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Rutschmann A, Perry C, Le Galliard JF, Dupoué A, Lourdais O, Guillon M, Brusch G, Cote J, Richard M, Clobert J, Miles DB. Ecological responses of squamate reptiles to nocturnal warming. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:598-621. [PMID: 38062628 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Nocturnal temperatures are increasing at a pace exceeding diurnal temperatures in most parts of the world. The role of warmer nocturnal temperatures in animal ecology has received scant attention and most studies focus on diurnal or daily descriptors of thermal environments' temporal trends. Yet, available evidence from plant and insect studies suggests that organisms can exhibit contrasting physiological responses to diurnal and nocturnal warming. Limiting studies to diurnal trends can thus result in incomplete and misleading interpretations of the ability of species to cope with global warming. Although they are expected to be impacted by warmer nocturnal temperatures, insufficient data are available regarding the night-time ecology of vertebrate ectotherms. Here, we illustrate the complex effects of nocturnal warming on squamate reptiles, a keystone group of vertebrate ectotherms. Our review includes discussion of diurnal and nocturnal ectotherms, but we mainly focus on diurnal species for which nocturnal warming affects a period dedicated to physiological recovery, and thus may perturb activity patterns and energy balance. We first summarise the physical consequences of nocturnal warming on habitats used by squamate reptiles. Second, we describe how such changes can alter the energy balance of diurnal species. We illustrate this with empirical data from the asp viper (Vipera aspis) and common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), two diurnal species found throughout western Europe. Third, we make use of a mechanistic approach based on an energy-balance model to draw general conclusions about the effects of nocturnal temperatures. Fourth, we examine how warmer nights may affect squamates over their lifetime, with potential consequences on individual fitness and population dynamics. We review quantitative evidence for such lifetime effects using recent data derived from a range of studies on the European common lizard (Zootoca vivipara). Finally, we consider the broader eco-evolutionary ramifications of nocturnal warming and highlight several research questions that require future attention. Our work emphasises the importance of considering the joint influence of diurnal and nocturnal warming on the responses of vertebrate ectotherms to climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rutschmann
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS UAR2029, 02 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Constant Perry
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS UAR2029, 02 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Jean-François Le Galliard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7618, IRD, INRAE, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement (iEES Paris), Tours 44-45, 4 Place Jussieu, Paris, 75005, France
- Département de Biologie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMS 3194, Centre de Recherche en écologie expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron IleDeFrance), 78 rue du château, Saint-Pierre-Lès-Nemours, 77140, France
| | - Andréaz Dupoué
- Ifremer, Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, UMR 6539, LEMAR, 1625 Rte de Sainte-Anne, Plouzané, 29280, France
| | - Olivier Lourdais
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UMR 7372-Université de La Rochelle, 405 Route de Prissé la Charrière, Villiers-en-Bois, 79630, France
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Life Sciences Center Building, 427E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Michaël Guillon
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UMR 7372-Université de La Rochelle, 405 Route de Prissé la Charrière, Villiers-en-Bois, 79630, France
- Cistude Nature, Chemin du Moulinat-33185, Le Haillan, France
| | - George Brusch
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, 333 S. Twin Oaks Valley Rd., San Marcos, CA, 92096, USA
| | - Julien Cote
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), UMR5174, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, 118 Rte de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Murielle Richard
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS UAR2029, 02 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Jean Clobert
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale de Moulis, CNRS UAR2029, 02 route du CNRS, Moulis, 09200, France
| | - Donald B Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences, 131 Life Science Building, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
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2
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Jude MB, Strand CR. Sex and Season Affect Cortical Volumes in Free-Living Western Fence Lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2023; 98:160-170. [PMID: 36796337 DOI: 10.1159/000529692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus plays an important role in spatial navigation and spatial learning across a variety of vertebrate species. Sex and seasonal differences in space use and behavior are known to affect hippocampal volume. Similarly, territoriality and differences in home range size are known to affect the volume of the reptile hippocampal homologues, the medial and dorsal cortices (MC, DC). However, studies have almost exclusively investigated males and little is known about sex or seasonal differences in MC and/or DC volumes in lizards. Here, we are the first to simultaneously examine sex and seasonal differences in MC and DC volumes in a wild lizard population. In Sceloporus occidentalis, males display territorial behaviors that are more pronounced during the breeding season. Given this sex difference in behavioral ecology, we expected males to have larger MC and/or DC volumes than females and for this difference to be most pronounced during the breeding season when territorial behavior is increased. Male and female S. occidentalis were captured from the wild during the breeding season and the post-breeding season and were sacrificed within 2 days of capture. Brains were collected and processed for histology. Cresyl-violet-stained sections were used to quantify brain region volumes. In these lizards, breeding females had larger DC volumes than breeding males and nonbreeding females. There was no sex or seasonal difference in MC volumes. Differences in spatial navigation in these lizards may involve aspects of spatial memory related to breeding other than territoriality that affect plasticity of the DC. This study highlights the importance of investigating sex differences and including females in studies of spatial ecology and neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan B Jude
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA,
- School of Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA,
| | - Christine R Strand
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA
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3
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Palmer A, Milner RNC, Howland B, Gibbons P, Kay GM, Sato CF. Rock supplementation as an ecological restoration strategy for temperate grassland reptiles. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Palmer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Richard N. C. Milner
- Parks and Conservation Service Australian Capital Territory Government Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Brett Howland
- Parks and Conservation Service Australian Capital Territory Government Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Philip Gibbons
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Geoffrey M. Kay
- NSW Biodiversity Conservation Trust Queanbeyan New South Wales Australia
| | - Chloe F. Sato
- Fenner School of Environment and Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology Deakin University Burwood Victoria Australia
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4
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Schramm de Oliveira A, Guimarães M, Rocha Matias N, Verrastro L. How close is danger? Relationship between the distance from an exotic tree plantation and occupancy of an endemic lizard. AUSTRAL ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Schramm de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Animal Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, n° 9500 – Bloco IV – Prédio 43433 – Sala 214 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 91501‐970 Brasil
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, n° 9500 – Bloco IV – Prédio 43433 – Sala 214 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 91501‐970 Brasil
| | - Murilo Guimarães
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Animal Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, n° 9500 – Bloco IV – Prédio 43433 – Sala 214 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 91501‐970 Brasil
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal do Piauí Avenida Universitária Teresina Piauí 64050‐220 Brazil
| | - Nathalia Rocha Matias
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Animal Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, n° 9500 – Bloco IV – Prédio 43433 – Sala 214 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 91501‐970 Brasil
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, n° 9500 – Bloco IV – Prédio 43433 – Sala 214 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 91501‐970 Brasil
| | - Laura Verrastro
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Animal Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, n° 9500 – Bloco IV – Prédio 43433 – Sala 214 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 91501‐970 Brasil
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves, n° 9500 – Bloco IV – Prédio 43433 – Sala 214 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 91501‐970 Brasil
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5
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Mohanty NP, Wagener C, Herrel A, Thaker M. The ecology of sleep in non-avian reptiles. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:505-526. [PMID: 34708504 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom and yet displays considerable variation in its extent and form in the wild. Ecological factors, such as predation, competition, and microclimate, therefore are likely to play a strong role in shaping characteristics of sleep. Despite the potential for ecological factors to influence various aspects of sleep, the ecological context of sleep in non-avian reptiles remains understudied and without systematic direction. In this review, we examine multiple aspects of reptilian sleep, including (i) habitat selection (sleep sites and their spatio-temporal distribution), (ii) individual-level traits, such as behaviour (sleep postures), morphology (limb morphometrics and body colour), and physiology (sleep architecture), as well as (iii) inter-individual interactions (intra- and inter-specific). Throughout, we discuss the evidence of predation, competition, and thermoregulation in influencing sleep traits and the possible evolutionary consequences of these sleep traits for reptile sociality, morphological specialisation, and habitat partitioning. We also review the ways in which sleep ecology interacts with urbanisation, biological invasions, and climate change. Overall, we not only provide a systematic evaluation of the conceptual and taxonomic biases in the existing literature on reptilian sleep, but also use this opportunity to organise the various ecological hypotheses for sleep characteristics. By highlighting the gaps and providing a prospectus of research directions, our review sets the stage for understanding sleep ecology in the natural world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya P Mohanty
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
| | - Carla Wagener
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, 7600, South Africa
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Département Adaptations du Vivant, MECADEV UMR7179 CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France
| | - Maria Thaker
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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6
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Vicenzi N, Massarelli R, Ibargüengoytía N, Corbalán V. Basking and retreat site selection of Phymaturus palluma, a rock-dwelling lizard in the Highlands of Aconcagua. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20190662. [PMID: 34076087 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120190662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Basking and retreat sites constitute a key resource in the habitat of any ectotherm. Identifying the elements that are used and modelling the microhabitat selection of species is crucial for assessing the impact of anthropogenic disturbances at the population level and, therefore, focusing on conservation efforts. We investigated how structural attributes of the microhabitat and biotic factors influence the probability of basking and retreat sites use by Phymaturus palluma, a rock-dwelling and viviparous lizard endemic to the Central Andes of Argentina. We measured the characteristics of a series of rocks (basking sites) and shelters (retreat sites) in the study area and compared lizard resource use versus availability using resource selection analyses (RSFs). According to our best RSF model, P. palluma select high and large rocks as basking sites and prefer those near their retreat sites and far from the basking sites of their neighbours. In contrast, retreat site selection is related to the length, depth, slope, and width of the shelter. Microhabitat site selection of P. palluma is associated with behavioural improvements such as enhancing basking capacity, reducing both intraspecific competition with neighbours and predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Vicenzi
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones en Zonas Áridas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IADIZA-CONICET), Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, 5500 Ciudad de Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Padre Contreras 1300, 5500 Ciudad de Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Rubén Massarelli
- Dirección de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Secretaría de Ambiente y Ordenamiento Territorial, Av. L. Peltier 351, 5500 Ciudad de Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Nora Ibargüengoytía
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIBIOMA-CONICET), Quintral 1250, 8400 Río Negro, Argentina.,Departamento de Zoología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad del Comahue, Quintral 1250, 8400 Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Valeria Corbalán
- Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones en Zonas Áridas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IADIZA-CONICET), Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, 5500 Ciudad de Mendoza, Argentina
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7
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Chukwuka CO, Mello RSR, Cree A, Monks JM. Thermal heterogeneity of selected retreats in cool-temperate viviparous lizards suggests a potential benefit of future climate warming. J Therm Biol 2021; 97:102869. [PMID: 33863433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Rocky retreats are limited and geologically constrained resources for rock-dwelling nocturnal lizards. Such lizards should seek retreats that offer thermoregulatory benefits without the risk of overheating during the day, and that protect from predation. For cold-adapted species where air temperature is frequently lower than optimum temperature for performance, factors influencing retreat-site selection and whether future warmer conditions will force superficial rock slabs to be abandoned on hot days remain poorly known. Here, we predicted that retreats selected by a nocturnally foraging, cool-temperate gecko from southern New Zealand would be thermally heterogeneous and that future warmer temperature will force lizards to abandon daytime retreats on hot days. We sampled loose rock slabs (potential retreats) in a tussock-grassland site in all seasons. We measured seasonal rock temperature profiles and field body temperature (Tb) of captured geckos using thermography and quantified the physical characteristics of each potential retreat. We found that both physical characteristics and rock temperatures determine choice of retreats. Field Tb of lizards positively correlated with retreat and air temperatures. Also, retreat temperatures, including those of the substrate below the rock slabs, showed complex heterogeneity enabling lizards to choose microsites within retreats to achieve preferred body temperatures intermittently. Observed seasonal shifts in characteristics of occupied rocks imply that lizards choose retreats to maximise warmth in spring, minimise risk of overheating (remain below voluntary thermal maximum, VTmax) in summer and avoid freezing over winter. Our study demonstrates the importance of microclimatic conditions in influencing retreat-site selection. Climate warming might lead to seasonal changes in use of rock slabs and possibly be beneficial initially, but longer-term implications need to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian O Chukwuka
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand; Department of Biology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
| | - Ricardo S R Mello
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Alison Cree
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand
| | - Joanne M Monks
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9016, New Zealand; Biodiversity Group, Department of Conservation, Dunedin, 9058, New Zealand
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8
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Bodensteiner BL, Agudelo‐Cantero GA, Arietta AZA, Gunderson AR, Muñoz MM, Refsnider JM, Gangloff EJ. Thermal adaptation revisited: How conserved are thermal traits of reptiles and amphibians? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 335:173-194. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L. Bodensteiner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | - Gustavo A. Agudelo‐Cantero
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- Department of Biology ‐ Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | | | - Alex R. Gunderson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Tulane University New Orleans Louisiana USA
| | - Martha M. Muñoz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University New Haven Connecticut USA
| | | | - Eric J. Gangloff
- Department of Zoology Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware Ohio USA
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9
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Harris SA, Savage AM. Observations of Snakes Associated With Active Nests of Allegheny Mound Ant (Formica exsectoides) in Northeastern Pennsylvania. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2020. [DOI: 10.1656/045.027.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Patterson L, Blouin-Demers G. Partial support for food availability and thermal quality as drivers of density and area used in Yarrow’s Spiny Lizards ( Sceloporus jarrovii). CAN J ZOOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2019-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to traditional models, habitat selection in ectotherms may be chiefly based on a habitat’s thermal properties rather than its food availability, due to their physiological dependence on environmental temperature. We tested two hypotheses: that microhabitat use in ectotherms is driven by food availability and that it is driven by thermoregulatory requirements. We predicted that the density of lizards would increase and the mean area used would decrease with the natural arthropod (food) availability (or thermal quality) of a plot, as well as after experimentally increasing plot arthropod availability (or thermal quality). We established two plots in each of four treatments (food-supplemented, shaded, food-supplemented and shaded, and control) on a talus slope in Arizona, USA. We measured the density and area used in Yarrow’s Spiny Lizards (Sceloporus jarrovii Cope in Yarrow, 1875) before and after manipulations, and determined whether lizard density and area used were related to natural arthropod availability or thermal quality at the surface and in retreat sites. Density and area used were unaffected by the manipulations, but both increased with natural arthropod availability and decreased with higher thermal quality in retreat sites. These results provide partial support for both food availability and thermal quality as drivers of density and microhabitat use in S. jarrovii.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.D. Patterson
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - G. Blouin-Demers
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie-Curie Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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11
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Taucare-Ríos A, Veloso C, Canals M, Bustamante RO. Daily thermal preference variation of the sand recluse spider Sicarius thomisoides (Araneae: Sicariidae). J Therm Biol 2020; 87:102465. [PMID: 31999600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Preferential temperature as a physiological feature is crucial for spiders, since it determines the selection of key habitats for their survival and reproduction. In this work, we study the daily and geographical variation of the preferential temperature of the spider Sicarius thomisoides subjected to different degrees of daily thermal oscillation in their habitats. Preferred temperatures differ between coastal and inland populations, but in both cases, there is a marked bimodality in the daily pattern of temperature preference, with two peaks per day that would be given by the changes in the hours of activity. These nocturnal spiders select higher temperatures in the evening (active period) and select lower temperatures during late morning (resting period). In laboratory, spiders have preferred temperatures that differ from those found in their habitats, so they must tolerate or compensate non-preferred temperatures by active thermoregulation in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Taucare-Ríos
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Medio Ambiente (CENIMA), Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique, Chile.
| | - Claudio Veloso
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Mauricio Canals
- Departamento de Medicina & Programa de Salud Ambiental, ESP, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Ramiro O Bustamante
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Seddon RJ, Hews DK. Melanization, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone and steroid hormones in male western fence lizards from nine populations. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113287. [PMID: 31563645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hormones can mediate suites of correlated traits. Melanocortins regulate melanin synthesis and elements of the melanocortin system can directly, and indirectly, affect a number of other traits, such as stress reactivity. Trait correlations within the melanocortin system have been studied mainly in birds and mammals but less so in reptiles. We examined adult male western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) and if melanization was correlated with plasma levels of three hormones, including peptide hormone α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), testosterone and corticosterone, and ectoparasite loads. This lizard is darker at higher elevations in California, and we compared five high-elevation and four low-elevation populations during comparable periods of the breeding season at each site. We first validated use of an α-MSH assay kit with lizard plasma. Since Anolis carolinensis is one of the few species with published values for α-MSH plasma levels, we assayed both Anolis and Sceloporus plasma and compared hormone values to those we generated for Anolis to the publish values. We also evaluated effects of different methods of storing spiked plasma pools on resulting α-MSH concentrations. Plasma levels of α-MSH did not differ significantly, but some populations differed significantly in mean corticosterone and mean testosterone. Combining all individuals from the nine populations, we found that individual variation in α-MSH was not associated with individual variation in melanization, but levels of α-MSH were positively associated with plasma testosterone and negatively associated with corticosterone. The lack of association between individual levels of melanization and expression of most other traits differs from a growing number of within-population studies of melanization, and we discuss what differences in physiological mechanisms could produce different hypothetical patterns. Circulating levels of -MSH are only one element of the melanocortin system; in situ synthesis of α-MSH by the skin and the diversity of melanocortin receptors could also contribute to variation in traits mediated by the melanocortin system and should be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Seddon
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA.
| | - Diana K Hews
- Department of Biology, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA.
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13
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Thermal niche conservatism in an environmental gradient in the spider Sicarius thomisoides (Araneae: Sicariidae): Implications for microhabitat selection. J Therm Biol 2018; 78:298-303. [PMID: 30509651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most important environmental variables for organisms, especially for ectothermic animals. In fact, ectotherms must move within a relatively narrow range of temperatures where they are able to maximize their performance. We assessed the thermal ecology of female sand spiders (Sicarius thomisoides) in Chile from separate populations along an environmental gradient and different macro habitats (coast vs. inland locations). The parameters of thermal performance curves do not vary between populations, with an average optimum temperature (T°opt) of 25.33 ± 2.65 °C, and a CT min and CT max of 6.56 ± 1.72 °C and 44.23 ± 4.92 °C, respectively. Our results show that the thermal niche in laboratory is conserved and does not vary along an environmental gradient coinciding with the temperatures selected by female spiders in their microhabitats.
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14
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Young ME, Ryberg WA, Fitzgerald LA, Hibbitts TJ. Fragmentation alters home range and movements of the Dunes Sagebrush Lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus). CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2017-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation is a major driver of biodiversity loss and among reptiles has been attributed as a cause of species decline. The negative effect of habitat fragmentation has also been shown to be worse for species that are habitat specialists. The Dunes Sagebrush Lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus Degenhardt and Jones, 1972) is a species that specializes on the shinnery oak (Quercus havardii Rydb.) sand-dune landform of the Mescalero–Monahans Sandhills ecosystem in western Texas and eastern New Mexico, USA. This landform has been fragmented by roads and well pads used for the extraction of oil and gas resources. The effects of fragmentation on the home range and movements of this species can lead to the effective isolation of populations and increased risk of localized extirpations. We showed that home-range size was larger in an unfragmented area and that the mean distance of movements was greater. We also observed that roads in the fragmented areas restricted movements of S. arenicolus. We concluded that roads can be barriers to movements even though only narrow strips of habitat are altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Young
- Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Wade A. Ryberg
- Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lee A. Fitzgerald
- Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Toby J. Hibbitts
- Biodiversity Research and Teaching Collections, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- Natural Resources Institute, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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15
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Seddon RJ, Hews DK. Correlates of melanization in multiple high- and low-elevation populations of the lizard,Sceloporus occidentalis: Behavior, hormones, and parasites. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2018; 327:481-492. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Seddon
- Department of Biology; Indiana State University; Terre Haute Indiana
| | - Diana K. Hews
- Department of Biology; Indiana State University; Terre Haute Indiana
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16
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Do ring-necked snakes choose retreat sites based upon thermal preferences? J Therm Biol 2018; 71:232-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Taucare-Ríos A, Veloso C, Bustamante RO. Microhabitat selection in the sand recluse spider (Sicarius thomisoides): the effect of rock size and temperature. J NAT HIST 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1367046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Taucare-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Medio Ambiente (CENIMA), Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Veloso
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ramiro O. Bustamante
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Mohanty NP, Harikrishnan S, Vasudevan K. Watch out where you sleep: nocturnal sleeping behaviour of Bay Island lizards. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1856. [PMID: 27168958 PMCID: PMC4860295 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleeping exposes lizards to predation. Therefore, sleeping strategies must be directed towards avoiding predation and might vary among syntopic species. We studied sleeping site characteristics of two syntopic, congeneric lizards—the Bay Island forest lizard, Coryphophylax subcristatus and the short-tailed Bay Island lizard, C. brevicaudus and evaluated inter-specific differences. We measured structural, microclimatic and potential predator avoidance at the sleeping perches of 386 C. subcristatus and 185 C. brevicaudus. Contrary to our expectation, we found similar perch use in both species. The lizards appeared to use narrow girth perch plants and accessed perches by moving both vertically and horizontally. Most lizards slept on leaves, with their heads directed towards the potential path of a predator approaching from the plant base. There was no inter-specific competition in the choices of sleeping perches. These choices indicate an anti-predator strategy involving both tactile and visual cues. This study provides insight into a rarely studied behaviour in reptiles and its adaptive significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Prakash Mohanty
- Andaman & Nicobar Environmental Team , Wandoor, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands , India
| | - Surendran Harikrishnan
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Conservation of Endangered Species , Hyderabad, Telangana , India
| | - Karthikeyan Vasudevan
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Laboratory for Conservation of Endangered Species , Hyderabad, Telangana , India
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19
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Lanfri S, Di Cola V, Naretto S, Chiaraviglio M, Cardozo G. Understanding the ecological niche to elucidate spatial strategies of the southernmost Tupinambis lizards. AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-00002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding factors that shape ranges of species is central in evolutionary biology. Species distribution models have become important tools to test biogeographical, ecological and evolutionary hypotheses. Moreover, from an ecological and evolutionary perspective, these models help to elucidate the spatial strategies of species at a regional scale. We modelled species distributions of two phylogenetically, geographically and ecologically close Tupinambis species (Teiidae) that occupy the southernmost area of the genus distribution in South America. We hypothesized that similarities between these species might have induced spatial strategies at the species level, such as niche differentiation and divergence of distribution patterns at a regional scale. Using logistic regression and MaxEnt we obtained species distribution models that revealed interspecific differences in habitat requirements, such as environmental temperature, precipitation and altitude. Moreover, the models obtained suggest that although the ecological niches of Tupinambis merianae and T. rufescens are different, these species might co-occur in a large contact zone. We propose that niche plasticity could be the mechanism enabling their co-occurrence. Therefore, the approach used here allowed us to understand the spatial strategies of two Tupinambis lizards at a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Lanfri
- 1Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (CONICET-UNC) and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 299, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
- 2Instituto Mario Gulich, Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE), Ruta C 45 km 8, Falda del Carmen, 5187 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Valeria Di Cola
- 1Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (CONICET-UNC) and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 299, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
- 3Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Naretto
- 1Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (CONICET-UNC) and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 299, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Margarita Chiaraviglio
- 1Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (CONICET-UNC) and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 299, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Cardozo
- 1Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento, Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (CONICET-UNC) and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Avenida Vélez Sarsfield 299, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Croak BM, Pike DA, Webb JK, Shine R. Habitat selection in a rocky landscape: experimentally decoupling the influence of retreat site attributes from that of landscape features. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37982. [PMID: 22701592 PMCID: PMC3373508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms selecting retreat sites may evaluate not only the quality of the specific shelter, but also the proximity of that site to resources in the surrounding area. Distinguishing between habitat selection at these two spatial scales is complicated by co-variation among microhabitat factors (i.e., the attributes of individual retreat sites often correlate with their proximity to landscape features). Disentangling this co-variation may facilitate the restoration or conservation of threatened systems. To experimentally examine the role of landscape attributes in determining retreat-site quality for saxicolous ectotherms, we deployed 198 identical artificial rocks in open (sun-exposed) sites on sandstone outcrops in southeastern Australia, and recorded faunal usage of those retreat sites over the next 29 months. Several landscape-scale attributes were associated with occupancy of experimental rocks, but different features were important for different species. For example, endangered broad-headed snakes (Hoplocephalus bungaroides) preferred retreat sites close to cliff edges, flat rock spiders (Hemicloea major) preferred small outcrops, and velvet geckos (Oedura lesueurii) preferred rocks close to the cliff edge with higher-than-average sun exposure. Standardized retreat sites can provide robust experimental data on the effects of landscape-scale attributes on retreat site selection, revealing interspecific divergences among sympatric taxa that use similar habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Croak
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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21
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22
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Fei T, Skidmore AK, Venus V, Wang T, Schlerf M, Toxopeus B, van Overjijk S, Bian M, Liu Y. A body temperature model for lizards as estimated from the thermal environment. J Therm Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Monasterio C, Salvador A, Díaz JA. Competition with wall lizards does not explain the alpine confinement of Iberian rock lizards: an experimental approach. ZOOLOGY 2010; 113:275-82. [PMID: 20934315 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interspecific competition can limit the distribution of species along altitudinal gradients. It has been suggested that Western European rock lizards (genus Iberolacerta) are restricted to mountains due to the expansion of wall lizards (Podarcis), but there is no experimental evidence to corroborate this hypothesis. This study examines if interference competition with Podarcis muralis is a plausible explanation for the alpine confinement of Iberian rock lizards Iberolacerta cyreni. In a first experiment, we used an enclosure with four types of microhabitats to investigate whether adult rock and/or wall lizards shifted microhabitat or refuge preferences in the presence of the other species, and to detect aggressive interactions between them. In a second experiment, we staged heterospecific encounters between naïve, laboratory-born juveniles to identify behavioural differences and agonistic interactions. In the enclosure, neither rock nor wall lizards changed their microhabitat preferences in the presence of the other species. Nevertheless, rock lizards increased the diversity of microhabitats and nocturnal refuges used in the single species trials, which had twice the number of conspecifics. Aggressive interactions involved mainly large rock lizard males. Juveniles did not show any interspecific agonistic behaviour, but rock lizards spent more time basking and less time moving. Thus, we found no evidence of competition between both species in terms of habitat shifts or agonistic interactions, although intraspecific interactions seemed to explain the behaviour of adult rock lizards. We conclude that other factors are currently determining the alpine confinement of rock lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Monasterio
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Lelièvre H, Blouin-Demers G, Bonnet X, Lourdais O. Thermal benefits of artificial shelters in snakes: A radiotelemetric study of two sympatric colubrids. J Therm Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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RYCHLIK LESZEK, RUCZYŃSKI IRENEUSZ, BOROWSKI ZBIGNIEW. Radiotelemetry Applied to Field Studies of Shrews. J Wildl Manage 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01255.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Mayer PM, Smith LM, Ford RG, Watterson DC, McCutchen MD, Ryan MR. Nest construction by a ground-nesting bird represents a potential trade-off between egg crypticity and thermoregulation. Oecologia 2009; 159:893-901. [PMID: 19145449 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-008-1266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Predation selects against conspicuous colors in bird eggs and nests, while thermoregulatory constraints select for nest-building behavior that regulates incubation temperatures. We present results that suggest a trade-off between nest crypticity and thermoregulation of eggs based on selection of nest materials by piping plovers (Charadrius melodus), a ground-nesting bird that constructs simple, pebble-lined nests highly vulnerable to predators and exposed to temperature extremes. Piping plovers selected pebbles that were whiter and appeared closer in color to eggs than randomly available pebbles, suggesting a crypsis function. However, nests that were more contrasting in color to surrounding substrates were at greater risk of predation, suggesting an alternate strategy driving selection of white rocks. Near-infrared reflectance of nest pebbles was higher than randomly available pebbles, indicating a direct physical mechanism for heat control through pebble selection. Artificial nests constructed of randomly available pebbles heated more quickly and conferred heat to model eggs, causing eggs to heat more rapidly than in nests constructed from piping plover nest pebbles. Thermal models and field data indicated that temperatures inside nests may remain up to 2-6 degrees C cooler than surrounding substrates. Thermal models indicated that nests heat especially rapidly if not incubated, suggesting that nest construction behavior may serve to keep eggs cooler during the unattended laying period. Thus, pebble selection suggests a potential trade-off between maximizing heat reflectance to improve egg microclimate and minimizing conspicuous contrast of nests with the surrounding substrate to conceal eggs from predators. Nest construction behavior that employs light-colored, thermally reflective materials may represent an evolutionary response by birds and other egg-laying organisms to egg predation and heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Mayer
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 919 Kerr Research Drive, Ada, OK 74820, USA.
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Croak BM, Pike DA, Webb JK, Shine R. Three-dimensional crevice structure affects retreat site selection by reptiles. Anim Behav 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Amo L, López P, Martín J. Habitat deterioration affects antipredatory behavior, body condition, and parasite load of female Psammodromus algirus lizards. CAN J ZOOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/z07-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Deforestation may increase predation risk for prey because it may make prey more conspicuous and limit the number of refuges suitable to avoid predators. Therefore, prey may need to increase the magnitude of escape responses. However, excessive antipredatory effort might lead to a loss of body mass and a decrease in defense against parasites, with important consequences for short- and long-term fitness. We analyzed whether Psammodromus algirus (L., 1758) lizards that inhabit patches with different levels of deterioration of the vegetation within the same oak forest differed in relative abundance numbers, microhabitat use, antipredatory strategies, and health state. Results showed lizards selected similar microhabitats regardless of the level of deterioration of the vegetation and relative abundance of lizards was similar in both areas. However, habitat deterioration seemed to increase predation risk, at least for females, because they were detected at longer distances in deteriorated areas. Females seemed to adjust their antipredatory behavior accordingly to high risk of predation by increasing approach distances allowed to predators. The costs associated with frequent antipredatory displays might explain why females in deteriorated habitats had lower body condition and greater blood parasite loads than females in natural areas. This loss of body condition and increased parasitemia might have deleterious consequences for female fitness and therefore affect the maintenance of lizard populations in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Amo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Martín
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Effects of Body Mass, Feeding, and Circadian Cycles on Metabolism in the Lizard Sceloporus occidentalis. J HERPETOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1670/75-05a.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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