial product or byproduct. The correlation between metal exposure and microsatellite instability (MSI) has been reported by several groups. In the present study, 50 C57BL/6J mice at 6 weeks of age were divided into five groups and intraperitoneally injected with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg cadmium chloride quaque die alterna for 4 weeks. Then, the liver, kidney, testis, leukocytes, bone marrow, and small intestine were collected from the treated mice and weighed. Portions of these tissues were fixed for further histological analysis, and the remaining tissues were subjected to genomic DNA extraction for the analysis of a panel of 42 microsatellite markers. The liver and testis weight coefficients were significantly changed in the 1 and 2 mg/kg cadmium chloride-treated groups compared with the control group. Simultaneously, severe histopathologic changes in the liver and kidneys, along with a complete disorganization of testicular structure and obvious severe necrosis in the testes were observed in the cadmium-treated group. The cadmium accumulated in the liver and kidneys of the mice in all cadmium-treated groups; the tissue cadmium concentrations were significantly higher than those in the control group. After STR scanning, MSI was found at three loci (D15Mit5, D10Mit266, and DxMit172) in the kidneys and leukocytes of mice in the lower dose groups (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg). In summary, we have successfully established a sub-chronic cadmium exposure model and confirmed that cadmium exposure can induce MSI in mice. We also identified two loci that could be regarded as "hotspots" of microsatellite mutation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Du
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Tianfeng Lan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jinping Hu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wenzhi Ren
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- Laboratory Animal Center, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, China
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Huo X, Zhang S, Li Z, Gao J, Wang C, Li C, Guo M, Du X, Chen Z. Analysis of the relationship between microsatellite instability and thymic lymphoma induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in C57BL/6J mice. Mutat Res 2014; 771:21-8. [PMID: 25771976 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been found to be closely associated with many types of human tumors and often shows strong correlations with specific tumor features. However, the relationship between MSI and tumors are still unclear. The aim of the present study is to explore the relationships between MSI, tumor formation under the mutagenic effects of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). Mice were administered with either MNU (90 mg/kg) or PBS and DMSO (control) at the beginning of the 1st week of the experiment. Of the 31 mice that survived the entire experimental time course, 19 (61.3%) mice developed thymic lymphomas. In addition, 52.6% (10/19) of the tumors had metastasized to the liver. We detected MSI in MNU-treated mice using a panel of 42 mutation-sensitive loci. Nineteen loci (45.2%) in six organs showed 70 MSI events. Locus D8Mit14 showed enhanced MSI compared with the other examined loci. MSI frequency in thymus was higher than in other organs. Interestingly, there was no significant difference observed between the metastatic and non-metastatic livers. The MSI frequency (4.6%, 23/(42×12)) in the MNU-treated thymus that had never developed tumor was significantly higher than this in the thymus that had developed lymphoma (0.5%, 4/(42×19)) (p<0.0001). These results indicate that, although thymic tumorigenesis is associated with MSI, it occurs with higher frequency in these that have not developed tumors upon the MNU-treatment. Our study provides additional insights into the relationship between MSI occurrence and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyun Huo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shuangyue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhenkun Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Changlong Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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