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Abu Shtaya A, Kedar I, Mattar S, Mahamid A, Basel-Salmon L, Farage Barhom S, Naftaly Nathan S, Magal N, Azulay N, Levy Zalcberg M, Chen-Shtoyerman R, Segol O, Seri M, Reznick Levi G, Shkedi-Rafid S, Vinkler C, Netzer I, Hagari Bechar O, Chamma L, Liberman S, Goldberg Y. The Diagnostic Yield and Implications of Targeted Founder Pathogenic Variant Testing in an Israeli Cohort. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:94. [PMID: 38201524 PMCID: PMC10777957 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Founder pathogenic variants (PVs) are prevalent in Israel. This study investigated the current practice of offering cancer patients two-step genetic testing, starting with targeted testing for recurring founder PVs, followed, if negative, by next-generation sequencing. A total of 2128 subjects with cancer or a positive family history underwent oncogenetic testing with a panel of 51 recurring PVs at a tertiary medical center in March 2020-January 2023. Those with a known familial PV (n = 370) were excluded from the analysis. Among the remainder, 128/1758 (7%) were heterozygous for at least one variant, and 44 (34%) carried a PV of medium-high penetrance (MHPV). Cancer was diagnosed in 1519/1758 patients (86%). The diagnostic yield of founder MHPV testing was 2% in cancer patients and 4% in healthy individuals with a positive family history. It was higher in Ashkenazi Jews than non-Ashkenazi Jews and Arabs, but not over 10% for any type of cancer, and it was significantly higher in younger (<40 years) than older (>50 years) individuals (7% vs. 1%). Eighty-four of the heterozygotes (66%), mostly Ashkenazi Jews, harbored a low-penetrance variant (LPV) not associated with the diagnosed cancer, usually APC c.3902T>A. These findings question the advantage of two-step testing. LPVs should not be included in targeted testing because this can lead to an overestimation of the yield, and their detection does not preclude further comprehensive testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasem Abu Shtaya
- Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; (I.K.); (L.B.-S.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (O.H.B.); (Y.G.)
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel;
| | - Inbal Kedar
- Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; (I.K.); (L.B.-S.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (O.H.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Samar Mattar
- Department of Surgery B, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel; (S.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Ahmad Mahamid
- Department of Surgery B, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel; (S.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Lina Basel-Salmon
- Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; (I.K.); (L.B.-S.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (O.H.B.); (Y.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva 4920235, Israel
- Pediatric Genetics Unit, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petch Tikva 49202, Israel
| | - Sarit Farage Barhom
- Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; (I.K.); (L.B.-S.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (O.H.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Sofia Naftaly Nathan
- Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; (I.K.); (L.B.-S.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (O.H.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Nurit Magal
- Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; (I.K.); (L.B.-S.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (O.H.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Noy Azulay
- Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; (I.K.); (L.B.-S.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (O.H.B.); (Y.G.)
| | | | - Rakefet Chen-Shtoyerman
- Adelson School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
- Kaplan Medical Center, Genetics Institute, Oncogenetic Clinic, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ori Segol
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa 3436212, Israel;
| | - Mor Seri
- Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; (I.K.); (L.B.-S.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (O.H.B.); (Y.G.)
| | | | - Shiri Shkedi-Rafid
- Department of Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
| | - Chana Vinkler
- Institute for Medical Genetics, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 5822012, Israel;
| | - Iris Netzer
- Oncogenetics Unit, Institute of Human Genetics, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel;
| | - Ofir Hagari Bechar
- Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; (I.K.); (L.B.-S.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (O.H.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Liat Chamma
- Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; (I.K.); (L.B.-S.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (O.H.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Sari Liberman
- Medical Genetics Institute, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Yael Goldberg
- Recanati Genetics Institute, Rabin Medical Center—Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva 4941492, Israel; (I.K.); (L.B.-S.); (N.M.); (M.S.); (O.H.B.); (Y.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Godbout K, Tremblay JP. Prime Editing for Human Gene Therapy: Where Are We Now? Cells 2023; 12:cells12040536. [PMID: 36831203 PMCID: PMC9954691 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy holds tremendous potential in the treatment of inherited diseases. Unlike traditional medicines, which only treat the symptoms, gene therapy has the potential to cure the disease by addressing the root of the problem: genetic mutations. The discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 in 2012 paved the way for the development of those therapies. Improvement of this system led to the recent development of an outstanding technology called prime editing. This system can introduce targeted insertions, deletions, and all 12 possible base-to-base conversions in the human genome. Since the first publication on prime editing in 2019, groups all around the world have worked on this promising technology to develop a treatment for genetic diseases. To date, prime editing has been attempted in preclinical studies for liver, eye, skin, muscular, and neurodegenerative hereditary diseases, in addition to cystic fibrosis, beta-thalassemia, X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, and cancer. In this review, we portrayed where we are now on prime editing for human gene therapy and outlined the best strategies for correcting pathogenic mutations by prime editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Godbout
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jacques P. Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14 th century. Cell 2022; 185:4703-4716.e16. [PMID: 36455558 PMCID: PMC9793425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
We report genome-wide data from 33 Ashkenazi Jews (AJ), dated to the 14th century, obtained following a salvage excavation at the medieval Jewish cemetery of Erfurt, Germany. The Erfurt individuals are genetically similar to modern AJ, but they show more variability in Eastern European-related ancestry than modern AJ. A third of the Erfurt individuals carried a mitochondrial lineage common in modern AJ and eight carried pathogenic variants known to affect AJ today. These observations, together with high levels of runs of homozygosity, suggest that the Erfurt community had already experienced the major reduction in size that affected modern AJ. The Erfurt bottleneck was more severe, implying substructure in medieval AJ. Overall, our results suggest that the AJ founder event and the acquisition of the main sources of ancestry pre-dated the 14th century and highlight late medieval genetic heterogeneity no longer present in modern AJ.
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Picache JA, Zheng W, Chen CZ. Therapeutic Strategies For Tay-Sachs Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:906647. [PMID: 35865957 PMCID: PMC9294361 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is an autosomal recessive disease that features progressive neurodegenerative presentations. It affects one in 100,000 live births. Currently, there is no approved therapy or cure. This review summarizes multiple drug development strategies for TSD, including enzyme replacement therapy, pharmaceutical chaperone therapy, substrate reduction therapy, gene therapy, and hematopoietic stem cell replacement therapy. In vitro and in vivo systems are described to assess the efficacy of the aforementioned therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, we discuss using MALDI mass spectrometry to perform a high throughput screen of compound libraries. This enables discovery of compounds that reduce GM2 and can lead to further development of a TSD therapy.
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Efficient and precise generation of Tay-Sachs disease model in rabbit by prime editing system. Cell Discov 2021; 7:50. [PMID: 34230459 PMCID: PMC8260710 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00276-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Eftekhariyazdi M, Meshkani M, Moslem A, Hakimi P, Safari S, Khaligh A, Zare-Abdollahi D. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome: Report of a case and recurrent variant. J Gene Med 2020; 22:e3175. [PMID: 32072716 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvCS) is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia that is characterized by short stature, short limbs, short ribs, polydactyly and structural heart defect. Despite locus heterogeneity, in the majority of the cases, the disorder segregates with mutations in the EVC and EVC2 genes, notably mutations with truncating protein as a final sequence. In the present study, we report the prenatal findings and genetic analysis of a terminated pregnancy affected by severe thoracic and skeletal dysplasia. METHODS After detailed physical and clinical examination, whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed and the variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS One homozygote variant in EVC2 gene was identified in the fetus (NM_147127, c.942G>A, p.W314X). The EVC2 gene is strongly associated with EvCS, which is consistent with the sonographic findings of the fetus. CONCLUSIONS The homozygous p.W314X mutation found in this family was recently reported to be segregated in a consanguineous family originating from Pakistan. The occurrence of the p.W314X mutation in two unrelated families (Iranian and Pakistani) may be the result of an old founder effect or arose because of a mutational hotspot and is supporting evidence for the pathogenicity of this variant. Because skeletal dysplasia belongs to a broad spectrum of syndromes and therefore exhibits considerable background locus and allelic heterogeneity, our report highlights the need for appropriate genetic counseling and supports the feasibility of WES to determine an accurate diagnosis, as well as precise recurrence risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Eftekhariyazdi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mahshid Meshkani
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Pooria Hakimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Islamic azad University, Neyshabour, Iran
| | - Shamsi Safari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khaligh
- Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Davood Zare-Abdollahi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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A founder deletion in the TRPM1 gene associated with congenital stationary night blindness and myopia is highly prevalent in Ashkenazi Jews. Hum Genome Var 2019; 6:45. [PMID: 31645983 PMCID: PMC6804618 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-019-0076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) is a disease affecting the night vision of individuals. Previous studies identified TRPM1 as a gene involved in reduced night vision. Homozygous deletion of TRPM1 was the cause of CSNB in several children in 6 Ashkenazi Jewish families, thereby prompting further investigation of the carrier status within the families as well as in large cohorts of unrelated Ashkenazi and Sephardi individuals. Affected children were tested with a CSNB next-generation (NextGen) sequencing panel. A deletion of TRPM1 exons 2 through 7 was detected and confirmed by PCR and sequence analysis. A TaqMan-based assay was used to assess the frequency of this deletion in 18266 individuals of Jewish descent. High-throughput amplicon sequencing was performed on 380 samples to determine the putative deletion-flanking founder haplotype. Heterozygous TRPM1 deletions were found in 2.75% (1/36) of Ashkenazi subjects and in 1.22% (1/82) individuals of mixed Ashkenazi/Sephardic origin. The homozygous deletion frequency in our data was 0.03% (1/4025) and was only found in Ashkenazi Jewish individuals. Homozygous deletion of exons 2–7 in TRPM1 is a common cause of CSNB and myopia in many Ashkenazi Jewish patients. This deletion is a founder Ashkenazi Jewish deletion. A genetic mutation found in Ashkenazi Jewish population causes an eye disease that leads to poor vision in dim light. Yoel Hirsch and Martin M. Johansson from Dor Yeshorim, together with colleagues determined the genetic etiology of congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB) in children from six Ashkenazi families. Each affected child harbored two mutant versions of TRPM1, a gene involved in the transmission of light-elicited signals within the retina of the eye. Notably, all the children had the same large chunk of DNA missing from the gene. The researchers next screened for this genetic deletion in >18,000 individuals of Jewish descent, finding single copies of the mutation in 2.75% of Ashkenazi subjects. The findings should help doctors better diagnose CSNB and care for Jewish patients with eyesight problems.
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Duarte AJ, Ribeiro D, Oliveira P, Amaral O. Mutation Frequency of Three Neurodegenerative Lysosomal Storage Diseases: From Screening to Treatment? Arch Med Res 2017; 48:263-269. [PMID: 28923328 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ascertainment of mutation frequencies in the general population may have impact on the population's wellbeing and respective healthcare services. Furthermore, it may help define which approaches will be more effective for certain patients based on the genetic cause of disease. AIM OF THE STUDY Determine the frequency of three mutations, known to be a major cause of three distinct Lysosomal Storage Diseases (LSDs). METHODS The following pre-requisites were met: each mutation accounted for over 55% of the disease alleles among previously reported unrelated patients, all three diseases were among the most prevalent LSDs in the population under study, they all involved devastating deterioration of the nervous system, lacked curative treatment and may be fatal in childhood or adolescence. The anonymous samples used in this study were representative of the whole population; mutations were tested by PCR based methods, positive results were further confirmed. The diseases studied were Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler, MIM 607014), Tay Sachs disease variant B1 (TS, MIM 272800) and Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD, MIM 250100); the mutations were, respectively, p.W402X, p.R178C and c.465+1G>A. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Increased carrier frequencies were found for Tay Sachs disease variant B1 HEXA p.R178C mutation (1:340) and for the infantile MLD ARSA c.465+1G> A mutation (1:350) denoting higher risk for these sub-types of disease in Portugal and possibly in individuals of Iberian ancestry. Carrier screening in target populations may provide the foundations for more effective approaches to precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Joana Duarte
- Departamento de Genética Humana-Unidade I and D-P, CSPGF, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA, IP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Ribeiro
- Departamento de Genética Humana-Unidade I and D-P, CSPGF, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA, IP), Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Olga Amaral
- Departamento de Genética Humana-Unidade I and D-P, CSPGF, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge (INSA, IP), Porto, Portugal.
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Schuchman EH, Simonaro CM. The genetics of sphingolipid hydrolases and sphingolipid storage diseases. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2013:3-32. [PMID: 23579447 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1368-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The relationship of sphingolipids with human disease first arose from the study of sphingolipid storage diseases over 50 years ago. Most of these disorders are due to inherited deficiencies of specific sphingolipid hydrolases, although a small number also result from defects in sphingolipid transport or activator proteins. Due to the primary protein deficiencies sphingolipids and other macromolecules accumulate in cells and tissues of affected patients, leading to a diverse presentation of clinical abnormalities. Over 25 sphingolipid storage diseases have been described to date. Most of the genes have been isolated, disease-causing mutations have been identified, the recombinant proteins have been produced and characterized, and animal models exist for most of the human diseases. Since most sphingolipid hydrolases are enriched within the endosomal/lysosomal system, macromolecules first accumulate within these compartments. However, these abnormalities rapidly spread to other compartments and cause a wide range of cellular dysfunction. This review focuses on the genetics of sphingolipid storage diseases and related hydrolytic enzymes with an emphasis on the relationship between genetic mutations and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Schuchman
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Abstract
The central preoccupation of human genetics is an effort to understand the genotypic basis of human phenotypic diversity. Although recent progress in identifying the genes that, when mutated, underlie major genetic diseases has been rapid, knowledge of the genetic influences on the vast range of variable, and at least partially heritable, traits that constitute the "normal" range of human phenotypic variation lags. Spectacular advances in our knowledge of human genetic variation have laid the groundwork for a synthesis of insights from medical genetics, population genetics, molecular evolution, and the study of human origins that places basic constraints on models of human genetic individuality. Balancing selection, local adaptation, mutation-selection balance, and founder effects have all extensively shaped contemporary genetic variation. Long-term-balancing selection appears largely to reflect the consequences of host-pathogen arms races. Local adaptation has been widespread-and involved responses to a plethora of selective pressures, some identifiable but most unknown. However, it appears to be a combination of mutation-selection balance and founder effects that largely accounts for genetic individuality. If true, this inference has major implications for future research programs in human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maynard V Olson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Zampieri S, Montalvo A, Blanco M, Zanin I, Amartino H, Vlahovicek K, Szlago M, Schenone A, Pittis G, Bembi B, Dardis A. Molecular analysis of HEXA gene in Argentinean patients affected with Tay–Sachs disease: Possible common origin of the prevalent c.459+5A>G mutation. Gene 2012; 499:262-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tay-Sachs disease preconception screening in Australia: self-knowledge of being an Ashkenazi Jew predicts carrier state better than does ancestral origin, although there is an increased risk for c.1421 + 1G > C mutation in individuals with South African heritage. J Community Genet 2011; 2:201-9. [PMID: 22109873 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-011-0057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Australasian Community Genetics Program provided a preconception screening for Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) to 4,105 Jewish high school students in Sydney and Melbourne over the 12-year period 1995-2007. By correlating the frequencies of mutant HEXA, MIM *606869 (gene map locus 15q23-q24) alleles with subjects' nominated ethnicity (Ashkenazi/Sephardi/Mixed) and grandparental birthplaces, we established that Ashkenazi ethnicity is a better predictor of TSD carrier status than grandparental ancestral origins. Screening self-identified Ashkenazi subjects detected 95% of TSD carriers (carrier frequency 1:25). Having mixed Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi heritage reduced the carrier frequency (1:97). South African heritage conveyed a fourfold risk of c.1421 + 1G > C mutation compared with other AJ subjects (odds ratio (OR), 4.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.83-9.62, p = 0.001), but this was the only specific case of ancestral origin improving diagnostic sensitivity over that based on determining Ashkenazi ethnicity. Carriers of c.1278insTATC mutations were more likely to have heritage from Western Europe (OR, 1.65 (95% CI, 1.04-2.60), p = 0.032) and South Eastern Europe (OR, 1.77 (95% CI, 1.14-2.73), p = 0.010). However, heritage from specific European countries investigated did not significantly alter the overall odds of TSD carrier status.
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Zoossmann-Diskin A. The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms. Biol Direct 2010; 5:57. [PMID: 20925954 PMCID: PMC2964539 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6150-5-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to establish the likely origin of EEJ (Eastern European Jews) by genetic distance analysis of autosomal markers and haplogroups on the X and Y chromosomes and mtDNA. Results According to the autosomal polymorphisms the investigated Jewish populations do not share a common origin, and EEJ are closer to Italians in particular and to Europeans in general than to the other Jewish populations. The similarity of EEJ to Italians and Europeans is also supported by the X chromosomal haplogroups. In contrast according to the Y-chromosomal haplogroups EEJ are closest to the non-Jewish populations of the Eastern Mediterranean. MtDNA shows a mixed pattern, but overall EEJ are more distant from most populations and hold a marginal rather than a central position. The autosomal genetic distance matrix has a very high correlation (0.789) with geography, whereas the X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal and mtDNA matrices have a lower correlation (0.540, 0.395 and 0.641 respectively). Conclusions The close genetic resemblance to Italians accords with the historical presumption that Ashkenazi Jews started their migrations across Europe in Italy and with historical evidence that conversion to Judaism was common in ancient Rome. The reasons for the discrepancy between the biparental markers and the uniparental markers are discussed. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Damian Labuda (nominated by Jerzy Jurka), Kateryna Makova and Qasim Ayub (nominated by Dan Graur).
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Affiliation(s)
- Avshalom Zoossmann-Diskin
- Department of Haematology and Genetic Pathology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
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Slatkin M. A population-genetic test of founder effects and implications for Ashkenazi Jewish diseases. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 75:282-93. [PMID: 15208782 PMCID: PMC1216062 DOI: 10.1086/423146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A founder effect can account for the presence of an allele at an unusually high frequency in an isolated population if the allele is selectively neutral and if all copies are identical by descent with a copy that either was carried by a founder individual or arose by mutation later. Here, a statistical test of both aspects of the founder-effect hypothesis is developed. The test is performed by a modified version of a program that implements the Slatkin-Bertorelle test of neutrality. The test is applied to several disease-associated alleles found predominantly in Ashkenazi Jews. Despite considerable uncertainty about the demographic history of Ashkenazi Jews and their ancestors, available genetic data are consistent with a founder effect resulting from a severe bottleneck in population size between a.d. 1100 and a.d. 1400 and an earlier bottleneck in a.d. 75, at the beginning of the Jewish Diaspora. The relatively high frequency of alleles causing four different lysosomal storage disorders, including Tay-Sachs disease and Gaucher disease, can be accounted for if the disease-associated alleles are recessive in their effects on reproductive fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montgomery Slatkin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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