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Li T, Zheng Y, Wu Z, Guo M, Liu R, Zeng W, Lv Y. YTHDF2 controls hexavalent chromium-induced mitophagy through modulating Hif1α and Bnip3 decay via the m 6A/mRNA pathway in spermatogonial stem cells/progenitors. Toxicol Lett 2023; 377:38-50. [PMID: 36739042 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the basis of spermatogenesis, and SSC homeostasis is essential for lifelong male fertility. Currently, environmental pollution remains one of the factors affecting human reproductive health. Chromium is a prevalent metal element, and excessive exposure to hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) can cause male reproductive disorders. Nevertheless, the toxic effects of Cr (VI) on SSCs and the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we showed that Cr (VI) exposure triggered mitophagy in mouse SSCs/progenitors in a time-dependent manner. Concurrently, Cr (VI) treatment caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and activated the HIF1α-mediated BNIP3 expression to trigger mitophagy. In addition, Cr (VI) exposure significantly decreased the level of m6A modification. Further, we identified that YTHDF2 regulated the stability of Bnip3 and Hif1α mRNAs in an m6A-dependent manner, which was involved in Cr (VI)-induced mitophagy. Collectively, our study not only expands the mechanisms for Cr (VI)-caused male reproductive toxicity, but also provides pharmacological targets for prevention and treatment of Cr (VI)-induced male fertility impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhili Wu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruifang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenxian Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Yinghua Lv
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Ding G, Gai F, Gou Z, Zuo Y. Multistimuli-responsive fluorescent probes based on spiropyrans for the visualization of lysosomal autophagy and anticounterfeiting. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:4999-5007. [PMID: 35713019 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00580h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes, as the main degradative organelles, play an important role in a variety of cellular metabolic activities including autophagy and apoptosis, catabolism and transporting substances. Lysosomal autophagy is an important physiological process and causes a slight change in the intra-lysosomal pH to facilitate the breakdown of macromolecular proteins. Therefore, detecting the fluctuation of intra-lysosomal pH is of great significance in monitoring physiological and pathological activities in living organisms. However, few probes have enabled the ratiometric monitoring of lysosomal pH and lysosomal autophagy in dual channels. Fortunately, spiropyrans, as compounds with multistimuli-responsive discoloration properties, form two different isomers under acid induction and ultraviolet induction. To fill this gap, in this work, two novel multistimuli-responsive fluorescent probes with lysosomal targeting in dual channels based on spiropyrans were rationally designed and synthesized. Notably, the two probes exhibited different absorption wavelengths in their UV-responsive and pH-responsive moieties due to their different electron-donating groups. Moreover, bioimaging experiments clearly demonstrate that the probes Lyso-SP and Lyso-SQ monitor lysosomal autophagy by facilitating the visualization of fluctuations in intra-lysosomal pH. Meanwhile, their potential applications in the field of dual-anticounterfeiting were explored based on their photoluminescence ability. We expect that more multistimuli-responsive fluorescent probes can be developed by this design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China.
| | - Fengqing Gai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China.
| | - Zhiming Gou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China.
| | - Yujing Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China.
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3
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Dong Y, Yu M, Wu Y, Xia T, Wang L, Song K, Zhang C, Lu K, Rahimnejad S. Hydroxytyrosol Promotes the Mitochondrial Function through Activating Mitophagy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:893. [PMID: 35624756 PMCID: PMC9138034 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction mediates the pathogenesis for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a key component of extra virgin olive oil which can exert beneficial effects on NAFLD through modulating mitochondria. However, the mechanism of the impacts of HT still remains elusive. Thus, an in vivo and a series of in vitro experiments were carried out to examine the impacts of hydroxytyrosol (HT) on lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function in fish. For the in vivo experiment, two diets were produced to contain 10% and 16% fat as normal-fat and high-fat diets (NFD and HFD) and two additional diets were prepared by supplementing 200 mg/kg of HT to the NFD and HFD. The test diets were fed to triplicate groups of spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) juveniles for 8 weeks. The results showed that feeding HFD leads to increased fat deposition in the liver and induces oxidative stress, both of which were ameliorated by HT application. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy revealed that HFD destroyed mitochondrial cristae and matrix and induced severe hydropic phenotype, while HT administration relieved these alterations. The results of in vitro studies using zebrafish liver cell line (ZFL) showed that HT promotes mitochondrial function and activates PINK1-mediated mitophagy. These beneficial effects of HT disappeared when the cells were treated with cyclosporin A (Csa) as a mitophagy inhibitor. Moreover, the PINK1-mediated mitophagy activation by HT was blocked when compound C (CC) was used as an AMPK inhibitor. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that HT alleviates fat accumulation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and its effects are deemed to be mediated via activating mitophagy through the AMPK/PINK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzou Dong
- Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.D.); (M.Y.); (T.X.); (L.W.); (K.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Manhan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.D.); (M.Y.); (T.X.); (L.W.); (K.S.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Swine Nutrition and Feed Science of Fujian Province, Fujian Aonong Biological Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou 363000, China;
| | - Youlin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Swine Nutrition and Feed Science of Fujian Province, Fujian Aonong Biological Science and Technology Group Co., Ltd., Zhangzhou 363000, China;
| | - Tian Xia
- Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.D.); (M.Y.); (T.X.); (L.W.); (K.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.D.); (M.Y.); (T.X.); (L.W.); (K.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Kai Song
- Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.D.); (M.Y.); (T.X.); (L.W.); (K.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.D.); (M.Y.); (T.X.); (L.W.); (K.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Kangle Lu
- Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; (Y.D.); (M.Y.); (T.X.); (L.W.); (K.S.); (C.Z.)
| | - Samad Rahimnejad
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic;
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Eldeeb MA, Thomas RA, Ragheb MA, Fallahi A, Fon EA. Mitochondrial quality control in health and in Parkinson's disease. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1721-1755. [PMID: 35466694 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a central hub for cellular metabolism and intracellular signalling, the mitochondrion is a pivotal organelle, dysfunction of which has been linked to several human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, and in particular Parkinson's disease. An inherent challenge that mitochondria face is the continuous exposure to diverse stresses which increase their likelihood of dysregulation. In response, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated quality control mechanisms to monitor, identify, repair and/or eliminate abnormal or misfolded proteins within the mitochondrion and/or the dysfunctional mitochondrion itself. Chaperones identify unstable or otherwise abnormal conformations in mitochondrial proteins and can promote their refolding to recover their correct conformation and stability. However, if repair is not possible, the abnormal protein is selectively degraded to prevent potentially damaging interactions with other proteins or its oligomerization into toxic multimeric complexes. The autophagic-lysosomal system and the ubiquitin-proteasome system mediate the selective and targeted degradation of such abnormal or misfolded protein species. Mitophagy (a specific kind of autophagy) mediates the selective elimination of dysfunctional mitochondria, in order to prevent the deleterious effects the dysfunctional organelles within the cell. Despite our increasing understanding of the molecular responses toward dysfunctional mitochondria, many key aspects remain relatively poorly understood. Herein, we review the emerging mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control including quality control strategies coupled to mitochondrial import mechanisms. In addition, we review the molecular mechanisms regulating mitophagy with an emphasis on the regulation of PINK1/PARKIN-mediated mitophagy in cellular physiology and in the context of Parkinson's disease cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Eldeeb
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rhalena A Thomas
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mohamed A Ragheb
- Chemistry Department (Biochemistry Division), Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Armaan Fallahi
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- McGill Parkinson Program, Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Lechado Terradas A, Zittlau KI, Macek B, Fraiberg M, Elazar Z, Kahle PJ. Regulation of mitochondrial cargo-selective autophagy by posttranslational modifications. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101339. [PMID: 34688664 PMCID: PMC8591368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelles in eukaryotes. Turnover and quality control of mitochondria are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level by several cellular mechanisms. Removal of defective mitochondrial proteins is mediated by mitochondria resident proteases or by proteasomal degradation of individual proteins. Clearance of bulk mitochondria occurs via a selective form of autophagy termed mitophagy. In yeast and some developing metazoan cells (e.g., oocytes and reticulocytes), mitochondria are largely removed by ubiquitin-independent mechanisms. In such cases, the regulation of mitophagy is mediated via phosphorylation of mitochondria-anchored autophagy receptors. On the other hand, ubiquitin-dependent recruitment of cytosolic autophagy receptors occurs in situations of cellular stress or disease, where dysfunctional mitochondria would cause oxidative damage. In mammalian cells, a well-studied ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy pathway induced by mitochondrial depolarization is regulated by the mitochondrial protein kinase PINK1, which upon activation recruits the ubiquitin ligase parkin. Here, we review mechanisms of mitophagy with an emphasis on posttranslational modifications that regulate various mitophagy pathways. We describe the autophagy components involved with particular emphasis on posttranslational modifications. We detail the phosphorylations mediated by PINK1 and parkin-mediated ubiquitylations of mitochondrial proteins that can be modulated by deubiquitylating enzymes. We also discuss the role of accessory factors regulating mitochondrial fission/fusion and the interplay with pro- and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Comprehensive knowledge of the processes of mitophagy is essential for the understanding of vital mitochondrial turnover in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lechado Terradas
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Milana Fraiberg
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Philipp J Kahle
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
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6
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Belcaro G, Cesarone MR, Saggino A, Dugall M, Hu S, Scipione C, Scipione V, Cornelli U, Hosoi M, Cotellese R, Cox D, Corsi M, Feragalli B. Prevention of work-related stress, fatigue, loss of cognitive function, attention and recovery of stamina with Robuvit® in professionals with increased oxidative stress. Minerva Med 2021; 113:518-525. [PMID: 34542952 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.21.07776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this open, pilot supplement registry study was to evaluate the protective, preventive effects of Robuvit® on professional-related fatigue symptoms and on aspects of cognitive functions, professional attitudes and decision-making in healthy nurses under professional stress and with increased oxidative stress. RESULTS In total, 40 subjects, aged 30 - 37, completed the 4-week registry study. A control group of 20 subjects used only the standard management (SM) and one group of 20 subjects took 300 mg Robuvit®. Safety and tolerability of Robuvit® were optimal. The two registry groups were comparable at inclusion. The overall scores of the real daily life & tasks questionnaire after 4 weeks were significantly higher in the Robuvit® group (p<0.05) as compared to controls. It increased from 4.3±0.4 at baseline to 6.78±0.8 after 4 weeks of Robuvit® intake and from 4.2±0.5 to 5.12±1.0 in the control group. The supplementation significantly improved the objective perception of fatigue in comparison with controls (p<0.05). A practical professional score evaluation provided an indication of professional attitude and stamina, in difficult, stressful working conditions under continuous pressure. The results showed that after 4-week supplementation all assessed parameters improved significantly and the difference with controls was statistically significant (p<0.05). Furthermore,oxidative stress as plasma free radicals decreased significant in the Robuvit® group (p<0.05) but not in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Robuvit® supplementation appears to improve most symptoms related to work-induced fatigue, stress and cognitive function and supports stamina. Further evaluations need to be planned according to the concept of this pilot registry in a field that requires more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Belcaro
- Irvine3 Labs Institute and OOLEX Research center, Pescara, Italy -
| | - Maria R Cesarone
- Irvine3 Labs Institute and OOLEX Research center, Pescara, Italy
| | - Aristide Saggino
- Psychology Faculty, D'Annunzio University, Ch - Pe University, Pescara, Italy
| | - Mark Dugall
- Irvine3 Labs Institute and OOLEX Research center, Pescara, Italy
| | - Shu Hu
- Irvine3 Labs Institute and OOLEX Research center, Pescara, Italy
| | - Claudia Scipione
- Irvine3 Labs Institute and OOLEX Research center, Pescara, Italy
| | - Valeria Scipione
- Irvine3 Labs Institute and OOLEX Research center, Pescara, Italy
| | - Umberto Cornelli
- Irvine3 Labs Institute and OOLEX Research center, Pescara, Italy
| | - Morio Hosoi
- Irvine3 Labs Institute and OOLEX Research center, Pescara, Italy
| | - Roberto Cotellese
- RADIOLOGY INSTITUTE Dpt. Sc Med or Biotec, Ch-Pe University, Pescara, Italy
| | - David Cox
- Irvine3 Labs Institute and OOLEX Research center, Pescara, Italy
| | - Marcello Corsi
- Irvine3 Labs Institute and OOLEX Research center, Pescara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Feragalli
- RADIOLOGY INSTITUTE Dpt. Sc Med or Biotec, Ch-Pe University, Pescara, Italy
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7
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Chua JP, De Calbiac H, Kabashi E, Barmada SJ. Autophagy and ALS: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Autophagy 2021; 18:254-282. [PMID: 34057020 PMCID: PMC8942428 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1926656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of protein homeostasis are crucial for overseeing the clearance of misfolded and toxic proteins over the lifetime of an organism, thereby ensuring the health of neurons and other cells of the central nervous system. The highly conserved pathway of autophagy is particularly necessary for preventing and counteracting pathogenic insults that may lead to neurodegeneration. In line with this, mutations in genes that encode essential autophagy factors result in impaired autophagy and lead to neurodegenerative conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the mechanistic details underlying the neuroprotective role of autophagy, neuronal resistance to autophagy induction, and the neuron-specific effects of autophagy-impairing mutations remain incompletely defined. Further, the manner and extent to which non-cell autonomous effects of autophagy dysfunction contribute to ALS pathogenesis are not fully understood. Here, we review the current understanding of the interplay between autophagy and ALS pathogenesis by providing an overview of critical steps in the autophagy pathway, with special focus on pivotal factors impaired by ALS-causing mutations, their physiologic effects on autophagy in disease models, and the cell type-specific mechanisms regulating autophagy in non-neuronal cells which, when impaired, can contribute to neurodegeneration. This review thereby provides a framework not only to guide further investigations of neuronal autophagy but also to refine therapeutic strategies for ALS and related neurodegenerative diseases.Abbreviations: ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Atg: autophagy-related; CHMP2B: charged multivesicular body protein 2B; DPR: dipeptide repeat; FTD: frontotemporal dementia; iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; RNP: ribonuclear protein; sALS: sporadic ALS; SPHK1: sphingosine kinase 1; TARDBP/TDP-43: TAR DNA binding protein; TBK1: TANK-binding kinase 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB; ULK: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase; UPR: unfolded protein response; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; VCP: valosin containing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Chua
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Hortense De Calbiac
- Recherche translationnelle sur les maladies neurologiques, Institut Imagine, UMR-1163 INSERM et Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Edor Kabashi
- Recherche translationnelle sur les maladies neurologiques, Institut Imagine, UMR-1163 INSERM et Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Sami J Barmada
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Weichmann F, Avaltroni F, Burki C. Review of Clinical Effects and Presumed Mechanism of Action of the French Oak Wood Extract Robuvit. J Med Food 2021; 24:897-907. [PMID: 33512270 PMCID: PMC8573807 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, oak wood polyphenols are consumed concomitantly with beverages that are stored and aged in oak wood barrels. Among these polyphenols are roburins, which belong to the class of ellagitannins and only occur in oak. To date, water-extracted standardized French Quercus robur wood extract, commercially known as Robuvit®, has been investigated in 1172 subjects in over 20 published clinical trials. The results of the clinical studies are consistent with reported effects of urolithins regarding increased mitophagy, pointing to enhanced energy capacity. The Robuvit metabolite urolithin A, B, and C levels and the number of urolithin producers were found to be increased after intake of the extract. Mitophagy is a process, which assigns energy inefficient mitochondria to disassembly, followed by reconstruction to new and more efficient replacements. This effect of Robuvit was observed in different study groups. Supplementation of Robuvit is ascribed to aid chronically fatigued or burnt-out individuals to regain higher energy and activity levels. Robuvit has been further shown to improve conditions such as renal insufficiency, liver insufficiency, mild heart failure, posttraumatic stress disorder and fatigue after surgery and facilitate recovery from mild health impairments such as flu or hangover. There are also indications that Robuvit helps improve erectile function and general loss of vigor in elderly men. Ex vivo gene expression experiments using metabolites collected from Robuvit consumers point to increased ribosomal biogenesis in endothelial, neuronal, and keratinocyte cells. Higher ribosome density accelerates the peptide production to meet protein demand, making Robuvit a potential enhancer of physical endurance and performance. A study with recreational athletes, supplemented with Robuvit daily, reported significantly increased performance in triathlon.
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Zhang J, Tang LL, Li LY, Cui SW, Jin S, Chen HZ, Yang WM, Xie DJ, Yu GR. Gandouling Tablets Inhibit Excessive Mitophagy in Toxic Milk (TX) Model Mouse of Wilson Disease via Pink1/Parkin Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:3183714. [PMID: 33456485 PMCID: PMC7787754 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3183714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gandouling (GDL) tablet is a Chinese patent medicine approved by the National Medical Product Administration, which is used to treat Wilson disease (WD) in China. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of GDL on mitophagy in the hippocampus in the toxic milk (TX) mouse model of WD. METHODS Mice were randomly divided into the following four groups: control, Wilson (model group), D-penicillamine (DPA), and GDL groups. The animal behaviors were evaluated by the water maze experiment, traction test, and pole test. Transmission electron microscopy was used for the detection of mitochondrion structure. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed for the analysis of the changes in liver function. Colocalization of mitophagy-related proteins was detected by fluorescence microscopy. Western blotting (WB) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were conducted for the detection of protein expression and mRNA levels, respectively. RESULTS Significant reduction in neurological impairments was observed in the WD model group. All of these results were significantly reversed by GDL intervention. Compared with the levels in the Wilson group, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), and albumin (ALB) changed obviously. Colocalization between mitophagy-related proteins pink1, parkin, and mitochondria was changed significantly. The mitophagy-related mRNA (pink1, parkin, and LC3II) and protein expression levels (pink1, parkin, and the rate of LC3II/LC3I) were decreased significantly, while p62 was remarkably increased after GDL intervention. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that the neuroprotective mechanism of GDL may occur via the inhibition of excessive mitophagy through the regulation of the pink1/parkin pathway in the TX mouse brain of WD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Lu-Lu Tang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Liang-Yong Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shen-Wei Cui
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shan Jin
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huai-Zhen Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Ming Yang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Dao-Jun Xie
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Gu-Ran Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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10
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Fan W, Song Y, Ren Z, Cheng X, Li P, Song H, Jia L. Glioma cells are resistant to inflammation‑induced alterations of mitochondrial dynamics. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:1293-1306. [PMID: 33174046 PMCID: PMC7646598 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation is present in solid tumors. However, it is poorly understood whether inflammation exists in glioma and how it affects the metabolic signature of glioma. By analyzing immunohistochemical data and gene expression data downloaded from bioinformatic datasets, the present study revealed an accumulation of inflammatory cells in glioma, activation of microglia, upregulation of proinflammatory factors (including IL-6, IL-8, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, STAT3, NF-κB1 and NF-κB2), destruction of mitochondrial structure and altered expression levels of electron transfer chain complexes and metabolic enzymes. By monitoring glioma cells following proinflammatory stimulation, the current study observed a remodeling of their mitochondrial network via mitochondrial fission. More than half of the mitochondria presented ring-shaped or spherical morphologies. Transmission electron microscopic analyses revealed mitochondrial swelling with partial or total cristolysis. Furthermore, proinflammatory stimuli resulted in increased generation of reactive oxygen species, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and reprogrammed metabolism. The defective mitochondria were not eliminated via mitophagy. However, cell viability was not affected, and apoptosis was decreased in glioma cells after proinflammatory stimuli. Overall, the present findings suggested that inflammation may be present in glioma and that glioma cells may be resistant to inflammation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wange Fan
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Song
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zongyao Ren
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Cheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Pu Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Huiling Song
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Liyun Jia
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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11
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MitoTimer-based high-content screen identifies two chemically-related benzothiophene derivatives that enhance basal mitophagy. Biochem J 2020; 477:461-475. [PMID: 32003437 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial turnover is required for proper cellular function. Both mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy are impaired in several degenerative and age-related diseases. The search for mitophagy activators recently emerged as a new therapeutical approach; however, there is a lack in suitable tools to follow mitochondrial turnover in a high-throughput manner. We demonstrate that the fluorescent protein, MitoTimer, is a reliable and robust probe to follow mitochondrial turnover. The screening of 15 000 small molecules led us to two chemically-related benzothiophenes that stimulate basal mitophagy in the beta-cell line, INS1. Enhancing basal mitophagy was associated with improved mitochondrial function, higher Complex I activity and Complex II and III expressions in INS1 cells, as well as better insulin secretion performance in mouse islets. The possibility of further enhancing mitophagy in the absence of mitochondrial stressors points to the existence of a 'basal mitophagy spare capacity'. To this end, we found two small molecules that can be used as models to better understand the physiological regulation of mitophagy.
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12
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Phosphorylation of mitochondrial matrix proteins regulates their selective mitophagic degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20517-20527. [PMID: 31548421 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901759116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is an important quality-control mechanism in eukaryotic cells, and defects in mitophagy correlate with aging phenomena and neurodegenerative disorders. It is known that different mitochondrial matrix proteins undergo mitophagy with very different rates but, to date, the mechanism underlying this selectivity at the individual protein level has remained obscure. We now present evidence indicating that protein phosphorylation within the mitochondrial matrix plays a mechanistic role in regulating selective mitophagic degradation in yeast via involvement of the Aup1 mitochondrial protein phosphatase, as well as 2 known matrix-localized protein kinases, Pkp1 and Pkp2. By focusing on a specific matrix phosphoprotein reporter, we also demonstrate that phospho-mimetic and nonphosphorylatable point mutations at known phosphosites in the reporter increased or decreased its tendency to undergo mitophagy. Finally, we show that phosphorylation of the reporter protein is dynamically regulated during mitophagy in an Aup1-dependent manner. Our results indicate that structural determinants on a mitochondrial matrix protein can govern its mitophagic fate, and that protein phosphorylation regulates these determinants.
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13
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Mohammadinejad R, Moosavi MA, Tavakol S, Vardar DÖ, Hosseini A, Rahmati M, Dini L, Hussain S, Mandegary A, Klionsky DJ. Necrotic, apoptotic and autophagic cell fates triggered by nanoparticles. Autophagy 2019; 15:4-33. [PMID: 30160607 PMCID: PMC6287681 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1509171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have gained a rapid increase in use in a variety of applications that pertain to many aspects of human life. The majority of these innovations are centered on medical applications and a range of industrial and environmental uses ranging from electronics to environmental remediation. Despite the advantages of NPs, the knowledge of their toxicological behavior and their interactions with the cellular machinery that determines cell fate is extremely limited. This review is an attempt to summarize and increase our understanding of the mechanistic basis of nanomaterial interactions with the cellular machinery that governs cell fate and activity. We review the mechanisms of NP-induced necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy and potential implications of these pathways in nanomaterial-induced outcomes. Abbreviations: Ag, silver; CdTe, cadmium telluride; CNTs, carbon nanotubes; EC, endothelial cell; GFP, green fluorescent protein; GO, graphene oxide; GSH, glutathione; HUVECs, human umbilical vein endothelial cells; NP, nanoparticle; PEI, polyethylenimine; PVP, polyvinylpyrrolidone; QD, quantum dot; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SiO2, silicon dioxide; SPIONs, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; SWCNT, single-walled carbon nanotubes; TiO2, titanium dioxide; USPION, ultra-small super paramagnetic iron oxide; ZnO, zinc oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Moosavi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Deniz Özkan Vardar
- Sungurlu Vocational High School, Health Programs, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey
| | - Asieh Hosseini
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marveh Rahmati
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Salik Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ali Mandegary
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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14
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Song S, Wu S, Wang Y, Wang Z, Ye C, Song R, Song D, Ruan Y. 17β-estradiol inhibits human umbilical vascular endothelial cell senescence by regulating autophagy via p53. Exp Gerontol 2018; 114:57-66. [PMID: 30399406 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cell (VEC) senescence is an initiating factor in numerous cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies showed that 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), an estrogen with numerous biological activities such as inhibition of atherosclerosis, protects VECs from senescence. However, the effects of 17β-E2 on human umbilical VECs (HUVECs) remain unknown. This study investigated the anti-senescent effect of 17β-E2 on HUVECs and explored the underlying mechanism with respect to autophagy and p53 activity. First, rapamycin and 3-methyladenine were used to clarify the relationship between autophagy and senescence in HUVECs, and an inverse relationship was demonstrated. Next, the effect of 17β-E2 on H2O2-induced senescence of HUVECs was examined. Increased autophagy induced by 17β-E2 inhibited H2O2-induced senescence of HUVECs, increased cell viability, and maintained HUVEC morphology. 17β-E2 pre-treatment also decreased cell cycle arrest, decreased the dephosphorylation of Rb, decreased the production of ET-1, and increased the production of NO. Most importantly, 17β-E2 pre-treatment increased autophagy by activating p53 and its downstream effector p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA). Overall, our data indicate the critical role of autophagy in the anti-senescent effect of 17β-E2 on HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Song
- Department of Gerontology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Saizhu Wu
- Department of Gerontology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changxiong Ye
- Department of Gerontology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Gerontology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongqing Song
- Department of Gerontology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunjun Ruan
- Department of Gerontology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Hyttinen JMT, Viiri J, Kaarniranta K, Błasiak J. Mitochondrial quality control in AMD: does mitophagy play a pivotal role? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2991-3008. [PMID: 29777261 PMCID: PMC11105454 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the predominant cause of visual loss in old people in the developed world, whose incidence is increasing. This disease is caused by the decrease in macular function, due to the degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The aged retina is characterised by increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired autophagy, and DNA damage that are linked to AMD pathogenesis. Mitophagy, a mitochondria-specific type of autophagy, is an essential part of mitochondrial quality control, the collective mechanism responsible for this organelle's homeostasis. The abundance of ROS, DNA damage, and the excessive energy consumption in the ageing retina all contribute to the degeneration of RPE cells and their mitochondria. We discuss the role of mitophagy in the cell and argue that its impairment may play a role in AMD pathogenesis. Thus, mitophagy as a potential therapeutic target in AMD and other degenerative diseases is as well explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M T Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Johanna Viiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janusz Błasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
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16
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Rogov AG, Ovchenkova AP, Goleva TN, Kireev II, Zvyagilskaya RA. New yeast models for studying mitochondrial morphology as affected by oxidative stress and other factors. Anal Biochem 2018; 552:24-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Eremina L, Pashintseva N, Kovalev L, Kovaleva M, Shishkin S. Proteomics of mammalian mitochondria in health and malignancy: From protein identification to function. Anal Biochem 2018; 552:4-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is essential for mitochondrial and cell function, is replicated and transcribed in the organelle by proteins that are entirely coded in the nucleus. Replication of mtDNA is challenged not only by threats related to the replication machinery and orchestration of DNA synthesis, but also by factors linked to the peculiarity of this genome. Indeed the architecture, organization, copy number, and location of mtDNA, which are markedly distinct from the nuclear genome, require ad hoc and complex regulation to ensure coordinated replication. As a consequence sub-optimal mtDNA replication, which results from compromised regulation of these factors, is generally associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and disease. Mitochondrial DNA replication should be considered in the context of the organelle and the whole cell, and not just a single genome or a single replication event. Major threats to mtDNA replication are linked to its dependence on both mitochondrial and nuclear factors, which require exquisite coordination of these crucial subcellular compartments. Moreover, regulation of replication events deals with a dynamic population of multiple mtDNA molecules rather than with a fixed number of genome copies, as it is the case for nuclear DNA. Importantly, the mechanistic aspects of mtDNA replication are still debated. We describe here major challenges for human mtDNA replication, the mechanistic aspects of the process that are to a large extent original, and their consequences on disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miria Ricchetti
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development, 75724 Cedex15, Paris, France; Team Stability of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA, CNRS UMR 3738, 75724, Cedex15, Paris, France.
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19
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Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I, Algül H, Habtezion A. Autophagy, Inflammation, and Immune Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:1212-1226. [PMID: 28918190 PMCID: PMC6338477 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatitis is a common disorder with significant morbidity and mortality, yet little is known about its pathogenesis, and there is no specific or effective treatment. Its development involves dysregulated autophagy and unresolved inflammation, demonstrated by studies in genetic and experimental mouse models. Disease severity depends on whether the inflammatory response resolves or amplifies, leading to multi-organ failure. Dysregulated autophagy might promote the inflammatory response in the pancreas. We discuss the roles of autophagy and inflammation in pancreatitis, mechanisms of deregulation, and connections among disordered pathways. We identify gaps in our knowledge and delineate perspective directions for research. Elucidation of pathogenic mechanisms could lead to new targets for treating or reducing the severity of pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California; Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hana Algül
- II Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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20
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Abstract
Huntingtin (HTT) is an essential protein during early embryogenesis and the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Conditional knock-out of mouse Huntingtin (Htt) expression in the CNS beginning during neural development, as well as reducing Htt expression only during embryonic and early postnatal stages, results in neurodegeneration in the adult brain. These findings suggest that HTT is important for the development and/or maintenance of the CNS, but they do not address the question of whether HTT is required specifically in the adult CNS for its normal functions and/or homeostasis. Recently, it was reported that although removing Htt expression in young adult mice causes lethality due to acute pancreatitis, loss of Htt expression in the adult brain is well tolerated and does not result in either motor deficits or neurodegeneration for up to 7 months after Htt inactivation. However, recent studies have also demonstrated that HTT participates in several cellular functions that are important for neuronal homeostasis and survival including sensing reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage repair, and stress responses, in addition to its role in selective macroautophagy. In this review, HTT's functions in development and in the adult CNS will be discussed in the context of these recent discoveries, together with a discussion of their potential impact on the design of therapeutic strategies for Huntington's disease (HD) aimed at lowering total HTT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott O. Zeitlin
- Correspondence to: Scott O. Zeitlin, Ph.D., Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 409 Lane Rd., Box 801392, MR4-5022, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. Tel.: +1 434 924 5011; Fax: +1 434 982 4380; E-mail:
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21
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Song SB, Jang SY, Kang HT, Wei B, Jeoun UW, Yoon GS, Hwang ES. Modulation of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and ROS Generation by Nicotinamide in a Manner Independent of SIRT1 and Mitophagy. Mol Cells 2017; 40:503-514. [PMID: 28736426 PMCID: PMC5547220 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2017.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide (NAM) plays essential roles in physiology through facilitating NAD+ redox homeostasis. Importantly, at high doses, it protects cells under oxidative stresses, and has shown therapeutic effectiveness in a variety of disease conditions. In our previous studies, NAM lowered reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and extended cellular life span in primary human cells. In the treated cells, levels of NAD+/NADH and SIRT1 activity increased, while mitochondrial content decreased through autophagy activation. The remaining mitochondria were marked with low superoxide levels and high membrane potentials (Δψm); we posited that the treatment of NAM induced an activation of mitophagy that is selective for depolarized mitochondria, which produce high levels of ROS. However, evidence for the selective mitophagy that is mediated by SIRT1 has never been provided. This study sought to explain the mechanisms by which NAM lowers ROS levels and increases Δψm. Our results showed that NAM and SIRT1 activation exert quite different effects on mitochondrial physiology. Furthermore, the changes in ROS and Δψm were not found to be mediated through autophagy or SIRT activation. Rather, NAM suppressed superoxide generation via a direct reduction of electron transport, and increased Δψm via suppression of mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation. Our results dissected the effects of cellular NAD+ redox modulation, and emphasized the importance of the NAD+/NADH ratio in the mitochondria as well as the cytosol in maintaining mitochondrial quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Beom Song
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504,
Korea
| | - So-Young Jang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504,
Korea
| | - Hyun Tae Kang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504,
Korea
| | - Bie Wei
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504,
Korea
| | - Un-woo Jeoun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | - Gye Soon Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science and Department of Biochemistry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499,
Korea
| | - Eun Seong Hwang
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504,
Korea
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22
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The influence of mitochondrial dynamics on mitochondrial genome stability. Curr Genet 2017; 64:199-214. [PMID: 28573336 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that fuse and divide. These changes alter the number and distribution of mitochondrial structures throughout the cell in response to developmental and metabolic cues. We have demonstrated that mitochondrial fission is essential to the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) under changing metabolic conditions in wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae. While increased loss of mtDNA integrity has been demonstrated for dnm1-∆ fission mutants after growth in a non-fermentable carbon source, we demonstrate that growth of yeast in different carbon sources affects the frequency of mtDNA loss, even when the carbon sources are fermentable. In addition, we demonstrate that the impact of fission on mtDNA maintenance during growth in different carbon sources is neither mediated by retrograde signaling nor mitophagy. Instead, we demonstrate that mitochondrial distribution and mtDNA maintenance phenotypes conferred by loss of Dnm1p are suppressed by the loss of Sod2p, the mitochondrial matrix superoxide dismutase.
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23
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Rose S, Bennuri SC, Wynne R, Melnyk S, James SJ, Frye RE. Mitochondrial and redox abnormalities in autism lymphoblastoid cells: a sibling control study. FASEB J 2017; 31:904-909. [PMID: 27864377 PMCID: PMC5354548 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601004r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with physiological abnormalities, including abnormal redox and mitochondrial metabolism. Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from some children with ASD exhibit increased oxidative stress, decreased glutathione redox capacity, and highly active mitochondria with increased vulnerability to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because unaffected siblings (Sibs) of individuals with ASD share some redox abnormalities, we sought to determine whether LCLs from Sibs share ASD-associated mitochondrial abnormalities. We evaluated mitochondrial bioenergetics in 10 sets of LCLs from children with ASD, Sibs, and unrelated/unaffected controls (Cons) after acute increases in ROS. Additionally, intracellular glutathione and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) gene expressions were quantified. Compared to Sib LCLs, ASD LCLs exhibited significantly higher ATP-linked respiration, higher maximal and reserve respiratory capacity, and greater glycolysis and glycolytic reserve. ASD LCLs exhibited a significantly greater change in these parameters, with acute increases in ROS compared to both Sib and Con LCLs. Compared to Con, both ASD and Sib LCLs exhibited significantly higher proton leak respiration. Consistent with this, intracellular glutathione redox capacity was decreased and UCP2 gene expression was increased in both ASD and Sib compared to Con LCLs. These data indicate that mitochondrial respiratory function, not abnormal redox homeostasis, distinguishes ASD from unaffected LCLs.-Rose, S., Bennuri, S. C., Wynne, R., Melnyk, S., James, S. J., Frye, R. E. Mitochondrial and redox abnormalities in autism lymphoblastoid cells: a sibling control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Rose
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sirish C Bennuri
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Rebecca Wynne
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Stepan Melnyk
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - S Jill James
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Richard E Frye
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA; and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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24
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Recent advances in mitochondrial biology - integrated aspects. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 367:1-3. [PMID: 27858155 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Braun RJ, Zerbes RM, Steinberg F, Gris D, Dumit VI. Threading Granules in Freiburg. 2 nd International Symposium on "One Mitochondrion, Many Diseases - Biological and Molecular Perspectives", a FRIAS Junior Researcher Conference, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany, March 9 th/10 th, 2016. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 3:565-568. [PMID: 28357325 PMCID: PMC5349212 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.11.540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Altered mitochondrial activities play an important role in many different human
disorders, including cancer and neurodegeneration. At the Freiburg Institute of
Advanced Studies (FRIAS) Junior Researcher Conference “One Mitochondrion, Many
Diseases - Biological and Molecular Perspectives” (University of Freiburg,
Freiburg, Germany), junior and experienced researches discussed common and
distinct mechanisms of mitochondrial contributions to various human
disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J Braun
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ralf M Zerbes
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Steinberg
- ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, AG Steinberg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Denis Gris
- Program of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, CR-CHUS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Verónica I Dumit
- ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Core Facility Proteomics, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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