1
|
da Silva E, Santos J, Morey A, Yamauchi L, Bracarense AL. Phytic acid modulates the morphology, immunological response of cytokines and β-defensins in porcine intestine exposed to deoxynivalenol and fumonisin B1. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Occurrence of mycotoxins in agricultural products represents a risk for human and animal health. Therefore, there is a requirement of strategies to mitigate their harmful impacts. This study investigated the effects of phytic acid (IP6) on the immunological response of pro-(interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and β-defensins 1 (pBD-1) and 2 (pBD-2) in porcine jejunal explants exposed to deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1). The explants were exposed to the following treatments: control, DON (10 μM), DON plus IP6 2.5 mM or 5 mM, FB1 (70 μM), FB1 IP6 plus 2.5 or 5 mM. The expression levels of the cytokines were measured by RT-qPCR. The exposure to FB1 and DON induced intestinal lesions. The presence of 2.5 and 5 mM IP6 inhibited the morphological changes induced by the mycotoxins. The explants exposed to DON showed an increase in the expression of IL-1β and IL-8 and a decrease in the levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-10 and pBD-2. IP6 (5 mM) decreased the expression of IL-8 and increased the expression in pBD-1 and 2 compared to DON alone. FB1 induced a significant decrease in the levels of most of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and pBD-1, and an increase in IL-1β expression. The addition of IP6 5 mM induced significant increase in TNF-α expression compared to FB1. Taken together, the results suggest IP6 modulates immunological changes induced by DON and FB1 on intestinal mucosa resulting in beneficial effects that contribute to intestinal homeostasis and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E.O. da Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J.P. Santos
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A.T. Morey
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Canoas, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - L.M. Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - A.P.F.R. Loureiro Bracarense
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wan MLY, Ling KH, Wang MF, El-Nezami H. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate improves epithelial barrier function by inducing the production of antimicrobial peptide pBD-1 and pBD-2 in monolayers of porcine intestinal epithelial IPEC-J2 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1048-58. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murphy L. Y. Wan
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Hong Kong
| | - K. H. Ling
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Hong Kong
| | - M. F. Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Hong Kong
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building; The University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam Hong Kong
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition; University of Eastern Finland; Kuopio Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mair KH, Sedlak C, Käser T, Pasternak A, Levast B, Gerner W, Saalmüller A, Summerfield A, Gerdts V, Wilson HL, Meurens F. The porcine innate immune system: an update. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:321-43. [PMID: 24709051 PMCID: PMC7103209 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, we have seen an increasing interest and demand for pigs in biomedical research. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) are closely related to humans in terms of their anatomy, genetics, and physiology, and often are the model of choice for the assessment of novel vaccines and therapeutics in a preclinical stage. However, the pig as a model has much more to offer, and can serve as a model for many biomedical applications including aging research, medical imaging, and pharmaceutical studies to name a few. In this review, we will provide an overview of the innate immune system in pigs, describe its anatomical and physiological key features, and discuss the key players involved. In particular, we compare the porcine innate immune system to that of humans, and emphasize on the importance of the pig as model for human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Sedlak
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Käser
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - A Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - B Levast
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - W Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - V Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - H L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - F Meurens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Modulation of porcine β-defensins 1 and 2 upon individual and combined Fusarium toxin exposure in a swine jejunal epithelial cell line. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:2225-32. [PMID: 23354708 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03277-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are small antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that play an important role in the innate immune system of mammals. Since the effect of mycotoxin contamination of food and feed on the secretion of intestinal AMPs is poorly understood, the aim of this study was to elucidate the individual and combined effects of four common Fusarium toxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA), and fumonisin B1 (FB1), on the mRNA expression, protein secretion, and corresponding antimicrobial effects of porcine β-defensins 1 and 2 (pBD-1 and pBD-2) using a porcine jejunal epithelial cell line, IPEC-J2. In general, upregulation of pBD-1 and pBD-2 mRNA expression occurred following exposure to Fusarium toxins, individually and in mixtures (P < 0.05). However, no significant increase in secreted pBD-1 and pBD-2 protein levels was observed, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Supernatants from IPEC-J2 cells exposed to toxins, singly or in combination, however, possessed significantly less antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli than untreated supernatants. When single toxins and two-toxin combinations were assessed, toxicity effects were shown to be nonadditive (including synergism, potentiation, and antagonism), suggesting interactive toxin effects when cells are exposed to mycotoxin combinations. The results show that Fusarium toxins, individually and in mixtures, activate distinct antimicrobial defense mechanisms possessing the potential to alter the intestinal microbiota through diminished antimicrobial effects. Moreover, by evaluating toxin mixtures, this improved understanding of toxin effects will enable more effective risk assessments for common mycotoxin combinations observed in contaminated food and feed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Milk-derived antimicrobial peptides to protect against Neonatal Diarrheal Disease: An alternative to antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6:21-32. [PMID: 32288917 PMCID: PMC7128309 DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal Diarrheal Disease is responsible for significant economic losses to the livestock industries in Canada and around the world. Microbes responsible are diverse and include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Rotavirus, Coronavirus and Cryptosporidia. While the use of antibiotics as a treatment for bacterial infections and as a prophylactic additive in feed has dramatically improved cattle production in recent decades, the increasing pressure to reduce or eliminate use of antibiotics in animals has caused the livestock industry to seek appropriate alternatives. Antimicrobial/Host Defense Peptides are natural compounds present on skin and in secretions in plants and animals that are microbicidal for bacteria, viruses, and parasites and they stimulate the immune system to combat infectious diseases. Our objective is to establish orally-obtained Host Defense Peptides (HDPs) as an alternative to antibiotics to protect against Neonatal Diarrheal Disease in calves. We devised a method to allow the cow udder to act as a factory to produce HDPs so that suckling calves will receive a continuous oral dose of HDPs over several weeks to protect them against neonatal diarrhea. We will use Adenovirus to deliver a gene coding for several HDPs in-frame into mammary epithelial cells. The epithelial cells will secrete the HDP protein into milk to be consumed by the suckling calves and trypsin in the calf gut will release the HDPs through cleavage. Thus, the novelty of this research lies not only in the proposed alternative to antibiotics to protect neonates against disease, but in the method by which we introduce the peptides to the suckling offspring.
Collapse
|