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Rout AK, Tripathy PS, Dixit S, Behera DU, Behera B, Das BK, Behera BK. Unveiling the Microbiome Landscape: A Metagenomic Study of Bacterial Diversity, Antibiotic Resistance, and Virulence Factors in the Sediments of the River Ganga, India. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1735. [PMID: 38136769 PMCID: PMC10740832 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The global rise in antibiotic resistance, fueled by indiscriminate antibiotic usage in medicine, aquaculture, agriculture, and the food industry, presents a significant public health challenge. Urban wastewater and sewage treatment plants have become key sources of antibiotic resistance proliferation. The present study focuses on the river Ganges in India, which is heavily impacted by human activities and serves as a potential hotspot for the spread of antibiotic resistance. We conducted a metagenomic analysis of sediment samples from six distinct locations along the river to assess the prevalence and diversity of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) within the microbial ecosystem. The metagenomic analysis revealed the predominance of Proteobacteria across regions of the river Ganges. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and virulence factors were determined by various databases. In addition to this, KEGG and COG analysis revealed important pathways related to AMR. The outcomes highlight noticeable regional differences in the prevalence of AMR genes. The findings suggest that enhancing health and sanitation infrastructure could play a crucial role in mitigating the global impact of AMR. This research contributes vital insights into the environmental aspects of antibiotic resistance, highlighting the importance of targeted public health interventions in the fight against AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Rout
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR—Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata 700120, WB, India; (A.K.R.); (B.K.D.)
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore 756089, OD, India;
| | - Partha Sarathi Tripathy
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Universitetsalléen 11, 8026 Bodø, Norway;
| | - Sangita Dixit
- Center for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar 751030, OD, India; (S.D.); (D.U.B.)
| | - Dibyajyoti Uttameswar Behera
- Center for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University), Bhubaneswar 751030, OD, India; (S.D.); (D.U.B.)
| | - Bhaskar Behera
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore 756089, OD, India;
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR—Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata 700120, WB, India; (A.K.R.); (B.K.D.)
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR—Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata 700120, WB, India; (A.K.R.); (B.K.D.)
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