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Downregulation of genes outside the deleted region in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Hum Genet 2019; 138:93-103. [PMID: 30627818 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-01967-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is caused by recurrent hemizygous deletions of chromosome 22q11.2. The phenotype of the syndrome is complex and varies widely among individuals. Little is known about the role of the different genes located in 22q11.2, and we hypothesized that genetic risk factors lying elsewhere in the genome might contribute to the phenotype. Here, we present the whole-genome gene expression data of 11 patients with approximately 3 Mb deletions. Apart from the hemizygous genes mapped to the 22q11.2 region, the TUBA8 and GNAZ genes, neighboring the deleted interval but in normal copy number, showed altered expression. When genes mapped to other chromosomes were considered in the gene expression analysis, a genome-wide dysregulation was observed, with increased or decreased expression levels. The enriched pathways of these genes were related to immune response, a deficiency that is frequently observed in 22q11.2DS patients. We also used the hypothesis-free weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), which revealed the co-expression gene network modules with clear connection to mechanisms associated with 22q11.2DS such as immune response and schizophrenia. These findings, combined with the traditional gene expression profile, can be used for the identification of potential pathways and genes not previously considered to be related to the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.
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Hegyi H. Connecting myelin-related and synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia with SNP-rich gene expression hubs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45494. [PMID: 28382934 PMCID: PMC5382542 DOI: 10.1038/srep45494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining genome-wide mapping of SNP-rich regions in schizophrenics and gene expression data in all brain compartments across the human life span revealed that genes with promoters most frequently mutated in schizophrenia are expression hubs interacting with far more genes than the rest of the genome. We summed up the differentially methylated “expression neighbors” of genes that fall into one of 108 distinct schizophrenia-associated loci with high number of SNPs. Surprisingly, the number of expression neighbors of the genes in these loci were 35 times higher for the positively correlating genes (32 times higher for the negatively correlating ones) than for the rest of the ~16000 genes. While the genes in the 108 loci have little known impact in schizophrenia, we identified many more known schizophrenia-related important genes with a high degree of connectedness (e.g. MOBP, SYNGR1 and DGCR6), validating our approach. Both the most connected positive and negative hubs affected synapse-related genes the most, supporting the synaptic origin of schizophrenia. At least half of the top genes in both the correlating and anti-correlating categories are cancer-related, including oncogenes (RRAS and ALDOA), providing further insight into the observed inverse relationship between the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedi Hegyi
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
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DGCR6 at the proximal part of the DiGeorge critical region is involved in conotruncal heart defects. Hum Genome Var 2015; 2:15004. [PMID: 27081520 PMCID: PMC4785558 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2015.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac anomaly is one of the hallmarks of DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), observed in approximately 80% of patients. It often shows a characteristic morphology, termed as conotruncal heart defects. In many cases showing only the conotruncal heart defect, deletion of 22q11.2 region cannot be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which is used to detect deletion in DGS. We investigated the presence of genomic aberrations in six patients with congenital conotruncal heart defects, who show no deletion at 22q11.2 in an initial screening by FISH. In these patients, no abnormalities were identified in the coding region of the TBX1 gene, one of the key genes responsible for the phenotype of DGS. However, when copy number alteration was analyzed by high-resolution array analysis, a small deletion or duplication in the proximal end of DiGeorge critical region was detected in two patients. The affected region contains the DGCR6 and PRODH genes. DGCR6 has been reported to affect the expression of the TBX1 gene. Our results suggest that altered dosage of gene(s) other than TBX1, possibly DGCR6, may also be responsible for the development of conotruncal heart defects observed in patients with DGS and, in particular, in those with stand-alone conotruncal heart defects.
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Sui WG, He HY, Yan Q, Chen JJ, Zhang RH, Dai Y. ChIP-seq analysis of histone H3K9 trimethylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of membranous nephropathy patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 47:42-9. [PMID: 24345872 PMCID: PMC3932972 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20132809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN), characterized by the presence of diffuse thickening of
the glomerular basement membrane and subepithelial in situ immune
complex disposition, is the most common cause of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in
adults, with an incidence of 5-10 per million per year. A number of studies have
confirmed the relevance of several experimental insights to the pathogenesis of human
MN, but the specific biomarkers of MN have not been fully elucidated. As a result,
our knowledge of the alterations in histone methylation in MN is unclear. We used
chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) to
analyze the variations in a methylated histone (H3K9me3) in peripheral blood
mononuclear cells from 10 MN patients and 10 healthy subjects. There were 108 genes
with significantly different expression in the MN patients compared with the normal
controls. In MN patients, significantly increased activity was seen in 75 H3K9me3
genes, and decreased activity was seen in 33, compared with healthy subjects. Five
positive genes, DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 6 (DGCR6), sorting nexin 16
(SNX16), contactin 4 (CNTN4), baculoviral IAP repeat containing 3 (BIRC3), and
baculoviral IAP repeat containing 2 (BIRC2), were selected and quantified. There were
alterations of H3K9me3 in MN patients. These may be candidates to help explain
pathogenesis in MN patients. Such novel findings show that H3K9me3 may be a potential
biomarker or promising target for epigenetic-based MN therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Sui
- 181st Hospital, Nephrology Department, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, GuilinGuangxi, China, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Nephrology Department, 181st Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - H Y He
- Guangxi Normal University, The Life Science College, GuilinGuangxi, China, The Life Science College, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Q Yan
- 181st Hospital, Nephrology Department, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, GuilinGuangxi, China, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Nephrology Department, 181st Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - J J Chen
- 181st Hospital, Nephrology Department, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, GuilinGuangxi, China, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases Research, Nephrology Department, 181st Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - R H Zhang
- Guangxi Normal University, The Life Science College, GuilinGuangxi, China, The Life Science College, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Y Dai
- Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Clinical Medical Research Center, ShenzhenGuangdong, China, Clinical Medical Research Center, The Second Clinical Medical College, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Yu S, Graf W, Ramalingam A, Brawner S, Joyce J, Fiedler S, Zhou XG, Liu HY. Identification of Copy Number Variants on Human Chromosome 22 in Patients with a Variety of Clinical Findings. Cytogenet Genome Res 2011; 134:260-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000330123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Zunner D, Deschermeier C, Kornau HC. GABA(B) receptor subunit 1 binds to proteins affected in 22q11 deletion syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393:185-9. [PMID: 20036641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
GABA(B) receptors mediate slow inhibitory effects of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They function as heterodimeric G-protein-coupled receptors composed of the seven-transmembrane domain proteins GABA(B1) and GABA(B2), which are linked through a coiled-coil interaction. The ligand-binding subunit GABA(B1) is at first retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and is transported to the cell surface only upon assembly with GABA(B2). Here, we report that GABA(B1), via the coiled-coil domain, can also bind to soluble proteins of unknown function, that are affected in 22q11 deletion/DiGeorge syndrome and are therefore referred to as DiGeorge critical region 6 (DGCR6). In transfected neurons the GABA(B1)-DGCR6 association resulted in a redistribution of both proteins into intracellular clusters. Furthermore, the C-terminus of GABA(B2) interfered with the novel interaction, consistent with heterodimer formation overriding transient DGCR6-binding to GABA(B1). Thus, sequential coiled-coil interactions may direct GABA(B1) into functional receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Zunner
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University of Hamburg, Germany
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Li X, Ke Q, Li Y, Liu F, Zhu G, Li F. DGCR6L, a novel PAK4 interaction protein, regulates PAK4-mediated migration of human gastric cancer cell via LIMK1. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:70-9. [PMID: 19778628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression, genetic amplification and mutations of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) were found in a variety of human cancers. PAK4 regulated actin cytoskeleton reorganization by phosphorylating LIMK1 and promoted cancer cells migration. Using yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified a novel PAK4 binding protein, DGCR6L, which was associated with cancer cell metastasis. We confirmed PAK4 binding to the DGCR6L specifically by GST pull-down assay, and found an association between endogenous PAK4 and DGCR6L by immunoprecipitation in mammalian cells. Furthermore, L115 of DGCR6L was the critical amino acid to bind 466-572aa in the very C-terminus of PAK4. Importantly, DGCR6L was required for the formation of PAK4-DGCR6L-beta-actin complex. Overexpressed DGCR6L promoted migration of AGS cells mediated by PAK4, whereas knock-down of DGCR6L markedly inhibited the migration of those cells. Moreover, DGCR6L (L115V), which did not bind to PAK4, lost the ability to promote AGS cells migration. DGCR6L colocalized with PAK4 or F-actin and enhanced the phosphorylation level of LIMK1 and cofilin in a dose dependent manner. Taken together, our results demonstrated that DGCR6L, a novel PAK4 interacting protein, regulated PAK4-mediated migration of human gastric cancer cells via LIMK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, PR China
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