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Shinsato RN, Correa CG, Herai RH. Genetic network analysis indicate that individuals affected by neurodevelopmental conditions have genetic variations associated with ophthalmologic alterations: A critical review of literature. Gene 2024; 908:148246. [PMID: 38325665 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Changes in the nervous system are related to a wide range of mental disorders, which include neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) that are characterized by early onset mental conditions, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders and correlated conditions (ASD). Previous studies have shown distinct genetic components associated with diverse schizophrenia and ASD phenotypes, with mostly focused on rescuing neural phenotypes and brain activity, but alterations related to vision are overlooked. Thus, as the vision is composed by the eyes that itself represents a part of the brain, with the retina being formed by neurons and cells originating from the glia, genetic variations affecting the brain can also affect the vision. Here, we performed a critical systematic literature review to screen for all genetic variations in individuals presenting NDD with reported alterations in vision. Using these restricting criteria, we found 20 genes with distinct types of genetic variations, inherited or de novo, that includes SNP, SNV, deletion, insertion, duplication or indel. The variations occurring within protein coding regions have different impact on protein formation, such as missense, nonsense or frameshift. Moreover, a molecular analysis of the 20 genes found revealed that 17 shared a common protein-protein or genetic interaction network. Moreover, gene expression analysis in samples from the brain and other tissues indicates that 18 of the genes found are highly expressed in the brain and retina, indicating their potential role in adult vision phenotype. Finally, we only found 3 genes from our study described in standard public databanks of ophthalmogenetics, suggesting that the other 17 genes could be novel target for vision diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério N Shinsato
- Unisalesiano, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Neurogenetics (LaBiN/LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil.
| | - Camila Graczyk Correa
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Neurogenetics (LaBiN/LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil
| | - Roberto H Herai
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Neurogenetics (LaBiN/LEM), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, 80215-901, Brazil; Research Division, Buko Kaesemodel Institute (IBK), Curitiba, Paraná 80240-000, Brazil; Research Division, 9p Brazil Association (A9pB), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97060-580, Brazil.
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2
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Liu Z, Ding S, Xu G, Fang C. Case Report: Identification of a novel PRR12 variant in a Chinese boy with developmental delay and short stature. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1367131. [PMID: 38798311 PMCID: PMC11119739 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1367131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Proline Rich 12 (PRR12) protein is primarily expressed in the brain and localized in the nucleus. The variants in the PRR12 gene were reported to be related to neuroocular syndrome. Patients with PRR12 gene presented with intellectual disability (ID), neuropsychiatric disorders, some congenital anomalies, and with or without eye abnormalities. Here, we report an 11-year-old boy with a novel PRR12 variant c.1549_1568del, p.(Pro517Alafs*35). He was the first PRR12 deficiency patient in China and presented with ID, short stature, and mild scoliosis. He could not concentrate on his studies and was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGH-1) was low in our patient, which may be the cause of his short stature. Patients with neuroocular syndrome are rare, and further exploration is needed to understand the reason for neurodevelopmental abnormalities caused by PRR12 variants. Our study further expands on the PRR12 variants and presents a new case involving PPR12 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Women and Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuxia Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, Women and Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangwei Xu
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedic, Women and Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunyan Fang
- Department of Neurology, Women and Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Muscò A, Martini D, Digregorio M, Broccoli V, Andreazzoli M. Shedding a Light on Dark Genes: A Comparative Expression Study of PRR12 Orthologues during Zebrafish Development. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:492. [PMID: 38674426 PMCID: PMC11050278 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of the PRR12 gene is implicated in a human neuro-ocular syndrome. Although identified as a nuclear protein highly expressed in the embryonic mouse brain, PRR12 molecular function remains elusive. This study explores the spatio-temporal expression of zebrafish PRR12 co-orthologs, prr12a and prr12b, as a first step to elucidate their function. In silico analysis reveals high evolutionary conservation in the DNA-interacting domains for both orthologs, with significant syntenic conservation observed for the prr12b locus. In situ hybridization and RT-qPCR analyses on zebrafish embryos and larvae reveal distinct expression patterns: prr12a is expressed early in zygotic development, mainly in the central nervous system, while prr12b expression initiates during gastrulation, localizing later to dopaminergic telencephalic and diencephalic cell clusters. Both transcripts are enriched in the ganglion cell and inner neural layers of the 72 hpf retina, with prr12b widely distributed in the ciliary marginal zone. In the adult brain, prr12a and prr12b are found in the cerebellum, amygdala and ventral telencephalon, which represent the main areas affected in autistic patients. Overall, this study suggests PRR12's potential involvement in eye and brain development, laying the groundwork for further investigations into PRR12-related neurobehavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Muscò
- Cell and Developmental Biology Unit, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (D.M.)
| | - Davide Martini
- Cell and Developmental Biology Unit, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (D.M.)
| | - Matteo Digregorio
- Cell and Developmental Biology Unit, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy (D.M.)
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, 20132 Milan, Italy
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4
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Granata P, Cocciadiferro D, Zito A, Pessina C, Bassani A, Zambonin F, Novelli A, Fasano M, Casalone R. Whole Exome Sequencing in 16p13.11 Microdeletion Patients Reveals New Variants Through Deductive and Systems Medicine Approaches. Front Genet 2022; 13:798607. [PMID: 35368691 PMCID: PMC8965081 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.798607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 16p13.11 microdeletion, whose prevalence in the general population is about 0.04%, is known in literature as a predisposition factor to neurodevelopmental disorders, being found in about 0.13% of patients with schizophrenia, in 0.5–0.6% of patient with epilepsy, cognitive impairment, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and aggressiveness. The goal of this study was to identify a specific gene set pattern unique for the affected patients in comparison with other familial components. Due to the incomplete penetrance of this copy number variant (CNV), we studied by whole exome sequencing (WES), with particular regard of 850 SFARI genes, three families with an affected member carrier of inherited 16p13.11 and 16p13.11p12.3 microdeletion and one family with an affected member with a de novo 16p13.11 microdeletion. By combining a deductive approach together with personalized network models, we identified gene signatures potentially capable of explaining the clinical phenotype. Candidate variants in genes of interest were identified as possibly involved in determining the neurological phenotype of the four patients, such as compound heterozygosity in CECR2, variants in MTOR and RICTOR genes, compound heterozygous single nucleotide variants in the LRRK2 gene. Moreover, genes present in the microdeletion region were partially present as central nodes, with a focus on NDE1. No additional pathogenetic or uncertain CNVs were found in all four patients. No significant variants were detected in genes included in the microdeletion in patients 1, 2 and 3, excluding the finding of unmasked recessive variants. In conclusion, WES is a fundamental tool in the genetic investigation of patients having a predisposing variant, which is not sufficient to define the clinical phenotype. Moreover, the analysis of WES data using Systems medicine tools, such as personalized network models, led to the prioritization of genes on a high throughput scale and to discover variants in genes that were not prioritized at first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Granata
- Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Services, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Dario Cocciadiferro
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zito
- Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Services, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Chiara Pessina
- Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Services, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bassani
- Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Services, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabio Zambonin
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Maternal and Child Health, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| | - Mauro Fasano
- Department of Science and High Technology and Center of Bioinformatics, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mauro Fasano, ; Rosario Casalone,
| | - Rosario Casalone
- Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Services, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy
- *Correspondence: Mauro Fasano, ; Rosario Casalone,
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Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Relation to Newly Emerging Monogenic Forms of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Importance of Phenotype Reevaluation after Pangenomic Results. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10215060. [PMID: 34768579 PMCID: PMC8584959 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ASD genetic diagnosis has dramatically improved due to NGS technologies, and many new causative genes have been discovered. Consequently, new ASD phenotypes have emerged. An extensive exome sequencing study carried out by the Autism Sequencing Consortium (ASC) was published in February 2020. The study identified 102 genes which are de novo mutated in subjects affected by autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or similar neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The majority of these genes was already known to be implicated in ASD or NDDs, whereas approximately 30 genes were considered “novel” as either they were not previously associated with ASD/NDDs or very little information about them was present in the literature. The aim of this work is to review the current literature since the publication of the ASC paper to see if new data mainly concerning genotype–phenotype correlations of the novel genes have been added to the existing one. We found new important clinical and molecular data for 6 of the 30 novel genes. Though the broad and overlapping neurodevelopmental phenotypes observed in most monogenic forms of NDDs make it difficult for the clinical geneticist to address gene-specific tests, knowledge of these new data can at least help to prioritize and interpret results of pangenomic tests to some extent. Indeed, for some of the new emerging genes analyzed in the present work, specific clinical features emerged that may help the clinical geneticist to make the final diagnosis by associating the genetic test results with the phenotype. The importance of this relatively new approach known as “reverse phenotyping” will be discussed.
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6
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Dixon G, Pan H, Yang D, Rosen BP, Jashari T, Verma N, Pulecio J, Caspi I, Lee K, Stransky S, Glezer A, Liu C, Rivas M, Kumar R, Lan Y, Torregroza I, He C, Sidoli S, Evans T, Elemento O, Huangfu D. QSER1 protects DNA methylation valleys from de novo methylation. Science 2021; 372:eabd0875. [PMID: 33833093 PMCID: PMC8185639 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd0875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is essential to mammalian development, and dysregulation can cause serious pathological conditions. Key enzymes responsible for deposition and removal of DNA methylation are known, but how they cooperate to regulate the methylation landscape remains a central question. Using a knockin DNA methylation reporter, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen in human embryonic stem cells to discover DNA methylation regulators. The top screen hit was an uncharacterized gene, QSER1, which proved to be a key guardian of bivalent promoters and poised enhancers of developmental genes, especially those residing in DNA methylation valleys (or canyons). We further demonstrate genetic and biochemical interactions of QSER1 and TET1, supporting their cooperation to safeguard transcriptional and developmental programs from DNMT3-mediated de novo methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Dixon
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Heng Pan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dapeng Yang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bess P Rosen
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Therande Jashari
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nipun Verma
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences at Cornell University-The Rockefeller University-Sloan Kettering Institute Tri-Institutional M.D.-Ph.D. Program, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julian Pulecio
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Inbal Caspi
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kihyun Lee
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephanie Stransky
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Abigail Glezer
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marco Rivas
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ritu Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yahui Lan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ingrid Torregroza
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Danwei Huangfu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Haploinsufficiency of PRR12 causes a spectrum of neurodevelopmental, eye, and multisystem abnormalities. Genet Med 2021; 23:1234-1245. [PMID: 33824499 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Proline Rich 12 (PRR12) is a gene of unknown function with suspected DNA-binding activity, expressed in developing mice and human brains. Predicted loss-of-function variants in this gene are extremely rare, indicating high intolerance of haploinsufficiency. METHODS Three individuals with intellectual disability and iris anomalies and truncating de novo PRR12 variants were described previously. We add 21 individuals with similar PRR12 variants identified via matchmaking platforms, bringing the total number to 24. RESULTS We observed 12 frameshift, 6 nonsense, 1 splice-site, and 2 missense variants and one patient with a gross deletion involving PRR12. Three individuals had additional genetic findings, possibly confounding the phenotype. All patients had developmental impairment. Variable structural eye defects were observed in 12/24 individuals (50%) including anophthalmia, microphthalmia, colobomas, optic nerve and iris abnormalities. Additional common features included hypotonia (61%), heart defects (52%), growth failure (54%), and kidney anomalies (35%). PrediXcan analysis showed that phecodes most strongly associated with reduced predicted PRR12 expression were enriched for eye- (7/30) and kidney- (4/30) phenotypes, such as wet macular degeneration and chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSION These findings support PRR12 haploinsufficiency as a cause for a novel disorder with a wide clinical spectrum marked chiefly by neurodevelopmental and eye abnormalities.
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Reis LM, Costakos D, Wheeler PG, Bardakjian T, Schneider A, Fung SSM, Semina EV. Dominant variants in PRR12 result in unilateral or bilateral complex microphthalmia. Clin Genet 2021; 99:437-442. [PMID: 33314030 PMCID: PMC8259391 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Complex microphthalmia is characterized by small eyes with additional abnormalities that may include anterior segment dysgenesis. While many genes are known, a genetic cause is identified in only 4-30% of microphthalmia, with the lowest rate in unilateral cases. We identified four novel pathogenic loss-of-function alleles in PRR12 in families affected by complex microphthalmia and/or Peters anomaly, including two de novo, the first dominantly transmitted allele, as well as the first splicing variant. The ocular phenotypes were isolated with no additional systemic features observed in two unrelated families. Remarkably, ocular phenotypes were asymmetric in all individuals and unilateral (with structurally normal contralateral eye) in three. There are only three previously reported PRR12 variants identified in probands with intellectual disability, neuropsychiatric disorders, and iris anomalies. While some overlap with previously reported cases is seen, nonsyndromic developmental ocular anomalies are a novel phenotype for this gene. Additional phenotypic expansions included short stature and normal development/cognition, each noted in two individuals in this cohort, as well as absence of neuropsychiatric disorders in all. This study identifies new associations for PRR12 disruption in humans and presents a genetic diagnosis resulting in unilateral ocular phenotypes in a significant proportion of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Reis
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Deborah Costakos
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | | | - Tanya Bardakjian
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia 5501 Old York Rd, Levy 2 West Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
| | - Adele Schneider
- Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia 5501 Old York Rd, Levy 2 West Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA
- Current position: Wills Eye Hospital, Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Ocular Genetics, 840 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Simon S M Fung
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | | | - Elena V Semina
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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George A, Cogliati T, Brooks BP. Genetics of syndromic ocular coloboma: CHARGE and COACH syndromes. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107940. [PMID: 32032630 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optic fissure closure defects result in uveal coloboma, a potentially blinding condition affecting between 0.5 and 2.6 per 10,000 births that may cause up to 10% of childhood blindness. Uveal coloboma is on a phenotypic continuum with microphthalmia (small eye) and anophthalmia (primordial/no ocular tissue), the so-called MAC spectrum. This review gives a brief overview of the developmental biology behind coloboma and its clinical presentation/spectrum. Special attention will be given to two prominent, syndromic forms of coloboma, namely, CHARGE (Coloboma, Heart defect, Atresia choanae, Retarded growth and development, Genital hypoplasia, and Ear anomalies/deafness) and COACH (Cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, Oligophrenia, Ataxia, Coloboma, and Hepatic fibrosis) syndromes. Approaches employed to identify genes involved in optic fissure closure in animal models and recent advances in live imaging of zebrafish eye development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman George
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Tiziana Cogliati
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Brian P Brooks
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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