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Szaluś-Jordanow O, Barszcz K, Mądry W, Buczyński M, Czopowicz M, Gierulski A, Moroz-Fik A, Mickiewicz M, Grzegorczyk M, Jaroszewicz J. Hydrops fetalis caused by a complex congenital heart defect with concurrent hypoplasia of pulmonary blood vessels and lungs visualized by micro-CT in a French Bulldog. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:189. [PMID: 38734649 PMCID: PMC11088049 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrops fetalis (HF) is fluid accumulation in fetus body cavities and subcutaneous tissue. The condition has been described in various farm and companion animal species, including dogs. Most of cases result from a heart defect. Exact nature of this defect is rarely clarified. CASE PRESENTATION A newborn, male French bulldog puppy with severe HF underwent a full anatomopathological examination to diagnose the primary cause of HF. Based on the anatomopathological examination, fetal ultrasound, and micro-computed tomography, transposition of the great arteries with hypoplasia of the ascending aorta, aortic arch interruption, ostium secundum atrial septal defect, severe tricuspid valve dysplasia, as well as hypoplasia of pulmonary vessels and lungs were diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of HF caused by severe, complex congenital heart defects with concurrent pulmonary vessel and lung hypoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Szaluś-Jordanow
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska Str. 159c, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland.
| | - Karolina Barszcz
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | - Wojciech Mądry
- Department of Heart, Chest and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, Warsaw, 02-091, Poland
| | - Michał Buczyński
- Department of Heart, Chest and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63A, Warsaw, 02-091, Poland
| | - Michał Czopowicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | - Adam Gierulski
- Private Practice, Animal Veterinary Clinic, Młynarska 29, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agata Moroz-Fik
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | - Marcin Mickiewicz
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159c, Warsaw, 02-776, Poland
| | - Michał Grzegorczyk
- Department of Descriptive and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, Warsaw, 02-004, Poland
| | - Jakub Jaroszewicz
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, Warsaw, 02-507, Poland
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Crofton AE, Kovacs SL, Stern JA. Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis: Learning From Human and Canine Clinical Research. Cardiol Res 2023; 14:319-333. [PMID: 37936623 PMCID: PMC10627371 DOI: 10.14740/cr1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) is the most common congenital heart disease (CHD) in dogs and is also prevalent in human children. A fibrous ridge below the aortic valve narrows the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and increases blood flow velocity, leading to devastating side effects in diseased patients. Due to the similarities in presentation, anatomy, pathophysiology, cardiac development, genomics, and environment between humans and dogs, canine SAS patients represent a critical translational model of human SAS. Potential adverse outcomes of SAS include arrhythmias, left-sided congestive heart failure, endocarditis, exercise intolerance, syncope, and sudden cardiac death. The greatest divergence between canine and human SAS clinical research has been the standard of care regarding treatment of these outcomes, with pharmacological intervention dominating best practices in veterinary medicine and surgical intervention comprising the standard practice for human SAS patients. Regardless of the species, the field has yet to identify a treatment option to prevent disease progression or permanently remove the fibrous ridge, but historical leaps in SAS research support a continued translational approach as the most promising method for achieving this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E. Crofton
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samantha L. Kovacs
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Joshua A. Stern
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Aherne M. Cardiac Disease and Screening in Breeding Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00074-8. [PMID: 37353418 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Acquired and congenital heart diseases are relatively common in dogs, particularly in certain breeds. Modes of inheritance and genetic causes have been established for several cardiac diseases within various breeds. Breed screening is used to try and reduce the prevalence of certain canine cardiac diseases. Although breed screening seems to help reduce the prevalence of canine heart disease, the outcomes of specific breeding programs are variable and depend on multiple factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aherne
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Eason BD, Fine-Ferreira DM, Leeder D, Stauthammer C, Lamb K, Tobias A. Natural history of subaortic stenosis in 166 dogs (1999-2011). J Vet Cardiol 2021; 37:71-80. [PMID: 34634578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Subaortic stenosis (SAS) is one of the most common congenital cardiac diseases in dogs. The objective of this study was to provide survival times on a large population of dogs with SAS and to propose a redefined pressure gradient (PG) scale to include a mild, moderate, severe and very severe disease group. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Dogs were divided into four groups based on the Doppler-derived PG across the stenosis. Disease severity was defined as follows: mild = PG < 50 mmHg; moderate = PG range 50-80 mmHg; severe = PG range 80-130 mmHg; and very severe = PG > 130 mmHg. Over the study period (1999-2011), 166 client-owned dogs were diagnosed with SAS of which 129 had follow-up information available. RESULTS Unadjusted median survival time for severity groups were as follows: mild 10.6 years; moderate 9.9 years; severe 7.3 years; and very severe 3.0 years. Univariable analysis examining the effect of the PG, age at diagnosis and sex found only the PG and age at diagnosis had a significant effect on survival. Adjusted survival curves showed that the survival time in the very severe group was decreased compared with all other groups. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, a revised SAS classification system with four PG groups is appropriate. Dogs with a PG > 130 mmHg were identified as those with the lowest median survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Eason
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 E Campus Dr, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - D M Fine-Ferreira
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, 900 E Campus Dr, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - D Leeder
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - C Stauthammer
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - K Lamb
- Lamb Statistical Consulting LLC, 404 Thompson Ave W, Saint Paul, MN, 55118, USA
| | - A Tobias
- University of Minnesota, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1365 Gortner Ave, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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Abstract
Subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) is one of the most common congenital heart defects of dogs. The disease is characterized by obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract, resulting in pressure overload on the left ventricle. The etiology of obstruction is a fibromuscular nodule, ridge, or ring of tissue that increases aortic outflow tract velocity. This review is focused on the prevalence, inheritance pattern, and current genetic insights of canine SAS. The prevalence of this disease was reported at 4.7 % in a large veterinary referral hospital. The mode of inheritance for this disease has also been described in breeds with a high disease prevalence such as the Bullmastiff, Bouvier des Flandres, Dogue de Bordeaux, Golden Retriever, Newfoundland, and Rottweiler. Genetic investigations seeking to identify causative mutations for SAS are lacking with only a single published variant associated with SAS in Newfoundlands.
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Shaffer LG, Geretschlaeger A, Ramirez CJ, Ballif BC, Carl C. Quality assurance checklist and additional considerations for canine clinical genetic testing laboratories: a follow-up to the published standards and guidelines. Hum Genet 2019; 138:501-508. [PMID: 30982136 PMCID: PMC6536464 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no oversight for canine clinical genetic testing laboratories. We published an initial set of standards and guidelines with the goal of providing a basis for which canine testing laboratories could evaluate their quality assurance programs. To further those standards and guidelines, we have developed a checklist that can be used as a self-evaluation to identify gaps in their programs for continual quality improvement over time. Because there is currently no organization willing to oversee an external proficiency program, the checklist provides the first step toward an internal, self-assessment that can be used periodically to monitor improvements. In addition, we attempt to address concerns from the canine community regarding rare or private mutations, genetic screening using array-based technologies, non-peer reviewed tests that are being offered, and the clinical validity of certain mutations in particular breeds. Through coordination, conversation and hard work, the canine genetic testing community can strive to organize to improve testing and to provide more transparency to consumers and better outcomes for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Shaffer
- Paw Print Genetics, Genetic Veterinary Sciences, Inc., 220 E Rowan, Suite 220, Spokane, WA, 99207, USA.
| | | | - Christina J Ramirez
- Paw Print Genetics, Genetic Veterinary Sciences, Inc., 220 E Rowan, Suite 220, Spokane, WA, 99207, USA
| | - Blake C Ballif
- Paw Print Genetics, Genetic Veterinary Sciences, Inc., 220 E Rowan, Suite 220, Spokane, WA, 99207, USA
| | - Casey Carl
- Paw Print Genetics, Genetic Veterinary Sciences, Inc., 220 E Rowan, Suite 220, Spokane, WA, 99207, USA
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Rishniw M, Caivano D, Dickson D, Swift S, Rouben C, Dennis S, Sammarco C, Lustgarten J, Ljungvall I. Breed does not affect the association between murmur intensity and disease severity in dogs with pulmonic or subaortic stenosis. J Small Anim Pract 2019; 60:493-498. [PMID: 31032935 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether breed affects the ability of murmur intensity to predict the severity of stenosis in dogs with pulmonic stenosis or subaortic stenosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective multi-investigator study of dogs with pulmonic stenosis or subaortic stenosis. Murmur intensity, assessed by a four-level classification scheme, was compared with echocardiographically-determined pressure gradient across the affected valve. Breeds represented by at least 10 dogs at any murmur intensity were compared to determine the effect, if any, of breed. RESULTS A total of 1088 dogs (520 with pulmonic stenosis and 568 with subaortic stenosis, representing 106 breeds and the mixed breed group) were included; 208 dogs had soft, 210 had moderate, 283 had loud and 387 had palpable murmurs. Fifteen breeds were represented by at least 10 dogs: five breeds with at least 10 dogs had soft murmurs (132 dogs), nine breeds had moderate murmurs (149 dogs), 10 breeds had loud murmurs (188 dogs), and 11 breeds had palpable murmurs (286 dogs). No breeds differed in stenosis severity from any other breeds within any murmur grade. Post hoc power calculations suggested that we would have been able to detect at least a moderate or large effect size, had one existed. Several dogs with soft murmurs had more-than-mild disease severity. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Despite anecdotally perceived differences in the detection of heart murmurs between breeds, which have been proposed to potentially affect the interpretation of stenosis severity, we found no obvious breed effect in the ability to predict severity of stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rishniw
- Veterinary Information Network, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - D Caivano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, 06126, Italy
| | - D Dickson
- HeartVets, Porthcawl, Wales, CF36 5LD, UK
| | - S Swift
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - C Rouben
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32610, USA
| | - S Dennis
- Hope Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, Pennsylvania, 19355, USA
| | - C Sammarco
- Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, New Jersey, 07724, USA
| | - J Lustgarten
- Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, New Jersey, 07724, USA
| | - I Ljungvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
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Ontiveros ES, Fousse SL, Crofton AE, Hodge TE, Gunther-Harrington CT, Visser LC, Stern JA. Congenital Cardiac Outflow Tract Abnormalities in Dogs: Prevalence and Pattern of Inheritance From 2008 to 2017. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:52. [PMID: 30873420 PMCID: PMC6402372 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) and valvular pulmonic stenosis (PS) are two of the most common congenital heart diseases of dogs. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and mode of inheritance of these congenital heart diseases in a large veterinary teaching hospital population. Case records of dogs presented to the University of California Davis, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (UCD VMTH) between January 2008 to December 2017 were reviewed retrospectively and pedigree information was obtained when available. There were 259 unique SAS and 336 unique PS cases diagnosed during the study period. The prevalence of SAS was 0.3% of overall hospital admissions and 4.7% for all dogs seen by the cardiology service. The prevalence for PS was 0.41% of overall hospital admissions and 6.1% of dogs seen by the cardiology service. Bullmastiffs and Newfoundlands had the greatest prevalence (6.59 and 4.46%, respectively) and odds ratio (52.43 and 34.73, respectively) for SAS. Bulldogs and French Bulldogs had the greatest prevalence (4.8 and 2.7%, respectively) and odds ratio (13.32 and 7.52, respectively) for PS. The identified prevalence of SAS and PS is higher than previously reported. Pedigree analysis in SAS affected Bullmastiffs, Golden Retrievers, and Rottweilers suggested an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. The mode of inheritance for PS in Bulldogs, also appears to be autosomal recessive. The results of this study can be used to inform future selection of breeding pairs and genetic studies aimed at reducing the prevalence of these common congenital heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Ontiveros
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Samantha L Fousse
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Amanda E Crofton
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Timothy E Hodge
- University of California Veterinary Medical Center, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Catherine T Gunther-Harrington
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Lance C Visser
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Moustafa AA, Hassan M, Hewedi DH, Hewedi I, Garami JK, Al Ashwal H, Zaki N, Seo SY, Cutsuridis V, Angulo SL, Natesh JY, Herzallah MM, Frydecka D, Misiak B, Salama M, Mohamed W, El Haj M, Hornberger M. Genetic underpinnings in Alzheimer's disease - a review. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:21-38. [PMID: 28949931 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the genetic etiologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we review genetic links to protein signaling pathways as novel pharmacological targets to treat AD. Moreover, we also discuss the clumps of AD-m ediated genes according to their single nucleotide polymorphism mutations. Rigorous data mining approaches justified the significant role of genes in AD prevalence. Pedigree analysis and twin studies suggest that genetic components are part of the etiology, rather than only being risk factors for AD. The first autosomal dominant mutation in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene was described in 1991. Later, AD was also associated with mutated early-onset (presenilin 1/2, PSEN1/2 and APP) and late-onset (apolipoprotein E, ApoE) genes. Genome-wide association and linkage analysis studies with identified multiple genomic areas have implications for the treatment of AD. We conclude this review with future directions and clinical implications of genetic research in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, 48 Martin Pl, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Doaa H Hewedi
- Psychogeriatric Research Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman Hewedi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Julia K Garami
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, 48 Martin Pl, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Hany Al Ashwal
- College of Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Software Eng-(CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazar Zaki
- College of Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Software Eng-(CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Vassilis Cutsuridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sergio L Angulo
- Departments of Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Joman Y Natesh
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Mohammad M Herzallah
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Genetics, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mohamed Salama
- School of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Wael Mohamed
- International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Selangor 53100, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad El Haj
- University of Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitive Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Michael Hornberger
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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11
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Sequential segmental classification of feline congenital heart disease. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 17 Suppl 1:S10-52. [PMID: 26776571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Feline congenital heart disease is less commonly encountered in veterinary medicine than acquired feline heart diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Understanding the wide spectrum of congenital cardiovascular disease demands a familiarity with a variety of lesions, occurring both in isolation and in combination, along with an appreciation of complex nomenclature and variable classification schemes. This review begins with an overview of congenital heart disease in the cat, including proposed etiologies and prevalence, examination approaches, and principles of therapy. Specific congenital defects are presented and organized by a sequential segmental classification with respect to their morphologic lesions. Highlights of diagnosis, treatment options, and prognosis are offered. It is hoped that this review will provide a framework for approaching congenital heart disease in the cat, and more broadly in other animal species based on the sequential segmental approach, which represents an adaptation of the common methodology used in children and adults with congenital heart disease.
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Drögemüller M, Jagannathan V, Dolf G, Butenhoff K, Kottmann-Berger S, Wess G, Leeb T. A single codon insertion in the PICALM gene is not associated with subvalvular aortic stenosis in Newfoundland dogs. Hum Genet 2014; 134:127-9. [PMID: 25391634 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Drögemüller
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute of Genetics, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
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