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Liehr T, Ziegler M, Person L, Kankel S, Padutsch N, Weise A, Weimer JP, Williams H, Ferreira S, Melo JB, Carreira IM. Small supernumerary marker chromosomes derived from human chromosome 11. Front Genet 2023; 14:1293652. [PMID: 38174048 PMCID: PMC10763568 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1293652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: With only 39 reported cases in the literature, carriers of a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 11 represent an extremely rare cytogenomic condition. Methods: Herein, we present a review of reported sSMC(11), add 18 previously unpublished cases, and closely review eight cases classified as 'centromere-near partial trisomy 11' and a further four suited cases from DECIPHER. Results and discussion: Based on these data, we deduced the borders of the pericentric regions associated with clinical symptoms into a range of 2.63 and 0.96 Mb for chromosome 11 short (p) and long (q) arms, respectively. In addition, the minimal pericentric region of chromosome 11 without triplo-sensitive genes was narrowed to positions 47.68 and 60.52 Mb (GRCh37). Furthermore, there are apparent differences in the presentation of signs and symptoms in carriers of larger sSMCs derived from chromosome 11 when the partial trisomy is derived from different chromosome arms. However, the number of informative sSMC(11) cases remains low, with overlapping presentation between p- and q-arm-imbalances. In addition, uniparental disomy (UPD) of 'normal' chromosome 11 needs to be considered in the evaluation of sSMC(11) carriers, as imprinting may be an influencing factor, although no such cases have been reported. Comprehensively, prenatal sSMC(11) cases remain a diagnostic and prognostic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Monika Ziegler
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Luisa Person
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kankel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Niklas Padutsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Weise
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Paul Weimer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Susana Ferreira
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, CACC, iCBR/CIMAGO, CIBB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana B. Melo
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, CACC, iCBR/CIMAGO, CIBB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel M. Carreira
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, CACC, iCBR/CIMAGO, CIBB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Tools used to assay genomic instability in cancers and cancer meiomitosis. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 16:159-177. [PMID: 34841477 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00661-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a defining characteristic of cancer and the analysis of DNA damage at the chromosome level is a crucial part of the study of carcinogenesis and genotoxicity. Chromosomal instability (CIN), the most common level of genomic instability in cancers, is defined as the rate of loss or gain of chromosomes through successive divisions. As such, DNA in cancer cells is highly unstable. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. There is a debate as to whether instability succeeds transformation, or if it is a by-product of cancer, and therefore, studying potential molecular and cellular contributors of genomic instability is of high importance. Recent work has suggested an important role for ectopic expression of meiosis genes in driving genomic instability via a process called meiomitosis. Improving understanding of these mechanisms can contribute to the development of targeted therapies that exploit DNA damage and repair mechanisms. Here, we discuss a workflow of novel and established techniques used to assess chromosomal instability as well as the nature of genomic instability such as double strand breaks, micronuclei, and chromatin bridges. For each technique, we discuss their advantages and limitations in a lab setting. Lastly, we provide detailed protocols for the discussed techniques.
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Abstract
Chromosome analysis is one of the first approaches to genetic testing and remains a key component of genetic analysis of constitutional and somatic genetic disorders. Numerical or unbalanced structural chromosome abnormalities usually lead to multiple congenital anomalies. Sometimes these are compatible with live birth, usually resulting in severe cognitive and physical handicaps; other times they result in miscarriage or stillbirth. Chromosome rearrangements also occur as somatic changes in malignancies. Identification of constitutional chromosomal anomalies (anomalies present in most or all cells of the body and/or the germline) can provide important information for genetic counseling. In this unit, we introduce chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), which is a relatively recent addition to cytogenetic technologies, and has become the recommended first-tier testing method for patients with developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism, and/or multiple congenital anomalies. We also discuss non-invasive prenatal testing/screening (NIPTS), which uses circulating cell-free fetal DNA (cfDNA) from maternal plasma to rapidly screen for autosomal and sex-chromosome aneuploidies. Cytogenetic analysis of tumors is helpful in diagnosis and in monitoring the effects of treatment. The protocols in this chapter cover the clinical study of chromosomes in nonmalignant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Gonzales
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Andrew J Carroll
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Bruce R Korf
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Abstract
The field of anatomic pathology has changed significantly over the last decades and, as a result of the technological developments in molecular pathology and genetics, has had increasing pressures put on it to become quantitative and to provide more information about protein expression on a cellular level in tissue sections. Multispectral imaging (MSI) has a long history as an advanced imaging modality and has been used for over a decade now in pathology to improve quantitative accuracy, enable the analysis of multicolor immunohistochemistry, and drastically reduce the impact of contrast-robbing tissue autofluorescence common in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. When combined with advanced software for the automated segmentation of different tissue morphologies (eg, tumor vs stroma) and cellular and subcellular segmentation, MSI can enable the per-cell quantitation of many markers simultaneously. This article covers the role that MSI has played in anatomic pathology in the analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections, discusses the technological aspects of why MSI has been adopted, and provides a review of the literature of the application of MSI in anatomic pathology.
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Rao KP, Belogolovkin V. Marker chromosomes. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2013; 32:97-112. [PMID: 22587446 DOI: 10.3109/15513815.2012.681425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Marker chromosomes are a morphologically heterogeneous group of structurally abnormal chromosomes that pose a significant challenge in prenatal diagnosis. Phenotypes associated with marker chromosomes are highly variable and range from normal to severely abnormal. Clinical outcomes are very difficult to predict when marker chromosomes are detected prenatally. In this review, we outline the classification, etiology, cytogenetic characterization, and clinical consequences of marker chromosomes, as well as practical approaches to prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Prabhaker Rao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
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Anguiano A, Wang BT, Wang SR, Boyar FZ, Mahon LW, El Naggar MM, Kohn PH, Haddadin MH, Sulcova V, Sbeiti AH, Ayad MS, White BJ, Strom CM. Spectral Karyotyping for identification of constitutional chromosomal abnormalities at a national reference laboratory. Mol Cytogenet 2012; 5:3. [PMID: 22248351 PMCID: PMC3298509 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectral karyotyping is a diagnostic tool that allows visualization of chromosomes in different colors using the FISH technology and a spectral imaging system. To assess the value of spectral karyotyping analysis for identifying constitutional supernumerary marker chromosomes or derivative chromosomes at a national reference laboratory, we reviewed the results of 179 consecutive clinical samples (31 prenatal and 148 postnatal) submitted for spectral karyotyping. Over 90% of the cases were requested to identify either small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) or chromosomal exchange material detected by G-banded chromosome analysis. We also reviewed clinical indications of those cases with marker chromosomes in which chromosomal origin was identified by spectral karyotyping. Our results showed that spectral karyotyping identified the chromosomal origin of marker chromosomes or the source of derivative chromosomal material in 158 (88%) of the 179 clinical cases; the identification rate was slightly higher for postnatal (89%) compared to prenatal (84%) cases. Cases in which the origin could not be identified had either a small marker chromosome present at a very low level of mosaicism (< 10%), or contained very little euchromatic material. Supplemental FISH analysis confirmed the spectral karyotyping results in all 158 cases. Clinical indications for prenatal cases were mainly for marker identification after amniocentesis. For postnatal cases, the primary indications were developmental delay and multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). The most frequently encountered markers were of chromosome 15 origin for satellited chromosomes, and chromosomes 2 and 16 for non-satellited chromosomes. We were able to obtain pertinent clinical information for 47% (41/88) of cases with an identified abnormal chromosome. We conclude that spectral karyotyping is sufficiently reliable for use and provides a valuable diagnostic tool for establishing the origin of supernumerary marker chromosomes or derivative chromosomal material that cannot be identified with standard cytogenetic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Anguiano
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
| | - Boris T Wang
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
| | - Shirong R Wang
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
| | - Fatih Z Boyar
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
| | - Loretta W Mahon
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
| | | | - Peter H Kohn
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
| | - Mary H Haddadin
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
| | - Vladimira Sulcova
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
| | - Adam H Sbeiti
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
| | - Mervat S Ayad
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
| | - Beverly J White
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
| | - Charles M Strom
- Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92690, USA
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Chromosome analysis by spectral karyotyping of spermatozoa from an oligoasthenozoospermic carrier of a 10; 21 reciprocal translocation. Hum Cell 2011; 24:146-9. [PMID: 21989793 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-011-0035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis of germ-line cells prior to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment is thought to be necessary for infertile males with an identified chromosomal abnormality. We analyzed the chromosomal karyotype of human spermatozoa from an oligoasthenozoospermic carrier of a reciprocal translocation t(10; 21). Cytogenetic analysis of 39 spermatozoa was performed by spectral karyotyping (SKY) and by ICSI into mouse oocytes. The motile morphologically normal spermatozoa were injected into mouse oocytes. Of these spermatozoa, 38 (97.4%) were activated. Twenty-one (53.8%) of the activated oocytes formed two pronuclei. Metaphase chromosome spreads from 13 spermatozoa were analyzed. Only one spermatozoon was normal and 2 spermatozoa exhibited balanced translocation. Nine and one spermatozoa showed abnormalities related and unrelated to the translocation, respectively. The numbers of normal/balanced spermatozoa were lower than those in previous reports analyzing reciprocal translocations using a previously described technique involving penetrated golden hamster oocytes. After genetic counseling with the carrier and his partner, ICSI treatment was performed. Healthy female and male infants were delivered at 37 weeks gestation via a Caesarean section. The female infant was a carrier of the reciprocal translocation and the male infant was confirmed normal on prenatal diagnosis at 16 weeks gestation. For genetic counseling prior to ICSI treatment, the incidence of unbalanced type spermatozoa after swim-up or Percoll gradient treatment should be investigated and discussed with couples having fertility problems related to oligozoospermia autosomal structural abnormalities.
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Hu J, Madan-Khetarpal S, Serrano Russi AH, Kochmar S, DeWard SJ, Sathanoori M, Surti U. Three supernumerary marker chromosomes in a patient with developmental delay, mental retardation, and dysmorphic features. GENETICS RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:185271. [PMID: 22567345 PMCID: PMC3335458 DOI: 10.4061/2011/185271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We characterized three supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) simultaneously present in a 2-year- and 10-month-old male patient with mental retardation and dysmorphic features. Peripheral blood chromosome analysis revealed two to three SMCs in 25/26 cells analyzed. The remaining one cell had one SMC. Microarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) showed mosaicism for gains of 5q35.3, 15q11.2q13.3, and 18p11.21q11.1 regions. All three gains contain multiple OMIM genes. FISH studies indicated that one of the SMCs is a dicentric ring 15 with two copies of the 15q11.2q13.3 region including SNRPN/UBE3A and two copies of the 5q35.3 region. One of the der(18)s contains the 18 centromere and 18p11.2 regions, while the other der(18) has a signal for the 18 centromere only. The phenotype of the patient is compared with that of patients with tetrasomy 15q11.2q13.3, trisomy 5q35.3, and trisomy 18p11.2. Our study demonstrates that aCGH and FISH analyses are powerful tools, which complement the conventional cytogenetic analysis for the identification of SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hu
- Pittsburgh Cytogenetics Laboratory, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Suneeta Madan-Khetarpal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Alvaro H. Serrano Russi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sally Kochmar
- Pittsburgh Cytogenetics Laboratory, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephanie J. DeWard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Malini Sathanoori
- Pittsburgh Cytogenetics Laboratory, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Urvashi Surti
- Pittsburgh Cytogenetics Laboratory, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Jiang W, Wang XW, Unger T, Forgues M, Kim JW, Hussain SP, Bowman E, Spillare EA, Lipsky MM, Meck JM, Cavalli LR, Haddad BR, Harris CC. Cooperation of tumor-derived HBx mutants and p53-249(ser) mutant in regulating cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and aneuploidy in a telomerase-immortalized normal human hepatocyte-derived cell line. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:1011-20. [PMID: 20017137 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer, and hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major etiological agent. Convincing epidemiological and experimental evidence also links HCC to aflatoxin, a naturally occurring mycotoxin that produces a signature p53-249(ser) mutation. Recently, we have reported that tumor-derived HBx variants encoded by HBV exhibited attenuated transactivation and proapoptotic functions but retained their ability to block p53-mediated apoptosis. These results indicate that mutations in HBx may contribute to the development of HCC. In this study, we determined whether tumor-derived HBx mutants along, or in cooperation with p53-249(ser), could alter cell proliferation and chromosome stability of normal human hepatocytes. To test this hypothesis, we established a telomerase immortalized normal human hepatocycte line HHT4 that exhibited a near diploid karyotype and expressed many hepatocyte-specific genes. We found that overexpression one of the tumor-derived HBx mutants, CT, significantly increased colony forming efficiency (CFE) while its corresponding wild-type allele CNT significantly decreased CFE in HHT4 cells. p53-249(ser) rescued CNT-mediated inhibition of colony formation. Although HHT4 cells lacked an anchorage independent growth capability as they did not form any colonies in soft agar, the CT-expressing HHT4 cells could form colonies, which could be significantly enhanced by p53-249(ser). Induction of aneuploidy could be observed in HHT4 cells expressing CT, but additionally recurring chromosome abnormalities could only be detected in cells coexpressing CT and p53-249(ser). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that certain mutations in HBx and p53 at codon 249 may cooperate in contributing to liver carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Jiang
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
This unit provides an introduction to clinical cytogenetics. It opens with indications for prenatal and postnatal chromosome analysis, followed by a brief discussion of the applications of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). It suggests tissue sources for prenatal and postnatal analysis, and closes with a review of numerical and structural chromosome abnormalities. This unit provides an introduction to clinical cytogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Korf
- Center for Human Genetics Partners Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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[Strategies to identify supernumerary chromosomal markers in constitutional cytogenetics]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 56:362-7. [PMID: 18456432 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Supernumerary marker chromosomes (SMCs) are defined as extrastructurally abnormal chromosomes which origin and composition cannot be determined by conventional cytogenetics. SMCs are an heterogeneous group of abnormalities concerning all chromosomes with variable structure and size and are associated with phenotypic heterogeneity. The characterisation of SMCs is of utmost importance for genetic counselling. Different molecular techniques are used to identify chromosomal material present in markers such as 24-colour FISH (MFISH, SKY), centromere specific multicolour FISH (cenMFISH) and derivatives (acroMFISH, subcenMFISH), comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH), arrayCGH, and targeted FISH techniques (banding techniques, whole chromosome painting...). Based on the morphology of SMC with conventional cytogenetic and clinical data, we tried to set up different molecular strategies with all available techniques.
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Santos M, Mrasek K, Rigola MA, Starke H, Liehr T, Fuster C. Identification of a “cryptic mosaicism” involving at least four different small supernumerary marker chromosomes derived from chromosome 9 in a woman without reproductive success. Fertil Steril 2007; 88:969.e11-7. [PMID: 17451694 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) present in the female member of an infertile couple who has no further clinical symptoms. DESIGN Case report. SETTING(S) Faculty of medicine and institute of human genetics and anthropology. PATIENT(S) A young, healthy, nonconsanguineous couple asked for genetic evaluation for infertility. INTERVENTION(S) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection, conventional and molecular cytogenetic analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We characterized the sSMCs present in a woman, who was a member of an infertile couple, by molecular cytogenetic techniques. RESULT(S) The G-banding technique showed that a marker chromosome was present in some of the examined cells describing the 47,XX,+mar[30]/46,XX[70] karyotype. Subsequently, using new fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques, four distinguishable sSMCs (cryptic mosaicism), all derived from chromosome 9, were observed, including minute and ring chromosomes. This heterogeneity was impossible to detect by the conventional G-banding technique or conventional FISH technique that were used before the new FISH techniques (subcentromere-specific multicolor-FISH [subcenM-FISH]) and specific probe for the 9q12 band. In each metaphase with sSMCs, only one or two markers were observed. On the basis of the FISH analyses, the patient's karyotype was defined as 47,XX,+min(9)(:p12-->q12:)/47,XX,+min(9)(:p12-->q12::q12-->p12:)/47,XX,+r(9)(::p12-->q12::)/47,XX,+r(9)(::p12-->q12::p12-->q12::)x2/46,XX. CONCLUSION(S) The presence of sSMCs derived from chromosome 9 could influence the couple's infertility. The new subcenM-FISH techniques are very useful in the characterization of cryptic mosaicisms of marker chromosomes. Additionally, the hypothesis that the 9p12 chromosomal band is an euchromatic variant region without any phenotypic impact other than possible infertility is supported by this case study since the woman shows a normal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Santos
- Unitat de Biologia Cellular i Genètica Mèdica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Ballif BC, Hornor SA, Sulpizio SG, Lloyd RM, Minier SL, Rorem EA, Theisen A, Bejjani BA, Shaffer LG. Development of a high-density pericentromeric region BAC clone set for the detection and characterization of small supernumerary marker chromosomes by array CGH. Genet Med 2007; 9:150-62. [PMID: 17413419 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3180312087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Small supernumerary marker chromosomes are centric chromosomal segments that, by definition, cannot be characterized unambiguously by conventional chromosome banding. Marker chromosomes are of particular interest in clinical cytogenetics because they are nearly 10 times more frequent in individuals with mental retardation (0.426%) than in the normal population (0.043%). However, they are often found in only a small percentage of cells, making them difficult to detect and characterize in a diagnostic setting. We designed, constructed, and employed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based microarray to demonstrate the utility of array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) for detecting and characterizing marker chromosomes in clinical diagnostic specimens. METHODS We constructed a high-density microarray using 974 BAC clones that were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization and cover approximately 5 Mb of the most proximal unique sequence adjacent to the centromere on all 43 unique pericentromeric regions of the human genome (excluding the acrocentric short arms). This array was used to further characterize 20 previously identified marker chromosomes that were originally found with either conventional chromosome analysis or a targeted microarray. RESULTS The enhanced coverage of this pericentromeric array not only identified the chromosomal origin of each marker in 15 cases, it also distinguished between the involvement of the short arm and/or the long arm of each chromosome, defined the sizes of many of the markers, and revealed complex rearrangements or multiple markers in single individuals. However, in five cases, the markers could not be identified by this assay, most likely because of very low levels of mosaicism and/or their small size and lack of detectable euchromatin. The expanded coverage of the pericentromeric regions represented on the array was adequate to refine the breakpoints in two-thirds of all cases in which a marker chromosome was identified by this assay. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the utility of array CGH in the detection and characterization of mosaic marker chromosomes. Because approximately one-third of the markers characterized in this study involved more unique sequence than that represented on this array, additional pericentromeric coverage may be even more valuable. We anticipate that this will allow detailed characterization of small supernumerary marker chromosomes that will greatly facilitate phenotype/genotype correlations and play a valuable role in the diagnosis and medical management of both pre- and postnatal cases in which marker chromosomes have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake C Ballif
- Signature Genomic Laboratories, LLC, Spokane, Washington 99210-1495, USA
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Schrock E, Zschieschang P, O'Brien P, Helmrich A, Hardt T, Matthaei A, Stout-Weider K. Spectral karyotyping of human, mouse, rat and ape chromosomes--applications for genetic diagnostics and research. Cytogenet Genome Res 2006; 114:199-221. [PMID: 16954656 DOI: 10.1159/000094203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectral karyotyping (SKY) is a widely used methodology to identify genetic aberrations. Multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome painting probes in individual colors for all metaphase chromosomes at once is combined with a unique spectral measurement and analysis system to automatically classify normal and aberrant chromosomes. Based on countless studies and investigations in many laboratories worldwide, numerous new chromosome translocations and other aberrations have been identified in clinical and tumor cytogenetics. Thus, gene identification studies have been facilitated resulting in the dissection of tumor development and progression. For example, different translocation partners of the TEL/ETV6 transcription factor that is specially required for hematopoiesis within the bone marrow were identified. Also, the correct classification of complex karyotypes of solid tumors supports the prognostication of cancer patients. Important accomplishments for patients with genetic diseases, leukemias and lymphomas, mesenchymal tumors and solid cancers are summarized and exemplified. Furthermore, studies of disease mechanisms such as centromeric DNA breakage, DNA double strand break repair, telomere shortening and radiation-induced neoplastic transformation have been accompanied by SKY analyses. Besides the hybridization of human chromosomes, mouse karyotyping has also contributed to the comprehensive characterization of mouse models of human disease and for gene therapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schrock
- Institut für Klinische Genetik, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Schilling S, Keller U, Sprung CN, Weise A, Grabenbauer GG, Sauer R, Distel L. Breakpoint locations within chromosomes 1, 2, and 4 of patients with increased radiosensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 168:1-10. [PMID: 16772115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The exposure to low LET-radiation leads to a relative homogeneous distribution of initial damage at the DNA. Subsequent repair and post-repair mechanisms might lead to a selection of specific breakpoint locations along chromosomes. Cells from patients with increased radiosensitivity may have more specific breakpoints due to impaired repair mechanisms. We tested whether cells from patients with increased radiosensitivity had an increase in specific breakpoint clusters. Structural chromosomal aberrations of in vitro irradiated lymphocytes from 11 healthy individuals and another 3 patients with increased radiosensitivity were examined. The chromosome pairs 1, 2, and 4 were treated using the three-color FISH technique. The breakpoints were analyzed by means of computerized imaging software. In total, 1752 chromosomal breakpoints had been considered, 498 from healthy individuals, and 1254 from patients with increased radiosensitivity. For both groups there was a non-homogeneous breakpoint distribution along the chromosomes and a trend towards increased breaks in the telomere-proximal region. Also, both groups had distinct locations with increased breaks. No evidence for significant breakpoint patterns across all patients with increased radiosensitivity was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schilling
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Strahlenbiologisches Labor, Universitätsstrasse 27, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Padilla-Nash HM, Barenboim-Stapleton L, Difilippantonio MJ, Ried T. Spectral karyotyping analysis of human and mouse chromosomes. Nat Protoc 2006; 1:3129-42. [PMID: 17406576 PMCID: PMC4772431 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Classical banding methods provide basic information about the identities and structures of chromosomes on the basis of their unique banding patterns. Spectral karyotyping (SKY), and the related multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH), are chromosome-specific multicolor FISH techniques that augment cytogenetic evaluations of malignant disease by providing additional information and improved characterization of aberrant chromosomes that contain DNA sequences not identifiable using conventional banding methods. SKY is based on cohybridization of combinatorially labeled chromosome-painting probes with unique fluorochrome signatures onto human or mouse metaphase chromosome preparations. Image acquisition and analysis use a specialized imaging system, combining Sagnac interferometer and CCD camera images to reconstruct spectral information at each pixel. Here we present a protocol for SKY analysis using commercially available SkyPaint probes, including procedures for metaphase chromosome preparation, slide pretreatment and probe hybridization and detection. SKY analysis requires approximately 6 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesed M Padilla-Nash
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive-MSC 8010, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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17
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Liehr T, Starke H, Senger G, Melotte C, Weise A, Vermeesch JR. Overrepresentation of small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) from chromosome 6 origin in cases with multiple sSMC. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 140:46-51. [PMID: 16333826 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) in human are defined as additional centric derivatives smaller than chromosome 20. In the majority of the cases only one sSMC is present, leading to a more or less stable karyotype of 47,XX,+mar or 47,XY,+mar. In approximately 1.4% of sSMC cases two or up to seven markers of different chromosomal origin are reported. According to the literature a sSMC(6) was present in 33% of the patients with multiple sSMC while sSMC(6) are observed in <1% of cases with a single sSMC. Currently there is no explanation for this striking observation. Here we report on one more unique case with two sSMC, one derived from #5 and the other from #6. Using microdissection/reverse painting, subcentromere-specific multicolor FISH (subcenM-FISH) and multicolor banding (MCB), they could be described as min or r(6)(::p11.1 --> q11.1::) and r(5)(::p11.1 approximately 12 --> q10::q10 --> p11.1 approximately 12::), respectively. Reversed array CGH using the DNA of the microdissected sSMC as probe confirmed the FISH results and enabled the rapid mapping of the breakpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Liehr
- Institut für Humangenetik und Anthropologie, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
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18
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Herry A, Morel F, Le Bris MJ, Bellec V, Lallaoui H, Parent P, De Braekeleer M. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of two small chromosome 8 derived supernumerary mosaic markers. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 128A:33-8. [PMID: 15211653 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two small supernumerary mosaic marker chromosomes (SMC) were identified by conventional cytogenetics, one prenatally, the other postnatally. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques, including 24-color FISH, were applied to identify both SMCs and better characterize their constitution. Patient 1: a 29 year-old man, whose wife had a spontaneous abortion, was found to have a small ring of the pericentromeric region of chromosome 8 (47,XY,+r(8)(p11q11)/46,XY). Patient 2: a 37 year-old woman had amniocentesis. The fetus was found to have a SMC; its presence was confirmed postnatally. Several FISH techniques (24-color, whole chromosome paints, centromeres, telomeres, band 8p22) led to the identification of a small analphoid marker. The marker was an inversion-duplication for part of the short arm of chromosome 8 (47,XY,+inv dup (8)(p23pter)/46,XY). The 24-color FISH allowed us to conclude that both markers originated exclusively from chromosome 8. However, the structure and content of the markers were elucidated using other molecular cytogenetic techniques, showing their complementarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herry
- Service de Cytogénétique, Cytologie et Biologie de la Reproduction, CHU Morvan, F-23298 Brest cedex 3, France
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19
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Dorritie K, Montagna C, Difilippantonio MJ, Ried T. Advanced molecular cytogenetics in human and mouse. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2004; 4:663-76. [PMID: 15347260 PMCID: PMC4729310 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.4.5.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence in situ hybridization, spectral karyotyping, multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization, comparative genomic hybridization, and more recently array comparative genomic hybridization, represent advancements in the field of molecular cytogenetics. The application of these techniques for the analysis of specimens from humans, or mouse models of human diseases, enables one to reliably identify and characterize complex chromosomal rearrangements resulting in alterations of the genome. As each of these techniques has advantages and limitations, a comprehensive analysis of cytogenetic aberrations can be accomplished through the utilization of a combination approach. As such, analyses of specific tumor types have proven invaluable in the identification of new tumor-specific chromosomal aberrations and imbalances (aneuploidy), as well as regions containing tumor-specific gene targets. Application of these techniques has already improved the classification of tumors into distinct categories, with the hope that this will lead to more tailored treatment strategies. These techniques, in particular the application of tumor-specific fluorescence in situ hybridization probes to interphase nuclei, are also powerful tools for the early identification of premalignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Genetics Branch, Center for CancerResearch, NCI/NIH, Bldg. 50, Rm. 1408, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892–0913, USA, Tel: +1 301 435 3986, Fax: +1 301 402 1204
| | - Michael J. Difilippantonio
- Genetics Branch, Center for CancerResearch, NCI/NIH, Bldg. 50, Rm. 1408, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892–8010, USA
| | - Thomas Ried
- Author for correspondence, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI/NIH, Bldg. 50, Rm. 1408, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892–8010, USA, Tel.: +1 301 594 3118, Fax: +1 301 435 4428,
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20
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Vermeulen S, Menten B, Van Roy N, Van Limbergen H, De Paepe A, Mortier G, Speleman F. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of complex chromosomal rearrangements in patients with mental retardation and congenital malformations: delineation of 7q21.11 breakpoints. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 124A:10-8. [PMID: 14679581 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Constitutional de novo complex chromosomal rearrangements (CCRs) are a rare finding in patients with mild to severe mental retardation. CCRs pose a challenge to the clinical cytogeneticist: generally CCRs are assumed to be the cause of the observed phenotypic abnormalities, but the complex nature of these chromosomal changes often hamper the accurate delineation of the chromosomal breakpoints and the identification of possible imbalances. In a first step towards a more detailed molecular cytogenetic characterization of CCRs, we studied four de novo CCRs using multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (M-FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and FISH with region specific probes. These methods allowed a more refined characterization of the breakpoints in three of the four CCRs. The occurrence of 7q breakpoints in three out of these four CCRs and in 30% of reported CCRs suggested preferential involvement of this chromosomal region in the formation of CCRs. Further analysis of these 7q breakpoints revealed a 2 Mb deletion at 7q21.11 in one patient and involvement of the same region in a cryptic insertion in a second patient. This particular region contains at least 5 candidate genes for mental retardation. The other patient had a breakpoint more proximal to this region. The present data together with these from the literature provide evidence that a region within 7q21.11 may be prone to breakage and formation of CCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vermeulen
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital 0K5, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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21
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Guanciali-Franchi P, Calabrese G, Morizio E, Fantasia D, Colosimo A, Rinaldi MM, Cristini L, Simonelli A, Lonardo F, Turci A, Zatterale A, Laganà C, Stuppia L, Sabatino G, Palka G. Identification of 14 rare marker chromosomes and derivatives by spectral karyotyping in prenatal and postnatal diagnosis. Am J Med Genet A 2004; 127A:144-8. [PMID: 15108201 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.20691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extra structurally abnormal chromosomes (ESACs) and cryptic rearrangements are often associated with mental retardation and phenotypic abnormalities. In some cases their characterisation, using standard cytogenetic techniques and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), is difficult and time consuming, where a fast and accurate identification is essential, especially when such chromosomal aberrations are found in prenatal diagnosis. A recent molecular technique, spectral karyotyping (SKY), based on the spectral signature of 24 chromosome-specific painting probes labelled with different combinations of five fluorochromes, allows the simultaneous visualisation of all human chromosomes in different colours. We used SKY analysis on 14 cases with rare ESACs or cryptic unbalanced rearrangements found at pre- or postnatal diagnosis. SKY analysis permitted the classification of chromosome rearrangements in all 14 cases analysed in combination with FISH analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Guanciali-Franchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche/Sez. di Genetica Medica, Università di Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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22
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Heng HHQ, Ye CJ, Yang F, Ebrahim S, Liu G, Bremer SW, Thomas CM, Ye J, Chen TJ, Tuck-Muller C, Yu JW, Krawetz SA, Johnson A. Analysis of marker or complex chromosomal rearrangements present in pre- and post-natal karyotypes utilizing a combination of G-banding, spectral karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Clin Genet 2003; 63:358-67. [PMID: 12752567 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00072.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The significance of complex chromosomal rearrangements presents a diagnostic dilemma. In the past, the use of G-banding coupled with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has been the standard approach. The recent development of spectral karyotyping (SKY) and multicolor FISH (M-FISH) has resulted in an increased accuracy of identification of marker or other complex chromosomal rearrangements. However, owing to the additional cost and time associated with SKY or M-FISH, and the restricted availability of such imaging facilities in many centers, it is not feasible to perform these procedures routinely on every sample. In addition, the identification of an aberration by SKY or M-FISH will often require confirmation by FISH. A practical approach is needed to take advantage of the complementary strengths of each method. In our center we utilize an algorithm that dictates the use of routine G-banding for the initial preliminary evaluation of a patient, followed by SKY characterization if marker chromosomes or complex translocations are detected by the G-banding analysis. According to this algorithm, FISH is used to verify the results once the origin of the abnormal chromosome has been determined by SKY. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this algorithm, we have analyzed both amniocyte and lymphocyte slides, using a combination of G-banding, SKY, and FISH. Our results confirm that an algorithm which selectively uses SKY or M-FISH will provide an efficient and improved method for pre- and post-natal chromosomal analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Q Heng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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23
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Reddy KS, Wang S, Groh S, Gonatos J. SKY assessment of two karyotypes with 0-6 supernumerary marker/ring chromosomes and review of previously reported cases with two or more markers. Am J Med Genet A 2003; 118A:156-71. [PMID: 12655496 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.10045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A 7-month-old boy with developmental delay and congenital abnormalities and a 58-year-old man with mental retardation, impaired speech, and dysmorphic features were referred for cytogenetic studies. The peripheral blood chromosome studies of Patient 1 had a de novo mosaic karyotype with 2-6 supernumerary marker chromosomes. Patient 2 had a mosaic karyotype with 1-5 supernumerary marker chromosomes and normal cells. All markers appeared to have a centromere by C-banding and also by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using all centromere probe for Patient 1. The majority of the markers appeared like rings. Except for one marker in Patient 1 and 2-3 markers in Patient 2 with discernible >5 Mb euchromatin, the rest of the markers were minute and some appeared to have barely discernible euchromatin in C-banding or FISH. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) was attempted to determine the origin of the marker chromosomes. Because some markers had barely any euchromatin, their classification was not clear cut and they were identified as derived from more than one chromosome. The SKY classification of the markers in Patient 1 was 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, and 22 and in Patient 2 was 1, 5, 6, or 7. Patient 2 was lost to further follow-up studies. To confirm the recurring SKY classifications in Patient 1, centromere probes for chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, and 22 were used. The markers were negative for 1, 3, and 11 but positive for 7, 15, and 22 and probably 5. Since 5 centromere probe cross hybridizes with 1 and 19, the weak signal on the marker/s in successive hybridization did not give a definitive answer. Also, the 5 paint probe was not conclusive because of the minute size of the marker. In some metaphases, two markers were derived from 5 or 22. For clinical considerations, the marker derived from 7, although variable in size, appeared to consistently have euchromatin, followed by 15, while 22 and 5 markers were mostly centromeric heterochromatin. The elastin gene probe that maps to 7q11.23, SNRPN gene that maps to 15q11.2, and TUPLE gene that maps to 22q11.2 did not give a signal on the markers. As expected for a majority of ring chromosomes, the pan telomere probe did not hybridize to any of the markers. This highly unusual karyotype was confirmed in the buccal epithelium using a mix of centromere 7 and 15 probes and the combination 14/22 probe. The ratio of additional FISH signals in the buccal mucosal cells was comparable to the ratios observed in the peripheral blood. In this study, we have attempted to consolidate the data on >/=2 marker cases to understand the analysis constraints, the range of clinical abnormalities, and the mechanisms involved. The literature was surveyed for multiple markers cases. A majority of the reported cases had two markers, either derived from the same chromosome or from two different chromosomes or two cell lines with different markers derived from the same chromosome. Cases with three or more markers were rare. The nature and extent of euchromatin content of the multiple markers appears to determine the phenotype. Frequently, multiple marker cases had small to minute markers. The clinical presentation varied from mild to severe. While two bisatellited markers may be associated with infertility, the phenotype in other cases ranged from borderline intelligence and mild dysmorphism to developmental delay, mental retardation, and congenital abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita S Reddy
- Department of Cytogenetics, Quest Diagnostics, Inc., San Juan Capistrano, California, USA.
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24
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Yaron Y, Carmon E, Goldstein M, Voskoboinik N, Ochshorn Y, Gelman-Kohan Z, Orr-Urtreger A. The clinical application of spectral karyotyping (SKY) in the analysis of prenatally diagnosed extra structurally abnormal chromosomes (ESACs). Prenat Diagn 2003; 23:74-9. [PMID: 12533818 DOI: 10.1002/pd.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prenatal detection of de novo extra structurally abnormal chromosomes (ESACs) presents a challenge because the associated risk for congenital anomaly ranges from 100% to practically none, depending on the chromosomal origin. Despite the use of standard cytogenetic techniques and even fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the origin of some ESACs often remains elusive. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) is a molecular cytogenetic technique based on the simultaneous analysis of all chromosomes using a unique probe mix that allows the rapid identification of all chromosomes in 24 colors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of SKY in the characterization of prenatally diagnosed de novo ESACs. METHODS This series includes five cases of de novo ESACs detected prenatally in routine amniocentesis samples performed for advanced maternal age. Cases of inherited ESACs or ESACs defined by standard cytogenetic techniques were excluded. RESULTS SKY analysis yielded valuable information, particularly in cases of nonsatellited ESACs: a der(18) and a ring(Y). In a case of a unisatellited der(15), SKY corroborated data obtained by standard cytogenetic techniques and FISH. Finally, in two cases of small bisatellited chromosomes, SKY was noncontributory. CONCLUSIONS While SKY may be a valuable tool in some cases, especially nonsatellited and ring ESACs, it does have limitations and should be used judiciously in conjunction with other cytogenetic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Yaron
- Prenatal Diagnosis Unit & Genetic Institute, Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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25
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Ness GO, Lybaek H, Houge G. Usefulness of high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) for detecting and characterizing constitutional chromosome abnormalities. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 113:125-36. [PMID: 12407702 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a technique for detection of chromosomal imbalances in a genomic DNA sample. We here report the application of the recently developed method of high-resolution CGH on DNA samples from 66 children having various degrees of delayed psychomotor development with or without clear dysmorphic features and congenital malformations. In 5 of 50 patients with apparently normal karyotypes, a deletion or duplication was revealed by CGH. Only one of these cases had a subtelomeric rearrangement. In one of seven cases with a de novo apparently balanced translocation, deletions were found. In all nine cases where the origin of a marker chromosome or additional chromosomal material was difficult to determine, CGH gave a precise identification. The following findings were from cases having a deletion or duplication as the sole chromosomal imbalance; dup(2)(p16p21), del(4)(q21q21), del(6)(q14q15), del(6)(p12p12), dup(6)(q24qter), and dup(15)(q11q13). One case had dup(9)(p11pter) combined with a very small subtelomeric deletion on 6q. In our hands, CGH is highly useful not only for identifying known chromosomal imbalances, but also for finding elusive deletions or duplications in the large group of children with developmental delay with or without congenital abnormalities. In such cases, the diagnostic yield of CGH appears to be higher than what has been reported from subtelomeric FISH screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gro Oddveig Ness
- Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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26
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Ida T, Harada N, Abe K, Kondoh T, Yoshinaga M, Maki T, Niikawa N. Identification of de novo chromosome rearrangements: five cases analyzed with differential chromosome painting. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 108:182-6. [PMID: 11891682 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We report on five cases of de novo structural chromosome rearrangements that were difficult to identify by conventional G-banding analysis. In all five cases, differential chromosome painting (DCP) provided evidence for the presence of an additional segment and its origin. A combination of DCP with subsequent conventional fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using adequate locus-specific probes and reexamination of G-banding patterns resulted in successful identification of the rearrangements. Their karyotypes were finally interpreted as 46,XY,der(1)(qter --> q42.1::p36.3 --> qter) in case 1; 46,XY,der(8)(8pter -->8q24.3::8q24.3 --> 8q23.2::?p11.2 --> ?ps) in case 2; 47,XY,+der(10)(pter --> q11) in case 3; 46,XX,der(3)(17pter --> 17p11.2::3p26 --> 3qter) in case 4; and 46,XY,dup(1) (pter --> q32::q25 --> qter) in case 5.
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MESH Headings
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosome Painting
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Male
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ida
- Kyushu Medical Science Nagasaki Laboratory, Nagasaki, Japan.
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27
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Weimer J, Koehler MR, Wiedemann U, Attermeyer P, Jacobsen A, Karow D, Kiechl M, Jonat W, Arnold N. Highly comprehensive karyotype analysis by a combination of spectral karyotyping (SKY), microdissection, and reverse painting (SKY-MD). Chromosome Res 2002; 9:395-402. [PMID: 11448041 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016735618513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A technique disclosing most information about chromosome modifications is the technique of choice for the analysis of chromosome alterations. The newly developed method for microdissection of fluorescence-labeled chromosomes (FISH-MD) can improve upon this expectation in combination with 24-color spectral karyotyping (SKY). The highly efficient way to detect chromosome modifications by SKY and the detailed specification of aberrant chromosomes by FISH-MD prompted us to use both techniques in a combined approach called SKY-MD. First, an overview of chromosomal aberrations is obtained by spectral karyotyping and subsequently the derivative chromosomes recognized are characterized in a highly specific manner by microdissection and reverse painting. A small quantity of isolated material dissected directly from a 24-color metaphase is sufficient to obtain very detailed information about the chromosome regions and the breakpoints involved in the derivative chromosomes. Therefore, the combination of spectral karyotyping and microdissection in one procedure, and reverse painting can characterize chromosomal aberrations with a degree of specificity hitherto unknown from individual karyotyping experiments. In this article we compare the efficiency of both the SKY technique and that of classical microdissection with the efficiency obtained by SKY-MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weimer
- Oncology Laboratory, Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Germany.
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28
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Luk C, Tsao MS, Bayani J, Shepherd F, Squire JA. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of non-small cell lung carcinoma by spectral karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001; 125:87-99. [PMID: 11369051 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-4608(00)00363-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The overall pattern of chromosomal changes detected by spectral karyotype (SKY) analysis of two cell lines of each major histological subtype of NSCLC, namely squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC), indicated a greater degree of chromosomal rearrangement, than was present or predicted by either comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) or G-banding analysis alone. To investigate these observations, CGH was used to screen DNA derived from 8 primary tumors and 15 cell lines. The results indicated that the most frequently gained chromosome arms were 5p (70%), 8q (65%), 15q (52%), 20q (48%), 1q (43%), 19q (39%), 3q (35%), and 11q (35%). Chromosomal losses were less frequently observed, and included 18q (39%), 9 (35%), 6q (30%), 13q (21%), 5q12-q32 (17%), and 19p (17%). Amplifications were found on 2p23-p24, 3q24-q27, 5p, 6cen-p21.1, 6q26, 7p21, 7q31, 8q, 11q13-qter, 20q12-q13.2. Comparison between CGH findings of the two major histological subtypes showed that gains at 1q22-q32.2, 15q, 20q, and losses at 6q, 13q, and 18q was common in ADCs, whereas SQCCs exhibited gains/amplifications at 3q. Distal 8q was gained by CGH in 65% of tumors of both subtypes. Low level MYCC amplification was confirmed by direct fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. The pattern of overall chromosomal changes detected using combinations of molecular cytogenetic analytical methods suggests that it will be easier to detect recurrent subtype-dependent aberrations in NSCLC.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/genetics
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/pathology
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Banding
- Chromosome Deletion
- Chromosomes, Human/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human/ultrastructure
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Gene Amplification
- Genes, myc
- Humans
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Karyotyping/methods
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- C Luk
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Kotzot D, Holland H, Köhler M, Froster UG. A complex chromosome rearrangement involving chromosome 8, 11, and 12 analyzed by conventional cytogenetic investigations, fluorescence in situ hybridisation, and spectral karyotyping. ANNALES DE GENETIQUE 2001; 44:135-8. [PMID: 11694225 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3995(01)01077-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 29-year-old woman with a history of five spontaneous abortions and a balanced complex chromosome rearrangement (CCR) involving break points between chromosomes 8, 11, and 12. Fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in combination with giemsa trypsin banding techniques were essential for the identification of the breakpoints. In addition, the results were confirmed by 24-colour FISH using the spectral karyotyping system (SKY). The karyotype was 46,XX,t(8;11;12)(8qter-->8p10::12p10-->12pter;11pter--> 11q14::8p10-->8pter;12qter-->12p10::11q14-->11qter). Application of SKY facilitated detection of all three chromosomes involved and supported the localisation of the breakpoints by a single time and sample saving investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kotzot
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal Str. 55, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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30
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Saracoglu K, Brown J, Kearney L, Uhrig S, Azofeifa J, Fauth C, Speicher MR, Eils R. New concepts to improve resolution and sensitivity of molecular cytogenetic diagnostics by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. CYTOMETRY 2001; 44:7-15. [PMID: 11309803 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20010501)44:1<7::aid-cyto1076>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine application of multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) technology for molecular cytogenetic diagnostics has been hampered by several technical limitations. First, when using chromosome-specific painting probes, there is a limit in cytogenetic resolution of approximately 2-3 Mb, which can mask hidden structural abnormalities that have a significant clinical effect. Second, using whole chromosome painting probes, intrachromosomal rearrangements cannot be detected and the exact localization of breakpoints is often not possible. METHODS We suggest the use of multiplex-labeled region or locus- specific probes in combination with an optimal probe design to improve the sensitivity and resolution of the M-FISH technology. To allow the application of this assay in routine diagnostics, we developed a multipurpose image analysis system. RESULTS goldFISH was applied to the study of cryptic translocations in mental retardation patients and to the study of high-resolution breakpoint mapping in non-small cell lung cancer patients. For an individual with mental retardation, who had an apparently normal karyotype by G-banding, we detected an unbalanced translocation involving chromosomes 2 and 7. CONCLUSIONS In combination with optimally designed probe kits, goldFISH overcomes most of the present limitations of the M-FISH technology and results in virtually 100% reliability for detecting interchromosomal and intrachromosomal rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saracoglu
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Heidelberg, Division Intelligent Bioinformatics Systems, Heidelberg, Germany
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Lee C, Gisselsson D, Jin C, Nordgren A, Ferguson DO, Blennow E, Fletcher JA, Morton CC. Limitations of chromosome classification by multicolor karyotyping. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:1043-7. [PMID: 11222105 PMCID: PMC1275623 DOI: 10.1086/319503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2000] [Accepted: 01/18/2000] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicolor karyotyping technologies, such as spectral karyotyping (SKY) (Schröck et al.1996; Liyanage et al. 1996) and multiplex (M-) FISH (Speicher et al. 1996), have proved to be extremely useful in prenatal, postnatal, and cancer cytogenetics. However, these technologies have inherent limitations that, in certain situations, may result in chromosomal misclassification. In this report, we present nine cases, which fall into five categories, in which multicolor karyotyping has produced erroneous interpretations. Most errors appear to have a similar mechanistic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Lee
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm
| | - David Gisselsson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm
| | - Charlotte Jin
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm
| | - David O. Ferguson
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm
| | - Elisabeth Blennow
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm
| | - Jonathan A. Fletcher
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm
| | - Cynthia C. Morton
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm
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Henegariu O, Bray-Ward P, Artan S, Vance GH, Qumsyieh M, Ward DC. Small marker chromosome identification in metaphase and interphase using centromeric multiplex fish (CM-FISH). J Transl Med 2001; 81:475-81. [PMID: 11304566 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3780255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicolor karyotyping procedures, such as multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH), spectral karyotyping, or color-changing karyotyping, can be used to detect chromosomal rearrangements and marker chromosomes in prenatal diagnosis, peripheral blood cultures, leukemia, and solid tumors, especially in cases where G-banding is not sufficient. A regular M-FISH analysis requires relatively large amounts of labeled DNA (microgram quantities), is not informative in interphase nuclei, hybridization can take up to 2 to 3 days, and unlabeled human chromosome-painting probes are not available commercially. Unique probes (plasmids, PAC), specific for centromeric or subtelomeric chromosomal regions, can replace the painting probes in M-FISH to address specific issues, such as the identification of marker chromosomes and aneuploidies. A set of plasmid probes carrying repetitive sequences specific for the alpha-satellite region of all human chromosomes were combined in a metaphase assay and an interphase assay, allowing identification of aneuploidies in one hybridization step, on a single cytogenetic slide. The fluorophore-dUTP and the labeled antibodies required to label and detect the DNA probes can be prepared in any laboratory. All DNA probes can be easily isolated and labeled using common molecular cytogenetic procedures. Because of the repetitive nature of the probes, hybridization time is short, usually less than 1 hour, and the analysis can be performed with nonspecialized image-processing software.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Henegariu
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Hopfner R, Mousli M, Garnier JM, Redon R, du Manoir S, Chatton B, Ghyselinck N, Oudet P, Bronner C. Genomic structure and chromosomal mapping of the gene coding for ICBP90, a protein involved in the regulation of the topoisomerase IIalpha gene expression. Gene 2001; 266:15-23. [PMID: 11290415 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(01)00371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have recently identified a novel CCAAT box binding protein (ICBP90) involved in the regulation of topoisomerase IIalpha gene expression. We have observed that it is expressed in non-tumoral proliferating human lung fibroblast cells whereas in HeLa cells, a tumoral cell line, ICBP90 was still present even when cells were at confluence. In the present study, we have determined the ICBP90 gene structure by screening of a human placenta genomic library and PCR analysis. We report that the ICBP90 gene spans about 35.8 kb and contains six coding exons named A to F. In the 5' upstream sequence of the region containing the coding exons, two additional exons (I and II) were found. Additionally, an internal splicing site was found in exon A. A promoter region, including three putative Sp1 binding sites between exons I and A, was identified by transient transfection. Northern blot analysis of several cancer cell lines revealed the existence of two ICBP90 mRNA species of 5.1 and 4.3 kb that are transcribed from the gene. The relative amounts of these mRNAs depended on the cell type. In MOLT-4 cells and Burkitt's lymphoma Raji cells, the 4.3 kb or the 5.1 kb transcripts were mainly observed, respectively. In other cell lines, such as HL-60 cells, chronic myelogenous leukaemia K-562, lung carcinoma A549, HeLa or colorectal SW480, both 4.3 and 5.1 kb forms of ICBP90 mRNA could be detected. Interestingly, western blot analysis showed several ICBP90 protein bands in HeLa but only a single band in MOLT-4 cell extracts. Taken together our results are consistent with the ICBP90 gene exhibiting alternative splicing and promoter usage in a cell-specific manner.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins/genetics
- COS Cells
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/genetics
- Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19/genetics
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/isolation & purification
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Exons
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Genes/genetics
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Introns
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- K562 Cells
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hopfner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université Louis Pasteur, Communauté Urbaine de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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Abstract
Spectral karyotyping (SKY) is a powerful 24-color, whole chromosome-painting assay allowing the visualization of each chromosome in one experiment. Subtle karyotype rearrangements can be detected easily so that small translocations lead to a transition from one color to another at the chromosomal breakpoint region. SKY has enabled the elucidation of several examples of hidden or "cryptic" structural aberrations that may otherwise have been left undetected by classical cytogenetic methods. Furthermore, the chromosomal origins of abnormalities once designated "marker chromosomes" can now be determined rather than left unidentified. SKY analysis of cancer cytogenetics samples provides a much more detailed description of the highly abnormal karyotypes that characterize advanced tumors and cancer cell lines. In addition, SKY significantly adds to the power of clinical cytogenetic analysis of constitutional chromosomal aberrations by facilitating the identification of subtle structural rearrangements that may contain aneuploidy with potential pathological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bayani
- University Health Network, Ontario Cancer Institute and the Departments of Medical Biophysics and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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Rigola MA, Carrera M, Ribas I, De La Iglesia C, Mendez B, Egozcue J, Fuster C. Identification of two de novo partial trisomies by comparative genomic hybridization. Clin Genet 2001; 59:106-10. [PMID: 11260211 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.590207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to define the extra chromosome region present in two de novo partial trisomies 15q25-qter and Xp21-pter, which could not be clarified by conventional G-banding. Investigation with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed that the partial trisomy corresponded to an unbalanced translocation between Y and 15 chromosomes in 1 patient and an unbalanced X/X reorganization in the other patient. The combination of classical karyotyping, CGH, and FISH is useful for the identification and characterization of partial trisomies in clinical diagnostic laboratories, in order to delineate the chromosome regions implicated in specific clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rigola
- Unitat de Biologia, Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i d'Immunologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Patología Celular y Diagnóstico Prenatal, Barcelona, Spain
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Tsao MS. Primary Pulmonary Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor (PNET). Pathol Res Pract 2001. [DOI: 10.1078/0344-0338-00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bayani J, Zielenska M, Marrano P, Kwan Ng Y, Taylor MD, Jay V, Rutka JT, Squire JA. Molecular cytogenetic analysis of medulloblastomas and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors by using conventional banding, comparative genomic hybridization, and spectral karyotyping. J Neurosurg 2000; 93:437-48. [PMID: 10969942 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2000.93.3.0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Medulloblastomas and related primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) of the central nervous system are malignant, invasive embryonal tumors with predominantly neuronal differentiation that comprise 20% of pediatric brain tumors. Cytogenetic analysis has shown that alterations in chromosome 17, particularly the loss of 17p and the formation of isochromosome 17q, as well as the gain of chromosome 7 are the most common changes among this group of tumors. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies have largely confirmed these cytogenetic findings and have also identified novel regions of gain, loss, and amplification. The advent of more sophisticated multicolored fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) procedures such as spectral karyotyping (SKY) now permits complete recognition of all aberrations including extremely complex rearrangements. The authors report a retrospective analysis of 19 medulloblastoma and five PNET cases studied using combinations of classic banding analysis, FISH, CGH, and SKY to examine comprehensively the chromosomal aberrations present in this tumor group and to attempt to identify common structural rearrangement(s). METHODS The CGH data demonstrate gains of chromosomes 17q and 7 in 60% of the tumors studied, which confirms data reported in the current literature. However, the authors have also combined the results of all three molecular cytogenetic assays (Giemsa banding, CGH, and SKY) to reveal the frequency of chromosomal rearrangement (gained, lost, or involved in structural rearrangement). CONCLUSIONS The combined results indicate that chromosomes 7 and 17 are the most frequently rearranged chromosomes (10.1% and 8.9%, respectively, in all rearrangements detected). Furthermore, chromosomes 3 (7.8%), 14 (7%), 10 (6.7%), and 22 (6.5%) were also found to be frequently rearranged, followed by chromosomes 6 (6.5%), 13 (6.2%), and 18 (6.2%). Eight (33%) of 24 tumors exhibited high-level gains or gene amplification. Amplification of MYCN was identified in four tumors, whereas amplification of MYCC was identified in one tumor. One tumor exhibited a high-level gain of chromosome 9p. Additionally, desmoplastic medulloblastomas and large-cell medulloblastomas exhibited higher karyotype heterogeneity, amplification, and aneusomy than classic medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bayani
- University Health Network, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Fan YS, Siu VM, Jung JH, Xu J. Sensitivity of multiple color spectral karyotyping in detecting small interchromosomal rearrangements. GENETIC TESTING 2000; 4:9-14. [PMID: 10794355 DOI: 10.1089/109065700316417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple color spectral karyotyping (SKY) has been proven to be a very useful tool for characterization of the complex rearrangements in cancer cells and the de novo constitutional structural abnormalities. The sensitivity of SKY in detecting interchromosomal alterations was assessed with 10 constitutional translocations involving subtelomeric regions. Among the 13 small segments tested, 9 were clearly visualized and 8 were unambiguously identified by SKY. Fluorescence in situ hybridizations (FISH) with subtelomeric probes confirmed the reciprocity in three of the four translocations in which a small segment was not detectable by SKY. On the basis of resolution level of G-banding and the information obtained from the FISH analysis, the minimum alteration that SKY can detect is estimated to be 1,000-2,000 kbp in size with the currently available probes. This study has demonstrated the power, but also the limitations, of SKY in detecting small interchromosomal alterations, particularly those in subtelomeric regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Fan
- Cytogenetics Division, London Health Sciences, Centre, Ontario, Canada.
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39
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Kytölä S, Rummukainen J, Nordgren A, Karhu R, Farnebo F, Isola J, Larsson C. Chromosomal alterations in 15 breast cancer cell lines by comparative genomic hybridization and spectral karyotyping. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2000; 28:308-17. [PMID: 10862037 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2264(200007)28:3<308::aid-gcc9>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer cell lines have been widely used as models in functional and therapeutical studies, but their chromosomal alterations are not well known. We characterized the chromosomal aberrations in 15 commonly used human breast carcinoma cell lines (BT-474, BT-549, CAMA-1, DU4475, MCF7, MDA-MB-134, MDA-MB-157, MDA-MB-361, MDA-MB-436, MPE600, SK-BR-3, T-47D, UACC-812, UACC-893, and ZR-75-1) by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and spectral karyotyping (SKY). By CGH the most frequent gains were detected at 1q, 8q, 20q, 7, 11q13, 17q, 9q, and 16p, whereas losses were most common at 8p, 11q14-qter, 18q, and Xq. SKY revealed a multitude of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations. Simple translocations, typically consisting of entire translocated chromosome arms, were the most common structural aberrations. Complex marker chromosomes included material from up to seven different chromosomes. Evidence for a cytogenetic aberration not previously described in breast cancer, the isoderivative chromosome, was found in two cell lines. Translocations t(8;11), t(12;16), t(1;16), and t(15;17) were frequently found, although the resulting derivative chromosomes and their breakpoints were strikingly dissimilar. The chromosomes most frequently involved in translocations were 8, 1, 17, 16, and 20. An excellent correlation was found between the number of translocation events found by SKY in the individual cell lines, and the copy number gains and losses detected by CGH, indicating that the majority of translocations are unbalanced. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 28:308-317, 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kytölä
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Azofeifa J, Fauth C, Kraus J, Maierhofer C, Langer S, Bolzer A, Reichman J, Schuffenhauer S, Speicher MR. An optimized probe set for the detection of small interchromosomal aberrations by use of 24-color FISH. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 66:1684-8. [PMID: 10762552 PMCID: PMC1378025 DOI: 10.1086/302875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2000] [Accepted: 02/28/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of the use of new 24-color karyotyping techniques has preceded their standardization. This is best documented by the fact that the exact resolution limits have not yet been defined. Indeed, it is shown here that a substantial proportion of interchromosomal aberrations will be missed by all multicolor karyotyping systems currently in use. We demonstrate that both the sensitivity and the specificity of 24-color karyotyping critically depend on the fluorochrome composition of chromosomes involved in an interchromosomal rearrangement. As a solution, we introduce a conceptual change in probe labeling. Seven-fluorochrome sets that overcome many of the current limitations are described, and examples of their applications are shown. The criteria presented here for an optimized probe-set design and for the estimation of resolution limits should have important consequences for pre- and postnatal diagnostics and for research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Azofeifa
- Institut für Anthropologie und Humangenetik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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41
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Abstract
Fluorescence in-situ hybridization has become essential in prenatal diagnosis for identifying chromosome aberrations as well as in preimplantation genetic diagnosis and the analysis of fetal cells in maternal blood. Comparative genome hybridization, multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization and telomere probes provide technical approaches for the characterization of fetal chromosome anomalies not possible by conventional karyotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pergament
- Northwestern University Medical School, Prentice Women's Hospital and Maternity Center, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Röthlisberger B, Chrzanowska K, Balmer D, Riegel M, Schinzel A. A supernumerary marker chromosome originating from two different regions of chromosome 18. J Med Genet 2000; 37:121-4. [PMID: 10662812 PMCID: PMC1734522 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.37.2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
By random amplification of a microdissected chromosome using the degenerate oligonucleotide primed polymerase chain reaction (DOP-PCR) and forward painting (microFISH), we characterised an extra structurally abnormal chromosome (ESAC) or supernumerary marker chromosome in a mentally retarded girl with a pattern of dysmorphic features. It could be clearly shown that the small marker chromosome originates from two different regions of chromosome 18, 18p11.1-->18q11.1 and 18q12.3-->18q21.1 respectively. Maternal origin of the de novo ESAC and biparental origin of the normal homologues of chromosome 18 were shown by PCR of several highly polymorphic microsatellites. In this case, application of microFISH was a prerequisite for rapid and precise characterisation of an ESAC. A definite identification of this discontinuous supernumerary marker chromosome would not have been possible using FISH with centromere specific probes or multicolour FISH approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Röthlisberger
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik, Universität Zürich, Rämistrasse 74, CH-8001 Zürich, Switzerland
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Starke H, Schreyer I, Kähler C, Fiedler W, Beensen V, Heller A, Nietzel A, Claussen U, Liehr T. Molecular cytogenetic characterization of a prenatally detected supernumerary minute marker chromosome 8. Prenat Diagn 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199912)19:12<1169::aid-pd731>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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