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Parola M, Pinzani M. Liver fibrosis in NAFLD/NASH: from pathophysiology towards diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Mol Aspects Med 2024; 95:101231. [PMID: 38056058 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis, as an excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, results from chronic liver injury as well as persistent activation of inflammatory response and of fibrogenesis. Liver fibrosis is a major determinant for chronic liver disease (CLD) progression and in the last two decades our understanding on the major molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the fibrogenic progression of CLD has dramatically improved, boosting pre-clinical studies and clinical trials designed to find novel therapeutic approaches. From these studies several critical concepts have emerged, starting to reveal the complexity of the pro-fibrotic microenvironment which involves very complex, dynamic and interrelated interactions between different hepatic and extrahepatic cell populations. This review will offer first a recapitulation of established and novel pathophysiological basic principles and concepts by intentionally focus the attention on NAFLD/NASH, a metabolic-related form of CLD with a high impact on the general population and emerging as a leading cause of CLD worldwide. NAFLD/NASH-related pro-inflammatory and profibrogenic mechanisms will be analysed as well as novel information on cells, mediators and signalling pathways which have taken advantage from novel methodological approaches and techniques (single cell genomics, imaging mass cytometry, novel in vitro two- and three-dimensional models, etc.). We will next offer an overview on recent advancement in diagnostic and prognostic tools, including serum biomarkers and polygenic scores, to support the analysis of liver biopsies. Finally, this review will provide an analysis of current and emerging therapies for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Parola
- Dept. Clinical and Biological Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine and Clinical Pathology, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine - Royal Free Hospital, London, NW32PF, United Kingdom.
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2
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Garcia SM, Lau J, Diaz A, Chi H, Lizarraga M, Wague A, Montenegro C, Davies MR, Liu X, Feeley BT. Distinct human stem cell subpopulations drive adipogenesis and fibrosis in musculoskeletal injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.07.28.551038. [PMID: 38260367 PMCID: PMC10802239 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.551038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Fibroadipogenic progenitors (FAPs) maintain healthy skeletal muscle in homeostasis but drive muscle degeneration in chronic injuries by promoting adipogenesis and fibrosis. To uncover how these stem cells switch from a pro-regenerative to pro-degenerative role we perform single-cell mRNA sequencing of human FAPs from healthy and injured human muscles across a spectrum of injury, focusing on rotator cuff tears. We identify multiple subpopulations with progenitor, adipogenic, or fibrogenic gene signatures. We utilize full spectrum flow cytometry to identify distinct FAP subpopulations based on highly multiplexed protein expression. Injury severity increases adipogenic commitment of FAP subpopulations and is driven by the downregulation of DLK1. Treatment of FAPs both in vitro and in vivo with DLK1 reduces adipogenesis and fatty infiltration, suggesting that during injury, reduced DLK1 within a subpopulation of FAPs may drive degeneration. This work highlights how stem cells perform varied functions depending on tissue context, by dynamically regulating subpopulation fate commitment, which can be targeted improve patient outcomes after injury.
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3
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Sudduth CL, Smits PJ, Vivero MP, Cheng YS, Ad M, Konczyk DJ, Bischoff J, Warman ML, Greene AK. Arteriovenous malformation Map2k1 mutation affects vasculogenesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11074. [PMID: 37422456 PMCID: PMC10329712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic activating MAP2K1 mutations in endothelial cells (ECs) cause extracranial arteriovenous malformation (AVM). We previously reported the generation of a mouse line allowing inducible expression of constitutively active MAP2K1 (p.K57N) from the Rosa locus (R26GT-Map2k1-GFP/+) and showed, using Tg-Cdh5CreER, that EC expression of mutant MAP2K1 is sufficient for the development of vascular malformations in the brain, ear, and intestines. To gain further insight into the mechanism by which mutant MAP2K1 drives AVM development, we induced MAP2K1 (p.K57N) expression in ECs of postnatal-day-1 pups (P1) and investigated the changes in gene expression in P9 brain ECs by RNA-seq. We found that over-expression of MAP2K1 altered the transcript abundance of > 1600 genes. Several genes had > 20-fold changes between MAP2K1 expressing and wild-type ECs; the highest were Col15a1 (39-fold) and Itgb3 (24-fold). Increased expression of COL15A1 in R26GT-Map2k1-GFP/+; Tg-Cdh5CreER+/- brain ECs was validated by immunostaining. Ontology showed that differentially expressed genes were involved in processes important for vasculogenesis (e.g., cell migration, adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, tube formation, angiogenesis). Understanding how these genes and pathways contribute to AVM formation will help identify targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Sudduth
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Patrick J Smits
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew P Vivero
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yu Sheng Cheng
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Michal Ad
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dennis J Konczyk
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew L Warman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arin K Greene
- Department of Plastic and Oral Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Abstract
The understanding of the mechanisms of liver fibrosis has been dominated by models in which chronic hepatocellular injury is the initiating step as is seen with viral infections. The increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, and the increases in liver fibrosis due to metabolic syndrome driven non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has made it a priority to understand how this type of liver fibrosis is similar to, and different from, pure hepatocellular injury driven liver fibrosis. Both types of liver fibrosis have the transformation of the hepatic stellate cell (HSC) into a myofibroblast as a key step. In metabolic syndrome, there is little evidence that metabolite changes such as high levels of glucose and free fatty acids are directly inducing HSC transdifferentiation, however, metabolite changes may lead to reductions in immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective molecules such as lipoxins, resolvins and Interleukin (IL)-22. Cells of the innate immune system are known to be important intermediaries between hepatocellular damage and HSC transdifferentiation, primarily by producing cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). Resident and infiltrating macrophages are the dominant innate immune cells, but others (dendritic cells, neutrophils, natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T cells) also have important roles in inducing and resolving liver fibrosis. CD8+ and CD4+ T cells of the adaptive immune system have been identified to have greater profibrotic roles than previously realised by inducing hepatocyte death (auto-aggressive CD8+T) cells and cytokines producing (TH17 producing CD4+T) cells. Finally, the cellular networks present in NASH fibrosis are being identified and suggest that once fibrosis has developed cell-to-cell communication is dominated by myofibroblasts autocrine signalling followed by communication with cholangiocytes and endothelial cells, with myofibroblast-hepatocyte, and myofibroblast-macrophage signalling having minor roles. Such information is essential to the development of antifibrotic strategies for different stages of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajahat Mehal
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Lee EJ, Kim Y, Kim JE, Yoon EL, Lee SR, Jun DW. ALS-L1023 from Melissa officinalis Alleviates Liver Fibrosis in a Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Model. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010100. [PMID: 36676050 PMCID: PMC9863634 DOI: 10.3390/life13010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ALS-L1023 is an ingredient extracted from Melissa officinalis L. (Labiatae; lemon balm), which is known as a natural medicine that suppresses angiogenesis. Herein, we aimed to determine whether ALS-L1023 could alleviate liver fibrosis in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model. C57BL/6 wild-type male mice (age, 6 weeks old) were fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet (CDHFD) for 10 weeks to induce NAFLD. For the next 10 weeks, two groups of mice received the test drug along with CDHFD. Two doses (a low dose, 800 mg/kg/day; and a high dose, 1200 mg/kg/day) of ALS-L1023 were selected and mixed with feed for administration. Obeticholic acid (OCA; 10 mg/kg/day) was used as the positive control. Biochemical analysis revealed that the ALS-L1023 low-dose group had significantly decreased alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. The area of fibrosis significantly decreased due to the administration of ALS-L1023, and the anti-fibrotic effect of ALS-L1023 was greater than that of OCA. RNA sequencing revealed that the responder group had lower expression of genes related to the hedgehog-signaling pathway than the non-responder group. ALS-L1023 may exert anti-fibrotic effects in the NAFLD model, suggesting that it may provide potential benefits for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeoung Lee
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kim
- Hanyang Medicine-Engineering-Bio Collaborative & Comprehensive Center for Drug Development, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eileen Laurel Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University School of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ryol Lee
- Department of Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.R.L.); (D.W.J.)
| | - Dae Won Jun
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Medicine-Engineering-Bio Collaborative & Comprehensive Center for Drug Development, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University School of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.R.L.); (D.W.J.)
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Lei L, Bruneau A, El Mourabit H, Guégan J, Folseraas T, Lemoinne S, Karlsen TH, Hoareau B, Morichon R, Gonzalez-Sanchez E, Goumard C, Ratziu V, Charbord P, Gautheron J, Tacke F, Jaffredo T, Cadoret A, Housset C. Portal fibroblasts with mesenchymal stem cell features form a reservoir of proliferative myofibroblasts in liver fibrosis. Hepatology 2022; 76:1360-1375. [PMID: 35278227 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In liver fibrosis, myofibroblasts derive from HSCs and as yet undefined mesenchymal cells. We aimed to identify portal mesenchymal progenitors of myofibroblasts. APPROACH AND RESULTS Portal mesenchymal cells were isolated from mouse bilio-vascular tree and analyzed by single-cell RNA-sequencing. Thereby, we uncovered the landscape of portal mesenchymal cells in homeostatic mouse liver. Trajectory analysis enabled inferring a small cell population further defined by surface markers used to isolate it. This population consisted of portal fibroblasts with mesenchymal stem cell features (PMSCs), i.e., high clonogenicity and trilineage differentiation potential, that generated proliferative myofibroblasts, contrasting with nonproliferative HSC-derived myofibroblasts (-MF). Using bulk RNA-sequencing, we built oligogene signatures of the two cell populations that remained discriminant across myofibroblastic differentiation. SLIT2, a prototypical gene of PMSC/PMSC-MF signature, mediated profibrotic and angiogenic effects of these cells, which conditioned medium promoted HSC survival and endothelial cell tubulogenesis. Using PMSC/PMSC-MF 7-gene signature and slit guidance ligand 2 fluorescent in situ hybridization, we showed that PMSCs display a perivascular portal distribution in homeostatic liver and largely expand with fibrosis progression, contributing to the myofibroblast populations that form fibrotic septa, preferentially along neovessels, in murine and human liver disorders, irrespective of etiology. We also unraveled a 6-gene expression signature of HSCs/HSC-MFs that did not vary in these disorders, consistent with their low proliferation rate. CONCLUSIONS PMSCs form a small reservoir of expansive myofibroblasts, which, in interaction with neovessels and HSC-MFs that mainly arise through differentiation from a preexisting pool, underlie the formation of fibrotic septa in all types of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lei
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Alix Bruneau
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haquima El Mourabit
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Justine Guégan
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), Bioinformatics/Biostatistics iCONICS Facility, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Trine Folseraas
- Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara Lemoinne
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Department of Hepatology, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (CRMR MIVB-H, ERN RARE-LIVER), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Tom Hemming Karlsen
- Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Medicine and Transplantation, Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Norwegian PSC Research Center, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bénédicte Hoareau
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMS Production et Analyse de Données en Sciences de la Vie et en Santé (PASS), Cytométrie Pitié-Salpêtrière (CyPS), Paris, France
| | - Romain Morichon
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Ester Gonzalez-Sanchez
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Claire Goumard
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Departments of Hepatology, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Vlad Ratziu
- Departments of Hepatology, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Charbord
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Gautheron
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thierry Jaffredo
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Axelle Cadoret
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Paris, France.,Department of Hepatology, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis (CRMR MIVB-H, ERN RARE-LIVER), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
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7
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Sun Y, Chen ZY, Gan X, Dai H, Cai D, Liu RH, Zhou JM, Zhang HL, Li ZH, Luo QQ, Jiang S, Wang T, Zhang KH. A novel four-gene signature for predicting the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol 2022; 57:1227-1237. [PMID: 35512233 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2022.2069476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and utilize gene signatures for the prognostic evaluation of postoperative patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS The gene mRNA expression profiles and corresponding clinicopathological data of postoperative patients with HCC were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Highly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tumor tissues compared to adjacent tissues were identified, and their associations with the overall survival (OS) of HCC patients were analyzed. The strongly associated genes were used to develop a prognostic score for the survival stratification of HCC, and the underlying mechanisms were analyzed using bioinformatics. RESULTS A total of 376 DEGs were identified and four DEGs (ADH4, COL15A1, RET and KCNJ16) were independently associated with OS. A prognostic score derived from the four genes could effectively stratify HCC patients with different OS outcomes, independent of clinical parameters. Patients with high scores exhibited poorer OS than patients with low scores (HR 5.526, 95% CI: 2.451-12.461, p < .001). The four genes were involved in cancer-related biological processes and were independent of each other in bioinformatics analyses. CONCLUSION Four genes strongly associated with the prognosis of postoperative patients with HCC were identified, and the derived prognostic score was simple and valuable for overall survival prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Institute of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Institute of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Nanchang, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, China
| | - Xia Gan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Institute of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Nanchang, China
| | - Hua Dai
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dan Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Institute of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Nanchang, China
| | - Rong-Hua Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Institute of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian-Ming Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Institute of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong-Li Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Institute of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Nanchang, China
| | - Zi-Hua Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Institute of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing-Qing Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Institute of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Nanchang, China
| | - Song Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Institute of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Nanchang, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Institute of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Nanchang, China
| | - Kun-He Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Institute of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Nanchang, China
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8
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Hepatic Myofibroblasts: A Heterogeneous and Redox-Modulated Cell Population in Liver Fibrogenesis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071278. [PMID: 35883770 PMCID: PMC9311931 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic liver disease (CLD) progression, hepatic myofibroblasts (MFs) represent a unique cellular phenotype that plays a critical role in driving liver fibrogenesis and then fibrosis. Although they could originate from different cell types, MFs exhibit a rather common pattern of pro-fibrogenic phenotypic responses, which are mostly elicited or sustained both by oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and several mediators (including growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and others) that often operate through the up-regulation of the intracellular generation of ROS. In the present review, we will offer an overview of the role of MFs in the fibrogenic progression of CLD from different etiologies by focusing our attention on the direct or indirect role of ROS and, more generally, oxidative stress in regulating MF-related phenotypic responses. Moreover, this review has the purpose of illustrating the real complexity of the ROS modulation during CLD progression. The reader will have to keep in mind that a number of issues are able to affect the behavior of the cells involved: a) the different concentrations of reactive species, b) the intrinsic state of the target cells, as well as c) the presence of different growth factors, cytokines, and other mediators in the extracellular microenvironment or of other cellular sources of ROS.
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Identification of the Potential Molecular Mechanisms Linking RUNX1 Activity with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, by Means of Systems Biology. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061315. [PMID: 35740337 PMCID: PMC9219880 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic hepatic disease; nevertheless, no definitive diagnostic method exists yet, apart from invasive liver biopsy, and nor is there a specific approved treatment. Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) plays a major role in angiogenesis and inflammation; however, its link with NAFLD is unclear as controversial results have been reported. Thus, the objective of this work was to determine the proteins involved in the molecular mechanisms between RUNX1 and NAFLD, by means of systems biology. First, a mathematical model that simulates NAFLD pathophysiology was generated by analyzing Anaxomics databases and reviewing available scientific literature. Artificial neural networks established NAFLD pathophysiological processes functionally related to RUNX1: hepatic insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, and hepatic injury-liver fibrosis. Our study indicated that RUNX1 might have a high relationship with hepatic injury-liver fibrosis, and a medium relationship with lipotoxicity and insulin resistance motives. Additionally, we found five RUNX1-regulated proteins with a direct involvement in NAFLD motives, which were NFκB1, NFκB2, TNF, ADIPOQ, and IL-6. In conclusion, we suggested a relationship between RUNX1 and NAFLD since RUNX1 seems to regulate NAFLD molecular pathways, posing it as a potential therapeutic target of NAFLD, although more studies in this field are needed.
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10
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Friedman SL, Pinzani M. Hepatic fibrosis 2022: Unmet needs and a blueprint for the future. Hepatology 2022; 75:473-488. [PMID: 34923653 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Steady progress over four decades toward understanding the pathogenesis and clinical consequences of hepatic fibrosis has led to the expectation of effective antifibrotic drugs, yet none has been approved. Thus, an assessment of the field is timely, to clarify priorities and accelerate progress. Here, we highlight the successes to date but, more importantly, identify gaps and unmet needs, both experimentally and clinically. These include the need to better define cell-cell interactions and etiology-specific elements of fibrogenesis and their link to disease-specific drivers of portal hypertension. Success in treating viral hepatitis has revealed the remarkable capacity of the liver to degrade scar in reversing fibrosis, yet we know little of the mechanisms underlying this response. Thus, there is an exigent need to clarify the cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis regression in order for therapeutics to mimic the liver's endogenous capacity. Better refined and more predictive in vitro and animal models will hasten drug development. From a clinical perspective, current diagnostics are improving but not always biologically plausible or sufficiently accurate to supplant biopsy. More urgently, digital pathology methods that leverage machine learning and artificial intelligence must be validated in order to capture more prognostic information from liver biopsies and better quantify the response to therapies. For more refined treatment of NASH, orthogonal approaches that integrate genetic, clinical, and pathological data sets may yield treatments for specific subphenotypes of the disease. Collectively, these and other advances will strengthen and streamline clinical trials and better link histologic responses to clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Friedman
- Division of Liver DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Massimo Pinzani
- Institute for Liver and Digestive HealthUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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11
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Yu Y, Liu X, Zhao Z, Xu Z, Qiao Y, Zhou Y, Qiao H, Zhong J, Dai J, Suo G. The Extracellular Matrix Enriched With Exosomes for the Treatment on Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:747223. [PMID: 34938180 PMCID: PMC8685953 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.747223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a severe respiratory disease caused by lung microenvironment changes. TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway plays a critical role in the fibrotic process. MicroRNA-29 (miR-29) has proved to alleviate the occurrence of PF by downregulating TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway. The miRNA application encounters obstacles due to its low stability in body and no targeting to lesions. Exosomes can be used for therapeutic delivery of miRNA due to their favorable delivery properties. However, low efficiency of separation and production impedes the therapeutic application of exosomes. In this study, we developed a liquid natural extracellular matrix (ECM) enriched with miR-29-loaded exosomes for PF treatment. The collagen-binding domain (CBD)-fused Lamp2b (CBD-Lamp2b) and miR-29 were overexpressed in human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) host cells for the entrapment of miR-29-loaded exosomes in ECM of the cells. The repeated freeze-thaw method was performed to prepare the liquid ECM enriched with exosomes without destroying the exosomal membrane. In summary, this study developed a novel functional ECM biomaterial for therapy of PF, and also provided a promising gene therapy platform for different diseases by treatment with liquid ECM that is, enriched with exosomes loaded with different functional miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Yu
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Xingzhi Liu
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongjuan Xu
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanshuai Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Medical Optics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Qiao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Junjie Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fudan University Huashan Hospital, National Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular, Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangli Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
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12
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Allaire M, Rudler M, Thabut D. Portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma: Des liaisons dangereuses…. Liver Int 2021; 41:1734-1743. [PMID: 34051060 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Portal hypertension (PHT) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are major complication of cirrhosis which significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality. In this review, we aim to describe the consequences of both angiogenesis and inflammation in the pathogenesis of PHT and HCC, but also the difficulty to propose adapted treatment when PHT and HCC coexist in the same patients. METHODS Studies for review in this article were retrieved from the PubMed database using literature published in English until March 2021. RESULTS Portal hypertension occurs secondary to an increase of intrahepatic vascular resistances, the opening of portosystemic collateral vessels and the formation of neovessels, related to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Recently, bacterial translocation-mediated inflammation was also identified as a major contributor to PHT. Interestingly, VEGF and chronic inflammation also contribute to HCC occurrence. As PHT and HCC often coexist in the same patient, management of PHT and its related complications as well as HCC treatment appear more complex. Indeed, PHT-related complications such as significant ascites may hamper the access to HCC treatment and the presence of HCC is also independently associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute variceal bleeding related to PHT. Due to their respective mechanism of action, the combination of Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab for advanced HCC may impact the level of PHT and its related complications and to date, no real-life data are available. CONSLUSIONS Appropriate evaluation and treatment of PHT remains a major issue in order to improve the outcome of HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Allaire
- Service d'Hépatolo-gastroentérologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, France Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Marika Rudler
- Service d'Hépatolo-gastroentérologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Thabut
- Service d'Hépatolo-gastroentérologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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13
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Single Cell Gene Expression Analysis in a 3D Microtissue Liver Model Reveals Cell Type-Specific Responses to Pro-Fibrotic TGF-β1 Stimulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094372. [PMID: 33922101 PMCID: PMC8122664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
3D cell culture systems are widely used to study disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Multicellular liver microtissues (MTs) comprising HepaRG, hTERT-HSC and THP-1 maintain multicellular interactions and physiological properties required to mimic liver fibrosis. However, the inherent complexity of multicellular 3D-systems often hinders the discrimination of cell type specific responses. Here, we aimed at applying single cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) to discern the molecular responses of cells involved in the development of fibrosis elicited by TGF-β1. To obtain single cell suspensions from the MTs, an enzymatic dissociation method was optimized. Isolated cells showed good viability, could be re-plated and cultured in 2D, and expressed specific markers determined by scRNA-seq, qRT-PCR, ELISA and immunostaining. The three cell populations were successfully clustered using supervised and unsupervised methods based on scRNA-seq data. TGF-β1 led to a fibrotic phenotype in the MTs, detected as decreased albumin and increased αSMA expression. Cell-type specific responses to the treatment were identified for each of the three cell types. They included HepaRG damage characterized by a decrease in cellular metabolism, prototypical inflammatory responses in THP-1s and extracellular matrix remodeling in hTERT-HSCs. Furthermore, we identified novel cell-specific putative fibrosis markers in hTERT-HSC (COL15A1), and THP-1 (ALOX5AP and LAPTM5).
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14
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Role of Angiogenesis in the Pathogenesis of NAFLD. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071338. [PMID: 33804956 PMCID: PMC8037441 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease, exposing to the risk of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Angio-genesis is a complex process leading to the development of new vessels from pre-existing vessels. Angiogenesis is triggered by hypoxia and inflammation and is driven by the action of proangiogenic cytokines, mainly vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In this review, we focus on liver angiogenesis associated with NAFLD and analyze the evidence of liver angiogenesis in animal models of NAFLD and in NAFLD patients. We also report the data explaining the role of angiogenesis in the progression of NAFLD and discuss the potential of targeting angiogenesis, notably VEGF, to treat NAFLD.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To give a state-of-art knowledge regarding cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) based both on direct evidence and studies on other desmoplastic cancers. High contingency of CAF characterizes CCA, a tumor with a biliary epithelial phenotype that can emerge anywhere in the biliary tree. Current treatments are very limited, the surgical resection being the only effective treatment but restricted to a minority of patients, whereas the remaining patients undergo palliative chemotherapy regimens. In cancer, CAF shape the tumor microenvironment, drive cancer growth and progression, and contribute to drug resistance. All these functions are accomplished through an interplay network between CAF and surrounding cells including tumor and other stromal cells, i.e. immune and endothelial cells. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies have pointed out the existence of CAF sub-populations carrying out several and opposite functions, cancer-promoting or cancer-restraining as shown in pancreatic cancer, another prototypic desmoplastic tumor in which heterogeneity of CAF is well demonstrated. SUMMARY New CAF functions are now emerging in pancreatic and breast cancers like the modulation of immune responses or tumor metabolism, opening new area for treatments.
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16
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Bretaud S, Guillon E, Karppinen SM, Pihlajaniemi T, Ruggiero F. Collagen XV, a multifaceted multiplexin present across tissues and species. Matrix Biol Plus 2020; 6-7:100023. [PMID: 33543021 PMCID: PMC7852327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2020.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type XV collagen is a non-fibrillar collagen that is associated with basement membranes and belongs to the multiplexin subset of the collagen superfamily. Collagen XV was initially studied because of its sequence homology with collagen XVIII/endostatin whose anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic properties were subjects of wide interest in the past years. But during the last fifteen years, collagen XV has gained growing attention with increasing number of studies that have attributed new functions to this widely distributed collagen/proteoglycan hybrid molecule. Despite the cumulative evidence of its functional pleiotropy and its evolutionary conserved function, no review compiling the current state of the art about collagen XV is currently available. Here, we thus provide the first comprehensive view of the knowledge gathered so far on the molecular structure, tissue distribution and functions of collagen XV in development, tissue homeostasis and disease with an evolutionary perspective. We hope that our review will open new roads for promising research on collagen XV in the coming years. Type XV collagen belongs to the multiplexin subset of the collagen superfamily. It is evolutionarily conserved collagen and associated with basement membranes. This collagen/proteoglycan hybrid molecule contains an anti-angiogenic restin domain. It has important functions in the cardiovascular and the neuromuscular systems. Its expression is dysregulated in various diseases including cancers.
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Key Words
- Animal models
- BM, basement membrane
- BMZ, basement membrane zone
- COL, collagenous domain
- CS, chondroitin sulfate
- CSPG, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan
- Collagen-related disease
- Collagens
- Development
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Evolution
- Extracellular matrix
- GAG, glycosaminoglycan
- HFD, High fat diet
- HS, heparan sulfate
- HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- Multiplexin
- NC, non-collagenous domain
- TD, trimerization domain
- TSPN, Thrombospondin-1 N-terminal like domain
- dpf, day post-fertilization
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Bretaud
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Emilie Guillon
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Sanna-Maria Karppinen
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FI-90230 Oulu, Finland
| | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7C, FI-90230 Oulu, Finland
| | - Florence Ruggiero
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5242, University of Lyon, Lyon 69364, France
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Liu J, Zhao B, Zhu H, Pan Q, Cai M, Bai X, Li X, Hu X, Zhang M, Shi J, Zheng Z, Yang A, Hu D. Wnt4 negatively regulates the TGF-β1-induced human dermal fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition via targeting Smad3 and ERK. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:537-548. [PMID: 31776823 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of Wnt signaling has been demonstrated in the wound healing process and the pathogenesis of fibrotic disorders, with Wnt4 specifically identified as having a key role in the pathogenesis of renal, pulmonary and liver fibrosis. Wnt4 also was found to be upregulated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in fetal and postnatal murine fibroblasts and bone marrow mesenchymal cells, suggesting an underlying cooperation between Wnt4 and TGF-β1 in fibrosis. However, the specific roles of Wnt4 in TGF-β1-induced skin myofibroblast transition and hypertrophic scar formation remain unclear. In the present study, we first observed reduced Wnt4 expression in hypertrophic scar tissue compared with that in normal skin tissue. Following upregulation by TGF-β1, Wnt4 inhibited the TGF-β1-induced transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. Using fibroblast-populated collagen lattice contraction assays, we showed that the increased contractility induced by TGF-β1 was significantly blocked by exogenous Wnt4 and the α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression was decreased in fibroblasts in the collagen lattices. In addition, knockdown of Wnt4 resulted in further increases in α-SMA and collagen I expressions. Further investigation showed that Wnt4 could inhibit the autocrine effect of TGF-β1 as well as block the phosphorylation of Smad3 and ERK but not of AKT or JNK. Lastly, using hypertrophic scar-derived fibroblasts, we showed that the elevated α-SMA and collagen I levels were markedly reduced after treatment with Wnt4. Taken together, our results suggest that Wnt4 negatively regulates TGF-β1-induced fibroblast activation, which may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huayu Zhu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qing Pan
- Outpatient Department, The Second Artillery Engineering College, 18 Lishan Road, Xi'an, 710025, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingda Cai
- The PLA 94062 troops Korla Air Force Hospital, Korla, 841000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaozhi Bai
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jihong Shi
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhao Zheng
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Angang Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Preclinical Education, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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18
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Qiao Y, Xu Z, Yu Y, Hou S, Geng J, Xiao T, Liang Y, Dong Q, Mei Y, Wang B, Qiao H, Dai J, Suo G. Single cell derived spheres of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhance cell stemness properties, survival ability and therapeutic potential on liver failure. Biomaterials 2019; 227:119573. [PMID: 31670080 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) have shown great potentials in regenerative medicine for their extensive sources, multilineage differentiation potential, low immunogenicity and self-renewal ability. However, the clinical application of UCMSCs still confronts many challenges including the requirement of large quantity of cells, low survival ability in vivo and the loss of main original characteristics due to two-dimensional (2D) culture. The traditional three-dimensional (3D)-spheroid culture can mimic in vivo conditions, but still has limitations in clinical application due to large size of spheroid against direct injection and inner cell death. Based on self-renewal tenet, we produced single cell derived sphere (SCDS) of UCMSCs through combining single cell pattern on chip with 3D culture. Compared with the 2D and traditional 3D culture, SCDS culture has many advantages to meet clinical requirements, including small size, higher abilities of survival and migration, and stronger hypoxia resistance and stemness maintenance. Furthermore, SCDS culture promotes angiogenesis in UCMSCs-xenografts and displays greater therapeutic potential on acute liver failure (ALF) in vivo. Our results suggest that SCDS culture may serve as a simple and effective strategy for UCMSCs optimization to meet clinical demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhongjuan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yanzhen Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shulan Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China; School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Junsa Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Tongqian Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China; School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Qun Dong
- Department of Pathology, Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210046, China
| | - Yan Mei
- Greepharma Inc., 211100, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Center for Clinic Stem Cell Research, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210008, China
| | - Hong Qiao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular, Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Guangli Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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19
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Exploring the roles of MACIT and multiplexin collagens in stem cells and cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:134-148. [PMID: 31479735 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is ubiquitously involved in neoplastic transformation, tumour growth and metastatic dissemination, and the interplay between tumour and stromal cells and the ECM is now considered crucial for the formation of a tumour-supporting microenvironment. The 28 different collagens (Col) form a major ECM protein family and display extraordinary functional diversity in tissue homeostasis as well as in pathological conditions, with functions ranging from structural support for tissues to regulatory binding activities and storage of biologically active cryptic domains releasable through ECM proteolysis. Two subfamilies of collagens, namely the plasma membrane-associated collagens with interrupted triple-helices (MACITs, including ColXIII, ColXXIII and ColXXV) and the basement membrane-associated collagens with multiple triple-helix domains with interruptions (multiplexins, including ColXV and ColXVIII), have highly interesting regulatory functions in tissue and organ development, as well as in various diseases, including cancer. An increasing, albeit yet sparse, data suggest that these collagens play crucial roles in conveying regulatory signals from the extracellular space to cells. We summarize here the current knowledge about MACITs and multiplexins as regulators of stemness and oncogenic processes, as well as their roles in influencing cell fate decisions in healthy and cancerous tissues. In addition, we present a bioinformatic analysis of the impacts of MACITs and multiplexins transcript levels on the prognosis of patients representing a wide array of malignant diseases, to aid future diagnostic and therapeutic efforts.
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20
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Johnson RL. Hippo signaling and epithelial cell plasticity in mammalian liver development, homeostasis, injury and disease. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1609-1616. [PMID: 31463737 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-018-9510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A traditional view of cellular differentiation is unidirectional: progenitor cells adopt specific fates in response to environmental cues resulting in deployment of cell-specific gene expression programs and acquisition of unique differentiated cellular properties such as production of structural and functional proteins that define individual cell types. In both development and in tissue repair stem and progenitor cells are thought to both self-renew to maintain the pool of precursors and to expand to give rise to transient amplifying and differentiated cell types. Recently, however, it has become appreciated that differentiated cell types can be reprogrammed to adopt progenitor and stem cell properties. In the case of epithelial cells in the mammalian liver, hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells there is a significant degree of plasticity between these lineages that has been implicated in mechanisms of tissue repair and in liver pathologies such as cancer. Recent studies have highlighted the role of Hippo signaling, an emerging growth control and tumor suppressor pathway, in regulating epithelial cell plasticity in the mammalian liver and in this review, the role of cellular plasticity and Hippo signaling in regulating normal and abnormal tissue responses in the mammalian liver will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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21
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Sun J, Wang J, Zhang N, Yang R, Chen K, Kong D. Identification of global mRNA expression profiles and comprehensive bioinformatic analyses of abnormally expressed genes in cholestatic liver disease. Gene 2019; 707:9-21. [PMID: 31048068 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestatic liver disease (CLD) is a highly heterogeneous hepatobiliary disease with various causes. The purpose of this research was to explore the gene expression changes throughout the course of CLD revealing potential causative molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. METHODS We established two animal models of cholestasis: 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine feeding for 2, 4 and 6 weeks and bile duct ligation for 14 days. Using these two models, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by RNA-Seq analysis and used the newly-found knowledge of DEGs in comprehensive bioinformatic analyses to investigate key molecular events. Sequencing results were confirmed by experimental verification. RESULTS Our study detected overlapping DEGs in the two models, of these 568 genes were upregulated and 117 genes were downregulated. Gene Ontology analysis demonstrated that the upregulated genes were associated with the biological processes of cell adhesion, cell migration and cell motility, while the metabolic processes of various substances were enriched for the downregulated genes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the upregulated pathways were mainly distributed in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction and amoebiasis, while downregulated pathways focused on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway, metabolic pathways and primary bile acid biosynthesis. These findings were further confirmed by protein-protein interaction network modeling. Hub genes Src, Pdgfb, Col15a1, Mmp9, Egfr were selected using centralities analyses and verified by qRT-PCR. CONCLUSION We profiled a global mRNA landscape in CLD to promote a complete understanding of transcriptomic events of this disease, offering candidate biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Renjun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Keyang Chen
- Department of Hygiene Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Meishan Road 81, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China
| | - Derun Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Jixi Road 218, Hefei 230022, Anhui Province, China.
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22
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Loeuillard E, El Mourabit H, Lei L, Lemoinne S, Housset C, Cadoret A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces inverse regulations of major functions in portal myofibroblasts during liver fibrosis progression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3688-3696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Liver fibrosis: Pathophysiology, pathogenetic targets and clinical issues. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 65:37-55. [PMID: 30213667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The progression of chronic liver diseases (CLD), irrespective of etiology, involves chronic parenchymal injury, persistent activation of inflammatory response as well as sustained activation of liver fibrogenesis and wound healing response. Liver fibrogenesis, is a dynamic, highly integrated molecular, cellular and tissue process responsible for driving the excess accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components (i.e., liver fibrosis) sustained by an eterogeneous population of hepatic myofibroblasts (MFs). The process of liver fibrogenesis recognizes a number of common and etiology-independent mechanisms and events but it is also significantly influenced by the specific etiology, as also reflected by peculiar morphological patterns of liver fibrosis development. In this review we will analyze the most relevant established and/or emerging pathophysiological issues underlying CLD progression with a focus on the role of critical hepatic cell populations, mechanisms and signaling pathways involved, as they represent potential therapeutic targets, to finally analyze selected and relevant clinical issues.
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24
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Eulenberg VM, Lidbury JA. Hepatic Fibrosis in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 32:26-41. [PMID: 29194760 PMCID: PMC5787209 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is commonly diagnosed in dogs, often as a sequela to chronic hepatitis (CH). The development of fibrosis is a crucial event in the progression of hepatic disease that is of prognostic value. The pathophysiology of hepatic fibrosis in human patients and rodent models has been studied extensively. Although less is known about this process in dogs, evidence suggests that fibrogenic mechanisms are similar between species and that activation of hepatic stellate cells is a key step. Diagnosis and staging of hepatic fibrosis in dogs requires histopathological examination of a liver biopsy specimen. However, performing a liver biopsy is invasive and assessment of fibrotic stage is complicated by the absence of a universally accepted staging scheme in veterinary medicine. Serum biomarkers that can discriminate among different fibrosis stages are used in human patients, but such markers must be more completely evaluated in dogs before clinical use. When successful treatment of its underlying cause is feasible, reversal of hepatic fibrosis has been shown to be possible in rodent models and human patients. Reversal of fibrosis has not been well documented in dogs, but successful treatment of CH is possible. In human medicine, better understanding of the pathomechanisms of hepatic fibrosis is leading to the development of novel treatment strategies. In time, these may be applied to dogs. This article comparatively reviews the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis, its diagnosis, and its treatment in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Eulenberg
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - J A Lidbury
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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Gullberg D, Kletsas D, Pihlajaniemi T. Editorial: Wound healing and fibrosis—two sides of the same coin. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:449-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2478-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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