1
|
Wang Z, Wang M, Hu L, He G, Nie S. Evolutionary profiles and complex admixture landscape in East Asia: New insights from modern and ancient Y chromosome variation perspectives. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30067. [PMID: 38756579 PMCID: PMC11096704 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Human Y-chromosomes are characterized by nonrecombination and uniparental inheritance, carrying traces of human history evolution and admixture. Large-scale population-specific genomic sources based on advanced sequencing technologies have revolutionized our understanding of human Y chromosome diversity and its anthropological and forensic applications. Here, we reviewed and meta-analyzed the Y chromosome genetic diversity of modern and ancient people from China and summarized the patterns of founding lineages of spatiotemporally different populations associated with their origin, expansion, and admixture. We emphasized the strong association between our identified founding lineages and language-related human dispersal events correlated with the Sino-Tibetan, Altaic, and southern Chinese multiple-language families related to the Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai, Austronesian, and Austro-Asiatic languages. We subsequently summarize the recent advances in translational applications in forensic and anthropological science, including paternal biogeographical ancestry inference (PBGAI), surname investigation, and paternal history reconstruction. Whole-Y sequencing or high-resolution panels with high coverage of terminal Y chromosome lineages are essential for capturing the genomic diversity of ethnolinguistically diverse East Asians. Generally, we emphasized the importance of including more ethnolinguistically diverse, underrepresented modern and spatiotemporally different ancient East Asians in human genetic research for a comprehensive understanding of the paternal genetic landscape of East Asians with a detailed time series and for the reconstruction of a reference database in the PBGAI, even including new technology innovations of Telomere-to-Telomere (T2T) for new genetic variation discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Mengge Wang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Liping Hu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Guanglin He
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Shengjie Nie
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
He G, Wang M, Miao L, Chen J, Zhao J, Sun Q, Duan S, Wang Z, Xu X, Sun Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Wang Z, Wei L, Liu C, Ye J, Wang L. Multiple founding paternal lineages inferred from the newly-developed 639-plex Y-SNP panel suggested the complex admixture and migration history of Chinese people. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:29. [PMID: 36973821 PMCID: PMC10045532 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00476-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-recombining regions of the Y-chromosome recorded the evolutionary traces of male human populations and are inherited haplotype-dependently and male-specifically. Recent whole Y-chromosome sequencing studies have identified previously unrecognized population divergence, expansion and admixture processes, which promotes a better understanding and application of the observed patterns of Y-chromosome genetic diversity. RESULTS Here, we developed one highest-resolution Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism (Y-SNP) panel targeted for uniparental genealogy reconstruction and paternal biogeographical ancestry inference, which included 639 phylogenetically informative SNPs. We genotyped these loci in 1033 Chinese male individuals from 33 ethnolinguistically diverse populations and identified 256 terminal Y-chromosomal lineages with frequency ranging from 0.0010 (singleton) to 0.0687. We identified six dominant common founding lineages associated with different ethnolinguistic backgrounds, which included O2a2b1a1a1a1a1a1a1-M6539, O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a1-F17, O2a2b1a1a1a1a1b1a1b-MF15397, O2a2b2a1b1-A16609, O1b1a1a1a1b2a1a1-F2517, and O2a2b1a1a1a1a1a1-F155. The AMOVA and nucleotide diversity estimates revealed considerable differences and high genetic diversity among ethnolinguistically different populations. We constructed one representative phylogenetic tree among 33 studied populations based on the haplogroup frequency spectrum and sequence variations. Clustering patterns in principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling results showed a genetic differentiation between Tai-Kadai-speaking Li, Mongolic-speaking Mongolian, and other Sinitic-speaking Han Chinese populations. Phylogenetic topology inferred from the BEAST and Network relationships reconstructed from the popART further showed the founding lineages from culturally/linguistically diverse populations, such as C2a/C2b was dominant in Mongolian people and O1a/O1b was dominant in island Li people. We also identified many lineages shared by more than two ethnolinguistically different populations with a high proportion, suggesting their extensive admixture and migration history. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that our developed high-resolution Y-SNP panel included major dominant Y-lineages of Chinese populations from different ethnic groups and geographical regions, which can be used as the primary and powerful tool for forensic practice. We should emphasize the necessity and importance of whole sequencing of more ethnolinguistically different populations, which can help identify more unrecognized population-specific variations for the promotion of Y-chromosome-based forensic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin He
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Mengge Wang
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lei Miao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030001, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Qiuxia Sun
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
| | - Shuhan Duan
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaofei Xu
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuntao Sun
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lanhai Wei
- School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, 010028, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Faculty of Forensic Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jian Ye
- National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China.
| | - Le Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics of Ministry of Public Security, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang X, Sarengaowa, He G, Guo J, Zhu K, Ma H, Zhao J, Yang M, Chen J, Zhang X, Tao L, Liu Y, Zhang XF, Wang CC. Genomic Insights Into the Genetic Structure and Natural Selection of Mongolians. Front Genet 2021; 12:735786. [PMID: 34956310 PMCID: PMC8693022 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.735786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mongolians dwell at the Eastern Eurasian Steppe, where is the agriculture and pasture interlaced area, practice pastoral subsistence strategies for generations, and have their own complex genetic formation history. There is evidence that the eastward expansion of Western Steppe herders transformed the lifestyle of post-Bronze Age Mongolia Plateau populations and brought gene flow into the gene pool of Eastern Eurasians. Here, we reported genome-wide data for 42 individuals from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of North China. We observed that our studied Mongolians were structured into three distinct genetic clusters possessing different genetic affinity with previous studied Inner Mongolians and Mongols and various Eastern and Western Eurasian ancestries: two subgroups harbored dominant Eastern Eurasian ancestry from Neolithic millet farmers of Yellow River Basin; another subgroup derived Eastern Eurasian ancestry primarily from Neolithic hunter-gatherers of North Asia. Besides, three-way/four-way qpAdm admixture models revealed that both north and southern Western Eurasian ancestry related to the Western Steppe herders and Iranian farmers contributed to the genetic materials into modern Mongolians. ALDER-based admixture coefficient and haplotype-based GLOBETROTTER demonstrated that the former western ancestry detected in modern Mongolian could be recently traced back to a historic period in accordance with the historical record about the westward expansion of the Mongol empire. Furthermore, the natural selection analysis of Mongolians showed that the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) region underwent significantly positive selective sweeps. The functional genes, alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and lactase persistence (LCT), were not identified, while the higher/lower frequencies of derived mutations were strongly correlated with the genetic affinity to East Asian/Western Eurasian populations. Our attested complex population movement and admixture in the agriculture and pasture interlaced area played an important role in the formation of modern Mongolians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yang
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sarengaowa
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Guanglin He
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianxin Guo
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kongyang Zhu
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hao Ma
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Meiqing Yang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xianpeng Zhang
- Institute of Biological Anthropology, Jinzhou Medical University, Liaoning, China
| | - Le Tao
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yilan Liu
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Wang
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Sociology and Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pamjav H, Krizsán K. Biologia futura: confessions in genes. Biol Futur 2021; 71:435-441. [PMID: 34554462 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-020-00049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Y-DNA and mtDNA have been a widely used tool not only in forensic genetic applications but in human evolutionary and population genetic studies. Its paternal or maternal inheritance and lack of recombination have offered the opportunity to explore genealogical relationships among individuals and to study the frequency differences of paternal and maternal clades among human populations at continental and regional levels. It is unbelievable, but true, that the disadvantages of paternal and maternal lineages in forensic genetic studies, i.e., everyone within a family have the same paternal or maternal haplotype and haplogroup, become advantages in human evolutionary studies, i.e., reveal the genetic history of successful mothers and successful fathers. Thanks to these amazing properties of haploid markers, they provide tools for mapping the migration routes of human populations during prehistoric and historical periods, separately as maternal and paternal lineages, and together as the genetic history of a population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Horolma Pamjav
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Hungarian Institute for Forensic Sciences, PO: 314/4, Budapest, 1903, Hungary.
| | - Krisztina Krizsán
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Hungarian Institute for Forensic Sciences, PO: 314/4, Budapest, 1903, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dual origins of the Northwest Chinese Kyrgyz: the admixture of Bronze age Siberian and Medieval Niru'un Mongolian Y chromosomes. J Hum Genet 2021; 67:175-180. [PMID: 34531527 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Kyrgyz are a trans-border ethnic group, mainly living in Kyrgyzstan. Previous genetic investigations of Central Asian populations have repeatedly investigated the Central Asian Kyrgyz. However, from the standpoint of human evolution and genetic diversity, Northwest Chinese Kyrgyz is one of the more poorly studied populations. In this study, we analyzed the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome from 298 male Kyrgyz samples from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in northwestern China, using a high-resolution analysis of 108 biallelic markers and 17 or 24 STRs. First, via a Y-SNP-based PCA plot, Northwest Chinese Kyrgyz tended to cluster with other Kyrgyz population and are located in the West Asian and Central Asian group. Second, we found that the Northwest Chinese Kyrgyz display a high proportion of Y-lineage R1a1a1b2a2a-Z2125, related to Bronze Age Siberian, and followed by Y-lineage C2b1a3a1-F3796, related to Medieval Niru'un Mongols, such as Uissun tribe from Kazakhs. In these two dominant lineages, two unique recent descent clusters have been detected via NETWORK analysis, respectively, but they have nearly the same TMRCA ages (about 13th-14th centuries). This finding once again shows that the expansions of Mongol Empire had a striking effect on the Central Asian gene pool.
Collapse
|
6
|
Genetic insights into the paternal admixture history of Chinese Mongolians via high-resolution customized Y-SNP SNaPshot panels. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 54:102565. [PMID: 34332322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Mongolian people, one of the Mongolic-speaking populations, are native to the Mongolian Plateau in North China and southern Siberia. Many ancient DNA studies recently reported extensive population transformations during the Paleolithic to historic periods in this region, while little is known about the paternal genetic legacy of modern geographically different Mongolians. Here, we genotyped 215 Y-chromosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (Y-SNPs) and 37 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) among 679 Mongolian individuals from Hohhot, Hulunbuir, and Ordos in North China using the AGCU Y37 kit and our developed eight Y-SNP SNaPshot panels (including two panels first reported herein). The C-M130 Y-SNP SNaPshot panel defines 28 subhaplogroups, and the N/O/Q complementary Y-SNP SNaPshot panel defines 30 subhaplogroups of N1b-F2930, N1a1a1a1a3-B197, Q-M242, and O2a2b1a1a1a4a-CTS4658, which improved the resolution our developed Y-SNP SNaPshot panel set and could be applied for dissecting the finer-scale paternal lineages of Mongolic speakers. We found a strong association between Mongolian-prevailing haplogroups and some observed microvariants among the newly generated Y-STR haplotype data, suggesting the possibility of haplogroup prediction based on the distribution of Y-STR haplotypes. We identified three main ancestral sources of the observed Mongolian-dominant haplogroups, including the local lineage of C2*-M217 and incoming lineages from other regions of southern East Asia (O2*-M122, O1b*-P31, and N1*-CTS3750) and western Eurasia (R1*-M173). We also observed DE-M145, D1*-M174, C1*-F3393, G*-M201, I-M170, J*-M304, L-M20, O1a*-M119, and Q*-M242 at relatively low frequencies (< 5.00%), suggesting a complex admixture history between Mongolians and other incoming Eurasians from surrounding regions. Genetic clustering analyses indicated that the studied Mongolians showed close genetic affinities with other Altaic-speaking populations and Sinitic-speaking Hui people. The Y-SNP haplotype/haplogroup-based genetic legacy not only revealed that the stratification among geographically/linguistically/ethnically different Chinese populations was highly consistent with the geographical division and language classification, but also demonstrated that patrilineal genetic materials could provide fine-scale genetic structures among geographically different Mongolian people, suggesting that our developed high-resolution Y-SNP SNaPshot panels have the potential for forensic pedigree searches and biogeographical ancestry inference.
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang M, He G, Gao S, Jia F, Zou X, Liu J, Wang S, Ye Z, Hou Y, Wang Z. Molecular genetic survey and forensic characterization of Chinese Mongolians via the 47 autosomal insertion/deletion marker. Genomics 2021; 113:2199-2210. [PMID: 34022340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Mongolians are mainly distributed in the modern state of Mongolia, China, Russia, and other countries. While the historic and archaeological records of the rise and fall of the Mongol Empire are well documented, little has been known about the genetic legacy of modern Mongolian populations. Here, 611 Mongolian individuals from Hohhot, Hulunbuir, and Ordos of China were genotyped via the 47 Insertion/Deletion markers. Forensically statistical parameters indicated that this InDel system could be applied to forensic investigation in Mongolian populations. The comprehensive population comparisons indicated that targeted Mongolian populations are a homogeneous population, which kept close genetic proximity with geographically northern East Asians. The findings of the model-based clustering analysis revealed a southern East Asian-specific ancestral component, which was maximized in Hainan Li, and Mongolian populations harbored relatively less Hainan Li-related ancestry and more northern East Asian-related ancestry compared with reference Tai-Kadai, Austroasiatic and Sinitic people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengge Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China; Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guanglin He
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, National Institute for Data Science in Health and Medicine, and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Public Security Bureau of Ordos City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 017010, China
| | - Fuquan Jia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Xing Zou
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shouyu Wang
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ziwei Ye
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yiping Hou
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Academy of Forensic Sciences, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai 200063, China; Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu B, Ma P, Wang C, Yan S, Yao H, Li Y, Xie Y, Meng S, Sun J, Cai Y, Sarengaowa S, Li H, Cheng H, Wei L. Paternal origin of Tungusic‐speaking populations: Insights from the updated phylogenetic tree of Y‐chromosome haplogroup
C2a‐M86. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23462. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bing‐Li Liu
- Institute of Chinese and Culture Education Studies Huaqiao University Xiamen China
| | - Peng‐Cheng Ma
- School of Life Sciences Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Chi‐Zao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Shi Yan
- Human Phenome Institute Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Hong‐Bing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science of Gansu Province Gansu University of Political Science and Law Lanzhou China
| | - Yong‐Lan Li
- Laboratory for Human Biology and Human Genetics Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University Hohhot China
| | - Yong‐Mei Xie
- Laboratory for Human Biology and Human Genetics Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University Hohhot China
| | - Song‐Lin Meng
- School of History and Ethnic Culture Hulunbuir University Hulunbuir China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yan‐Huan Cai
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Sarengaowa Sarengaowa
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Hui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
- Human Phenome Institute Fudan University Shanghai China
- B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Hui‐Zhen Cheng
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Lan‐Hai Wei
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology Xiamen University Xiamen China
- B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology Fudan University Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu Q, Cheng HZ, Sun N, Ma PC, Sun J, Yao HB, Xie YM, Li YL, Meng SL, Zhabagin M, Cai YH, Lu DR, Yan S, Wei LH. Phylogenetic analysis of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b-F1067, a dominant paternal lineage in Eastern Eurasia. J Hum Genet 2020; 65:823-829. [PMID: 32427951 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-0775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b-F1067 is one of the dominant paternal lineages of populations in Eastern Eurasia. In order to explore the origin, diversification, and expansion of this haplogroup, we generated 206 new Y-chromosome sequences from C2b-F1067 males and coanalyzed 220 Y-chromosome sequences of this haplogroup. BEAST software was used to reconstruct a revised phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C2b-F1067 with age estimates. The revised phylogeny of C2b-F1067 included 155 sublineages, 1986 non-private variants, and >6000 private variants. The age estimation suggested that the initial splitting of C2b-F1067 happened at about 32.8 thousand years ago (kya) and the major sublineages of this haplgroup experienced continuous expansion in the most recent 10,000 years. We identified numerous sublineages that were nearly specific for Korean, Mongolian, Chinese, and other ethnic minorities in China. In particular, we evaluated the candidate-specific lineage for the Dayan Khan family and the Confucius family, the descendants of the ruling family of the Chinese Shang dynasty. These findings suggest that ancient populations with varied C2b-F1067 sublineages played an important role during the formation of most modern populations in Eastern Eurasia, and thus eventually became the founding paternal lineages of these populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Cheng
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Na Sun
- College of Foreign Languages, Huaqiao University, 362021, Quanzhou, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong-Bing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science of Gansu Province, Gansu University of Political Science and Law, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong-Mei Xie
- Laboratory for Human Biology and Human Genetics, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 010022, Hohhot, China
| | - Yong-Lan Li
- Laboratory for Human Biology and Human Genetics, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 010022, Hohhot, China
| | - Song-Lin Meng
- School of History and Ethnic Culture, Hulunbuir University, 021008, Hulunbuir, China
| | - Maxat Zhabagin
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.,B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, Fudan University, 20043, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Huan Cai
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Da-Ru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan-Hai Wei
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, Fudan University, 20043, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li J, Cai D, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Zhou H. Ancient DNA reveals two paternal lineages C2a1a1b1a/F3830 and C2b1b/F845 in past nomadic peoples distributed on the Mongolian Plateau. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 172:402-411. [PMID: 32406954 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Since the third century CE, a series of nomadic tribes have been active on the eastern part of the Mongolian Plateau. Characterizing the genetic compositions of past nomadic people is significant for research on the nomadic cultures of the Eurasian Steppe region. Ancient DNA analysis facilitates a deeper understanding of the relationship between historical and modern nomadic populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole-genome shotgun sequencing and capture sequencing of the nonrecombining region of the Y chromosome were performed for six ancient Hg C2/M217 individuals. The individuals were interred at six separate sites on the Mongolian Plateau and represent dates spanning the late Neolithic to Yuan Dynasty (~3,500-700 BP). RESULTS After NRY capture sequencing, three of the six ancient samples were attributed to C2b1b/F845 and the other three ancient samples belonged to C2a1a1b1a/F3830. Analysis of whole-genome shotgun sequencing data shows that the ancient C2b1b/F845 individuals are closely related to She, Han and other East Asian populations, while the ancient C2a1a1b1a/F3830 individuals are more similar to modern Northeast Asian peoples, such as the Ulchi and Yakut. DISCUSSION Hg C2/M217, widely distributed in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent, was discovered in the ancient Central Steppe and Baikal region. This study shows that there were two important subclades of Hg C2/M217 among the ancient nomadic peoples: C2a1a1b1a/F3830, which has made important genetic contributions to modern Mongolic- and Manchu-speaking populations, and C2b1b/F845, which probably originated in the farming populations of southern East Asia and made certain genetic contributions to past nomadic peoples on the Mongolian Plateau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Cai
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Ancient DNA Laboratory, Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Y-chromosome evidence confirmed the Kerei-Abakh origin of Aksay Kazakhs. J Hum Genet 2020; 65:797-803. [PMID: 32313196 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-0759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aksay Kazakhs are the easternmost branch of Kazakhs, residing in Jiuquan city, the forefront of the ancient Silk Road. However, the genetic diversity of Aksay Kazakhs and its relationships with other Kazakhs still lack attention. To clarify this issue, we analyzed the non-recombining portion of the Y-chromosome from 93 Aksay Kazakhs samples, using a high-resolution analysis of 106 biallelic markers and 17 STRs. The lowest haplogroup diversity (0.38) was observed in Aksay Kazakhs among all studied Kazakh populations. The social and cultural traditions of the Kazakhs shaped their current pattern of genetic variation. Aksay Kazakhs tended to migrate with clans and had limited paternal admixture with neighboring populations. Aksay Kazakhs had the highest frequency (80%) of haplogroup C2b1a3a1-F3796 (previous C3*-Star Cluster) among the investigated Eurasian steppe populations, which was now seen as the genetic marker of Kerei clan. Furthermore, NETWORK analysis indicated that Aksay Kazakhs originated from sub-clan Kerei-Abakh in Kazakhstan with DYS448 = 23. TMRCA estimates of three recent descent clusters detected in C2*-M217 (xM48) network, one of which incorporate nearly all of the C2b1a3a1-F3796 Aksay Kazakhs samples, gave the age range of 976-1405 YA for DC1, 1059-1314 YA for DC2, and 1139-1317 YA for DC3, respectively; this is coherent with the 7th to the 11th centuries Altaic-speaking pastoral nomadic population expansion.
Collapse
|
12
|
Adnan A, Kasimu K, Rakha A, He G, Yang T, Wang C, Lu J, Xuan J. Comprehensive genetic structure analysis of Han population from Dalian City revealed by 20 Y-STRs. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1149. [PMID: 31989793 PMCID: PMC7057124 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dalian is a city formed in the 1880s in Liaoning province, Northeastern China with a population of 6.69 million now. Han is the largest ethnic group not only across Mainland China (92%) and Taiwan (97%) but also considered to be the largest ethnic group of the world contributing to above 18% of world's population. METHODS In the current study, we genotyped Goldeneye® 20Y System loci in 879 unrelated male individuals from the Han ethnic group in Dalian city and calculated the forensic parameters of the 20 Y-STR loci. RESULTS In total, we observed 855 haplotypes, among which 835 (94.99%) were unique. The discrimination capacity (DC) of overall Goldeneye® 20Y System is 97.27% and it slightly reduces to 96.93% when only Y-filer® set of 17 Y-STRs were used, which mitigates using the extended set of markers in this population. We found DYS388 showed the lowest gene diversity (0.5151), whereas DYS389II showed the highest gene diversity (0.7621) in single copy Y-STR, and DYS385 showed the highest gene diversity (0.9683) among all. CONCLUSION Multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis based upon pairwise Rst genetic distance showed difference among Han population from the east to the west and from the north to the south. We also predicted haplogroups using Y-STR haplotypes, which showed the dominance of Haplogroup O (65.2%) followed by Haplogroup C (14.5%) in Dalian Han population. Moreover, we found 10 individuals showed a null allele at the DYS448 in our samples. We also performed linear discriminatory analysis (LDA) between Han and other prominent Chinese minority ethnic groups. We presented Y-STRs data in the Y-Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database (YHRD) for the future forensic and other usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atif Adnan
- Department of Forensic Genetics and BiologySchool of Forensic MedicineChina Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
- Department of Human AnatomyCollege of Basic Medical ScienceChina Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| | - Kaidirina Kasimu
- School of Clinical MedicineChina Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| | - Allah Rakha
- Department of Forensic SciencesUniversity of Health Sciences LahoreLahorePakistan
| | - Guanglin He
- Department of Anthropology and EthnologyXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Tongya Yang
- Department of Human AnatomyCollege of Basic Medical ScienceChina Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| | - Chuan‐Chao Wang
- Department of Anthropology and EthnologyXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Human AnatomyCollege of Basic Medical ScienceChina Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| | - Jin‐feng Xuan
- Department of Forensic Genetics and BiologySchool of Forensic MedicineChina Medical UniversityShenyangP.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang CZ, Wei LH, Wang LX, Wen SQ, Yu XE, Shi MS, Li H. Relating Clans Ao and Aisin Gioro from northeast China by whole Y-chromosome sequencing. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:775-780. [PMID: 31148597 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951 is the paternal lineage of the Aisin Gioro clan, the most important brother branch of the famous Mongolic-speaking population characteristic haplogroup C2*-Star Cluster (C2b1a3a1-F3796). However, investigations on its internal phylogeny are still limited. In this study, we used whole Y-chromosome sequencing to update its phylogenetic tree. In the revised tree, C2b1a3a2-F8951 and C2*-Star Cluster differentiated 3852 years ago (95% CI = 3295-4497). Approximately 3558 years ago (95% CI = 3013-4144), C2b1a3a2-F8951 was divided into two main subclades, C2b1a3a2a-F14753 and C2b1a3a2b-F5483. Currently, samples of C2b1a3a2-F8951 were mainly from the House of Aisin Gioro clan, the Ao family from Daur and some individuals mainly from northeast China. Although other haplogroups are also found in the Ao family, including C2b1a2-M48, C2b1a3a1-F3796, C2a1b-F845, and N1c-M178, the haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951 is still the most distinct genetic component. For haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951, the time of the most recent common ancestor of the House of Aisin Gioro clan and the Ao family were both very late, just a few hundred years ago. Some family-specific Y-SNPs of the House of Aisin Gioro and the Ao family were also discovered. This revision evidently improved the resolving power of Y-chromosome phylogeny in northeast Asia, deepening our understanding of the origin of these two families, even the Mongolic-speaking population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Zao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan-Hai Wei
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Ling-Xiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao-Qing Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Er Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei-Sen Shi
- Institute of the Investigation, School of Criminal Justice, China University of Political Science and Law, 100088, Beijing, China.
| | - Hui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China. .,Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Fudan-Datong Institute of Chinese Origin, 037006, Datong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Balinova N, Post H, Kushniarevich A, Flores R, Karmin M, Sahakyan H, Reidla M, Metspalu E, Litvinov S, Dzhaubermezov M, Akhmetova V, Khusainova R, Endicott P, Khusnutdinova E, Orlova K, Bakaeva E, Khomyakova I, Spitsina N, Zinchenko R, Villems R, Rootsi S. Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1466-1474. [PMID: 30976109 PMCID: PMC6777519 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kalmyks, the only Mongolic-speaking population in Europe, live in the southeast of the European Plain, in Russia. They adhere to Buddhism and speak a dialect of the Mongolian language. Historical and linguistic evidence, as well a shared clan names, suggests a common origin with Oirats of western Mongolia; yet, only a limited number of genetic studies have focused on this topic. Here we compare the paternal genetic relationship of Kalmyk clans with ethnographically related groups from Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan and China, within the context of their neighbouring populations. A phylogeny of 37 high-coverage Y-chromosome sequences, together with further genotyping of larger sample sets, reveals that all the Oirat-speaking populations studied here, including Kalmyks, share, as a dominant paternal lineage, Y-chromosomal haplogroup C3c1-M77, which is also present in several geographically distant native Siberian populations. We identify a subset of this clade, C3c1b-F6379, specifically enriched in Kalmyks as well as in Oirat-speaking clans in Inner Asia. This sub-clade coalesces at around 1500 years before present, before the Genghis Khan era, and significantly earlier than the split between Kalmyks and other Oirat speakers about 400 years ago. We also show that split between the dominant hg C variant among Buryats—C3-M407—and that of C3-F6379, took place in the Early Upper Palaeolithic, suggesting an extremely long duration for the dissipation of hg C3-M217 carriers across northern Eurasia, which cuts through today’s major linguistic phyla.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Balinova
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Helen Post
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia. .,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.
| | - Alena Kushniarevich
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Rodrigo Flores
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Monika Karmin
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Hovhannes Sahakyan
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Laboratory of Ethnogenomics, Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences, Yerevan, 0014, Armenia
| | - Maere Reidla
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Ene Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Sergey Litvinov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Murat Dzhaubermezov
- Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450076, Russia
| | - Vita Akhmetova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Rita Khusainova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia.,Department of Genetics and Fundamental Medicine, Bashkir State University, Ufa, 450076, Russia
| | - Phillip Endicott
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,The UMR 7206, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Site du Musée de l'Homme, Paris, 75116, France
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, 450054, Russia
| | - Keemya Orlova
- Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 107031, Russia
| | - Elza Bakaeva
- Kalmyk Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 358000, Elista, Russia
| | - Irina Khomyakova
- Anuchin Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 125009, Russia
| | - Nailya Spitsina
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Rena Zinchenko
- Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Richard Villems
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Siiri Rootsi
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|