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Alazem M, Burch-Smith TM. Roles of ROS and redox in regulating cell-to-cell communication: Spotlight on viral modulation of redox for local spread. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2830-2841. [PMID: 38168864 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signalling molecules that influence many aspects of plant biology. One way in which ROS influence plant growth and development is by modifying intercellular trafficking through plasmodesmata (PD). Viruses have evolved to use PD for their local cell-to-cell spread between plant cells, so it is therefore not surprising that they have found ways to modulate ROS and redox signalling to optimise PD function for their benefit. This review examines how intracellular signalling via ROS and redox pathways regulate intercellular trafficking via PD during development and stress. The relationship between viruses and ROS-redox systems, and the strategies viruses employ to control PD function by interfering with ROS-redox in plants is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Alazem
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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Jiang Z, Jin X, Yang M, Pi Q, Cao Q, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wang XB, Han C, Yu J, Li D. Barley stripe mosaic virus γb protein targets thioredoxin h-type 1 to dampen salicylic acid-mediated defenses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1715-1727. [PMID: 35325212 PMCID: PMC9237698 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) acts as a signaling molecule to perceive and defend against pathogen infections. Accordingly, pathogens evolve versatile strategies to disrupt the SA-mediated signal transduction, and how plant viruses manipulate the SA-dependent defense responses requires further characterization. Here, we show that barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) infection activates the SA-mediated defense signaling pathway and upregulates the expression of Nicotiana benthamiana thioredoxin h-type 1 (NbTRXh1). The γb protein interacts directly with NbTRXh1 in vivo and in vitro. The overexpression of NbTRXh1, but not a reductase-defective mutant, impedes BSMV infection, whereas low NbTRXh1 expression level results in increased viral accumulation. Similar with its orthologs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), NbTRXh1 also plays an essential role in SA signaling transduction in N. benthamiana. To counteract NbTRXh1-mediated defenses, the BSMV γb protein targets NbTRXh1 to dampen its reductase activity, thereby impairing downstream SA defense gene expression to optimize viral cell-to-cell movement. We also found that NbTRXh1-mediated resistance defends against lychnis ringspot virus, beet black scorch virus, and beet necrotic yellow vein virus. Taken together, our results reveal a role for the multifunctional γb protein in counteracting plant defense responses and an expanded broad-spectrum antibiotic role of the SA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, PR China
| | - Meng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qinglin Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zhenggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xian-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Sáez C, Flores-León A, Montero-Pau J, Sifres A, Dhillon NPS, López C, Picó B. RNA-Seq Transcriptome Analysis Provides Candidate Genes for Resistance to Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus in Melon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:798858. [PMID: 35116050 PMCID: PMC8805612 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.798858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) emerged in the Mediterranean Basin in 2012 as the first DNA bipartite begomovirus (Geminiviridae family), causing severe yield and economic losses in cucurbit crops. A major resistance locus was identified in the wild melon accession WM-7 (Cucumis melo kachri group), but the mechanisms involved in the resistant response remained unknown. In this work, we used RNA-sequencing to identify disease-associated genes that are differentially expressed in the course of ToLCNDV infection and could contribute to resistance. Transcriptomes of the resistant WM-7 genotype and the susceptible cultivar Piñonet Piel de Sapo (PS) (C. melo ibericus group) in ToLCNDV and mock inoculated plants were compared at four time points during infection (0, 3, 6, and 12 days post inoculation). Different gene expression patterns were observed over time in the resistant and susceptible genotypes in comparison to their respective controls. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ToLCNDV-infected plants were classified using gene ontology (GO) terms, and genes of the categories transcription, DNA replication, and helicase activity were downregulated in WM-7 but upregulated in PS, suggesting that reduced activity of these functions reduces ToLCNDV replication and intercellular spread and thereby contributes to resistance. DEGs involved in the jasmonic acid signaling pathway, photosynthesis, RNA silencing, transmembrane, and sugar transporters entail adverse consequences for systemic infection in the resistant genotype, and lead to susceptibility in PS. The expression levels of selected candidate genes were validated by qRT-PCR to corroborate their differential expression upon ToLCNDV infection in resistant and susceptible melon. Furthermore, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) with an effect on structural functionality of DEGs linked to the main QTLs for ToLCNDV resistance have been identified. The obtained results pinpoint cellular functions and candidate genes that are differentially expressed in a resistant and susceptible melon line in response to ToLCNDV, an information of great relevance for breeding ToLCNDV-resistant melon cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Sáez
- Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Cristina Sáez,
| | - Alejandro Flores-León
- Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Montero-Pau
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Sifres
- Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Narinder P. S. Dhillon
- World Vegetable Center, East and Southeast Asia, Research and Training Station, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Carmelo López
- Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- Carmelo López,
| | - Belén Picó
- Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- Belén Picó,
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Mathioudakis MM, Khechmar S, Owen CA, Medina V, Ben Mansour K, Tomaszewska W, Spanos T, Sarris PF, Livieratos IC. A Thioredoxin Domain-Containing Protein Interacts with Pepino mosaic virus Triple Gene Block Protein 1. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3747. [PMID: 30477269 PMCID: PMC6320799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is a mechanically-transmitted tomato pathogen of importance worldwide. Interactions between the PepMV coat protein and triple gene block protein (TGBp1) with the host heat shock cognate protein 70 and catalase 1 (CAT1), respectively, have been previously reported by our lab. In this study, a novel tomato interactor (SlTXND9) was shown to bind the PepMV TGBp1 in yeast-two-hybrid screening, in vitro pull-down and bimolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assays. SlTXND9 possesses part of the conserved thioredoxin (TRX) active site sequence (W__PC vs. WCXPC), and TXND9 orthologues cluster within the TRX phylogenetic superfamily closest to phosducin-like protein-3. In PepMV-infected and healthy Nicotiana benthamiana plants, NbTXND9 mRNA levels were comparable, and expression levels remained stable in both local and systemic leaves for 10 days post inoculation (dpi), as was also the case for catalase 1 (CAT1). To localize the TXND9 in plant cells, a polyclonal antiserum was produced. Purified α-SlTXND9 immunoglobulin (IgG) consistently detected a set of three protein bands in the range of 27⁻35 kDa, in the 1000 and 30,000 g pellets, and the soluble fraction of extracts of healthy and PepMV-infected N. benthamiana leaves, but not in the cell wall. These bands likely consist of the homologous protein NbTXND9 and its post-translationally modified derivatives. On electron microscopy, immuno-gold labelling of ultrathin sections of PepMV-infected N. benthamiana leaves using α-SlTXND9 IgG revealed particle accumulation close to plasmodesmata, suggesting a role in virus movement. Taken together, this study highlights a novel tomato-PepMV protein interaction and provides data on its localization in planta. Currently, studies focusing on the biological function of this interaction during PepMV infection are in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthaios M Mathioudakis
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Souheyla Khechmar
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Carolyn A Owen
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Vicente Medina
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Karima Ben Mansour
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Weronika Tomaszewska
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Theodore Spanos
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis F Sarris
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, GR-70013 Heraklion, Greece.
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Ioannis C Livieratos
- Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Alsylio Agrokepio, GR-73100 Chania, Greece.
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Marden JH, Mangan SA, Peterson MP, Wafula E, Fescemyer HW, Der JP, dePamphilis CW, Comita LS. Ecological genomics of tropical trees: how local population size and allelic diversity of resistance genes relate to immune responses, cosusceptibility to pathogens, and negative density dependence. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2498-2513. [PMID: 28042895 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In tropical forests, rarer species show increased sensitivity to species-specific soil pathogens and more negative effects of conspecific density on seedling survival (NDD). These patterns suggest a connection between ecology and immunity, perhaps because small population size disproportionately reduces genetic diversity of hyperdiverse loci such as immunity genes. In an experiment examining seedling roots from six species in one tropical tree community, we found that smaller populations have reduced amino acid diversity in pathogen resistance (R) genes but not the transcriptome in general. Normalized R gene amino acid diversity varied with local abundance and prior measures of differences in sensitivity to conspecific soil and NDD. After exposure to live soil, species with lower R gene diversity had reduced defence gene induction, more cosusceptibility of maternal cohorts to colonization by potentially pathogenic fungi, reduced root growth arrest (an R gene-mediated response) and their root-associated fungi showed lower induction of self-defence (antioxidants). Local abundance was not related to the ability to induce immune responses when pathogen recognition was bypassed by application of salicylic acid, a phytohormone that activates defence responses downstream of R gene signalling. These initial results support the hypothesis that smaller local tree populations have reduced R gene diversity and recognition-dependent immune responses, along with greater cosusceptibility to species-specific pathogens that may facilitate disease transmission and NDD. Locally rare species may be less able to increase their equilibrium abundance without genetic boosts to defence via immigration of novel R gene alleles from a larger and more diverse regional population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Marden
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - S A Mangan
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, República de Panamá, 0843-03092, Panama, Panama
| | - M P Peterson
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - E Wafula
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - H W Fescemyer
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - J P Der
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA, 92834, USA
| | - C W dePamphilis
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - L S Comita
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, República de Panamá, 0843-03092, Panama, Panama.,School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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