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Ubierna N, Holloway-Phillips MM, Wingate L, Ogée J, Busch FA, Farquhar GD. Using Carbon Stable Isotopes to Study C 3 and C 4 Photosynthesis: Models and Calculations. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:163-211. [PMID: 38649572 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotopes are a powerful tool to study photosynthesis. Initial applications consisted of determining isotope ratios of plant biomass using mass spectrometry. Subsequently, theoretical models relating C isotope values to gas exchange characteristics were introduced and tested against instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination. Beginning in the twenty-first century, laser absorption spectroscopes with sufficient precision for determining isotope mixing ratios became commercially available. This has allowed collection of large data sets at lower cost and with unprecedented temporal resolution. More data and accompanying knowledge have permitted refinement of 13C discrimination model equations, but often at the expense of increased model complexity and difficult parametrization. This chapter describes instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination, provides recommendations for experimental setup, and presents a thorough compilation of equations available to researchers. We update our previous 2018 version of this chapter by including recently improved descriptions of (photo)respiratory processes and associated fractionations. We discuss the capabilities and limitations of the diverse 13C discrimination model equations and provide guidance for selecting the model complexity needed for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Meisha-Marika Holloway-Phillips
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmendsorf, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Wingate
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Chowdhury FI, Arteaga C, Alam MS, Alam I, Resco de Dios V. Drivers of nocturnal stomatal conductance in C 3 and C 4 plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:151952. [PMID: 34843766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nocturnal water losses were for long considered negligible, but it is now known that incomplete stomatal closure during the night leads to significant water losses at leaf, plant and ecosystem scales. However, only daytime transpiration is currently accounted for in evapotranspiration studies. Important uncertainties on the drivers of nocturnal water fluxes hinder its incorporation within modelling frameworks because some studies indicate that night-time stomatal drivers may differ from day-time responses. Here, we synthesise the studies on nocturnal stomatal conductance (gn) to determine underlying drivers through a systematic literature review and, whenever possible, meta-analytical techniques. Similar to daytime responses, we found negative effects of vapour pressure deficit, predawn water potential, air temperature, and salinity on gn across the plant species. However, the most apparent trend was an increase of gn from the beginning until the end of the night, indicating significant and widespread endogenous regulation by the circadian clock. We further observed how neither elevated CO2 nor nutrient status affected gn significantly across species. We also did not find any significant associations between gn and elevated ozone or increasing plant age. There was a paucity of studies on climatic extremes such heat waves and also few studies connected gn with anatomical features such as leaf specific area or stomatal density. Further studies are also needed to address the effects of plant sex, abscisic acid concentrations and genotypic variations on gn. Our findings solve the long-term conundrum on whether stomatal responses to daytime drivers are the same as those that during the nighttime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqrul Islam Chowdhury
- Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh; Erasmus Mundus Master Course in Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
| | - Carles Arteaga
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Mohammed Shafiul Alam
- Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chattogram 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Iftakharul Alam
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain; School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 621010 Mianyang, China; Joint Research Unit CTFC-AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Lleida, Spain
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Ubierna N, Holloway-Phillips MM, Farquhar GD. Using Stable Carbon Isotopes to Study C 3 and C 4 Photosynthesis: Models and Calculations. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1770:155-196. [PMID: 29978402 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7786-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotopes are a powerful tool to study photosynthesis. Initial applications consisted of determining isotope ratios of plant biomass using mass spectrometry. Subsequently, theoretical models relating C-isotope values to gas exchange characteristics were introduced and tested against instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination. Beginning in the twenty-first century, tunable diode laser spectroscopes with sufficient precision for determining isotope mixing ratios became commercially available. This has allowed collection of large data sets, at low cost and with unprecedented temporal resolution. With more data and accompanying knowledge, it has become apparent that there is a need for increased complexity in models and calculations. This chapter describes instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination, provides recommendations for experimental setup, and presents a thorough compilation of equations needed for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | | | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Zhong S, Chai H, Xu Y, Li Y, Ma JY, Sun W. Drought Sensitivity of the Carbon Isotope Composition of Leaf Dark-Respired CO 2 in C 3 ( Leymus chinensis) and C 4 ( Chloris virgata and Hemarthria altissima) Grasses in Northeast China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1996. [PMID: 29375587 PMCID: PMC5770615 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Whether photosynthetic pathway differences exist in the amplitude of nighttime variations in the carbon isotope composition of leaf dark-respired CO2 (δ13Cl) and respiratory apparent isotope fractionation relative to biomass (ΔR,biomass) in response to drought stress is unclear. These differences, if present, would be important for the partitioning of C3-C4 mixed ecosystem C fluxes. We measured δ13Cl, the δ13C of biomass and of potential respiratory substrates and leaf gas exchange in one C3 (Leymus chinensis) and two C4 (Chloris virgata and Hemarthria altissima) grasses during a manipulated drought period. For all studied grasses, δ13Cl decreased from 21:00 to 03:00 h. The magnitude of the nighttime shift in δ13Cl decreased with increasing drought stress. The δ13Cl values were correlated with the δ13C of respiratory substrates, whereas the magnitude of the nighttime shift in δ13Cl strongly depended on the daytime carbon assimilation rate and the range of nighttime variations in the respiratory substrate content. The ΔR,biomass in the C3 and C4 grasses varied in opposite directions with the intensification of the drought stress. The contribution of C4 plant-associated carbon flux is likely to be overestimated if carbon isotope signatures are used for the partitioning of ecosystem carbon exchange and the δ13C of biomass is used as a substitute for leaf dark-respired CO2. The detected drought sensitivities in δ13Cl and differences in respiratory apparent isotope fractionation between C3 and C4 grasses have marked implications for isotope partitioning studies at the ecosystem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangzhi Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Hua Chai
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yueqiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Jian-Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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Li L, Wang H, Gago J, Cui H, Qian Z, Kodama N, Ji H, Tian S, Shen D, Chen Y, Sun F, Xia Z, Ye Q, Sun W, Flexas J, Dong H. Harpin Hpa1 Interacts with Aquaporin PIP1;4 to Promote the Substrate Transport and Photosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17207. [PMID: 26607179 PMCID: PMC4660436 DOI: 10.1038/srep17207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Harpin proteins produced by plant-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria are the venerable player in regulating bacterial virulence and inducing plant growth and defenses. A major gap in these effects is plant sensing linked to cellular responses, and plant sensor for harpin Hpa1 from rice bacterial blight pathogen points to plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP). Here we show that Arabidopsis AtPIP1;4 is a plasma membrane sensor of Hpa1 and plays a dual role in plasma membrane permeability of CO2 and H2O. In particular, AtPIP1;4 mediates CO2 transport with a substantial contribute to photosynthesis and further increases this function upon interacting with Hpa1 at the plasma membrane. As a result, leaf photosynthesis rates are increased and the plant growth is enhanced in contrast to the normal process without Hpa1-AtPIP1;4 interaction. Our findings demonstrate the first case that plant sensing of a bacterial harpin protein is connected with photosynthetic physiology to regulate plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jorge Gago
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears 07122, Spain
| | - Haiying Cui
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University and National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhengjiang Qian
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Naomi Kodama
- Agro-Meteorology Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba 305-8604, Japan
| | - Hongtao Ji
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shan Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dan Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanjuan Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fengli Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhonglan Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qing Ye
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University and National Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears 07122, Spain
| | - Hansong Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Cui H, Wang Y, Jiang Q, Chen S, Ma JY, Sun W. Carbon Isotope Composition of Nighttime Leaf-Respired CO2 in the Agricultural-Pastoral Zone of the Songnen Plain, Northeast China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137575. [PMID: 26356083 PMCID: PMC4565631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Variations in the carbon isotope signature of leaf dark-respired CO2 (δ13CR) within a single night is a widely observed phenomenon. However, it is unclear whether there are plant functional type differences with regard to the amplitude of the nighttime variation in δ13CR. These differences, if present, would be important for interpreting the short-term variations in the stable carbon signature of ecosystem respiration and the partitioning of carbon fluxes. To assess the plant functional type differences relating to the magnitude of the nighttime variation in δ13CR and the respiratory apparent fractionation, we measured the δ13CR, the leaf gas exchange, and the δ13C of the respiratory substrates of 22 species present in the agricultural-pastoral zone of the Songnen Plain, northeast China. The species studied were grouped into C3 and C4 plants, trees, grasses, and herbs. A significant nocturnal shift in δ13CR was detected in 20 of the studied species, with the magnitude of the shift ranging from 1‰ to 5.8‰. The magnitude of the nighttime variation in δ13CR was strongly correlated with the daytime cumulative carbon assimilation, which suggests that variation in δ13CR were influenced, to some extent, by changes in the contribution of malate decarboxylation to total respiratory CO2 flux. There were no differences in the magnitude of the nighttime variation in δ13CR between the C3 and C4 plants, as well as among the woody plants, herbs and graminoids. Leaf respired CO2 was enriched in 13C compared to biomass, soluble carbohydrates and lipids; however the magnitude of enrichment differed between 8 pm and 4 am, which were mainly caused by the changes in δ13CR. We also detected the plant functional type differences in respiratory apparent fractionation relative to biomass at 4 am, which suggests that caution should be exercised when using the δ13C of bulk leaf material as a proxy for the δ13C of leaf-respired CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Cui
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China, 130024
| | - Yunbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China, 130024
| | - Qi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China, 130024
| | - Shiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China, 100093
| | - Jian-Ying Ma
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, P. R. China, 830011
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P. R. China, 130024
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Zhou Y, Stuart-Williams H, Grice K, Kayler ZE, Zavadlav S, Vogts A, Rommerskirchen F, Farquhar GD, Gessler A. Allocate carbon for a reason: priorities are reflected in the ¹³C/¹²C ratios of plant lipids synthesized via three independent biosynthetic pathways. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 111:14-20. [PMID: 25576502 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
It has long been theorized that carbon allocation, in addition to the carbon source and to kinetic isotopic effects associated with a particular lipid biosynthetic pathway, plays an important role in shaping the carbon isotopic composition ((13)C/(12)C) of lipids (Park and Epstein, 1961). If the latter two factors are properly constrained, valuable information about carbon allocation during lipid biosynthesis can be obtained from carbon isotope measurements. Published work of Chikaraishi et al. (2004) showed that leaf lipids isotopic shifts from bulk leaf tissue Δδ(13)C(bk-lp) (defined as δ(13)C(bulkleaftissue)-δ(13)C(lipid)) are pathway dependent: the acetogenic (ACT) pathway synthesizing fatty lipids has the largest isotopic shift, the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway synthesizing sterols the lowest and the phytol synthesizing 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) pathway gives intermediate values. The differences in Δδ(13)C(bk-lp) between C3 and C4 plants Δδ(13)C(bk-lp,C4-C3) are also pathway-dependent: Δδ(13)C(ACT)(bk-lp,C4-C3) > Δδ(13)C(DXP(bk-lp,C4-C3) > Δδ(13)C(MVA)(bk-lp,C4-C3). These pathway-dependent differences have been interpreted as resulting from kinetic isotopic effect differences of key but unspecified biochemical reactions involved in lipids biosynthesis between C3 and C4 plants. After quantitatively considering isotopic shifts caused by (dark) respiration, export-of-carbon (to sink tissues) and photorespiration, we propose that the pathway-specific differences Δδ(13)C(bk-lp,C4-C3) can be successfully explained by C4-C3 carbon allocation (flux) differences with greatest flux into the ACT pathway and lowest into the MVA pathways (when flux is higher, isotopic shift relative to source is smaller). Highest carbon allocation to the ACT pathway appears to be tied to the most stringent role of water-loss-minimization by leaf waxes (composed mainly of fatty lipids) while the lowest carbon allocation to the MVA pathway can be largely explained by the fact that sterols act as regulatory hormones and membrane fluidity modulators in rather low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Zhou
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, ZALF, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; SKLLQG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology & Inland Fisheries, Germany.
| | | | - Kliti Grice
- Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | - Angela Vogts
- Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung, Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | - Arthur Gessler
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, ZALF, Germany; Swiss Federal Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Sun W, Ubierna N, Ma JY, Walker BJ, Kramer DM, Cousins AB. The coordination of C4 photosynthesis and the CO2-concentrating mechanism in maize and Miscanthus x giganteus in response to transient changes in light quality. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1283-92. [PMID: 24488966 PMCID: PMC3938620 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.224683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Unequal absorption of photons between photosystems I and II, and between bundle-sheath and mesophyll cells, are likely to affect the efficiency of the CO2-concentrating mechanism in C4 plants. Under steady-state conditions, it is expected that the biochemical distribution of energy (ATP and NADPH) and photosynthetic metabolite concentrations will adjust to maintain the efficiency of C4 photosynthesis through the coordination of the C3 (Calvin-Benson-Bassham) and C4 (CO2 pump) cycles. However, under transient conditions, changes in light quality will likely alter the coordination of the C3 and C4 cycles, influencing rates of CO2 assimilation and decreasing the efficiency of the CO2-concentrating mechanism. To test these hypotheses, we measured leaf gas exchange, leaf discrimination, chlorophyll fluorescence, electrochromatic shift, photosynthetic metabolite pools, and chloroplast movement in maize (Zea mays) and Miscanthus × giganteus following transitional changes in light quality. In both species, the rate of net CO2 assimilation responded quickly to changes in light treatments, with lower rates of net CO2 assimilation under blue light compared with red, green, and blue light, red light, and green light. Under steady state, the efficiency of CO2-concentrating mechanisms was similar; however, transient changes affected the coordination of C3 and C4 cycles in M. giganteus but to a lesser extent in maize. The species differences in the ability to coordinate the activities of C3 and C4 cycles appear to be related to differences in the response of cyclic electron flux around photosystem I and potentially chloroplast rearrangement in response to changes in light quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China (W.S.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (W.S., N.U., B.J.W., A.B.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China (J.-Y.M.); and
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (D.M.K.)
| | | | - Jian-Ying Ma
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China (W.S.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (W.S., N.U., B.J.W., A.B.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China (J.-Y.M.); and
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (D.M.K.)
| | - Berkley J. Walker
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China (W.S.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (W.S., N.U., B.J.W., A.B.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China (J.-Y.M.); and
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (D.M.K.)
| | - David M. Kramer
- Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China (W.S.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 (W.S., N.U., B.J.W., A.B.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Biogeography and Bioresource in Arid Land, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China (J.-Y.M.); and
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (D.M.K.)
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Ubierna N, Sun W, Kramer DM, Cousins AB. The efficiency of C4 photosynthesis under low light conditions in Zea mays, Miscanthus x giganteus and Flaveria bidentis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:365-81. [PMID: 22812384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of C(4) photosynthesis in Zea mays, Miscanthus x giganteus and Flaveria bidentis in response to light was determined using measurements of gas exchange, (13) CO(2) photosynthetic discrimination, metabolite pools and spectroscopic assays, with models of C(4) photosynthesis and leaf (13) CO(2) discrimination. Spectroscopic and metabolite assays suggested constant energy partitioning between the C(4) and C(3) cycles across photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Leakiness (φ), modelled using C(4) light-limited photosynthesis equations (φ(mod)), matched values from the isotope method without simplifications (φ(is)) and increased slightly from high to low PAR in all species. However, simplifications of bundle-sheath [CO(2)] and respiratory fractionation lead to large overestimations of φ at low PAR with the isotope method. These species used different strategies to maintain similar φ. For example, Z. mays had large rates of the C(4) cycle and low bundle-sheath cells CO(2 ) conductance (g(bs)). While F. bidentis had larger g(bs) but lower respiration rates and M. giganteus had less C(4) cycle capacity but low g(bs), which resulted in similar φ. This demonstrates that low g(bs) is important for efficient C(4) photosynthesis but it is not the only factor determining φ. Additionally, these C(4) species are able to optimize photosynthesis and minimize φ over a range of PARs, including low light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA
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10
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Sun W, Ubierna N, Ma JY, Cousins AB. The influence of light quality on C4 photosynthesis under steady-state conditions in Zea mays and Miscanthus×giganteus: changes in rates of photosynthesis but not the efficiency of the CO2 concentrating mechanism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:982-93. [PMID: 22082455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Differences in light quality penetration within a leaf and absorption by the photosystems alter rates of CO(2) assimilation in C(3) plants. It is also expected that light quality will have a profound impact on C(4) photosynthesis due to disrupted coordination of the C(4) and C(3) cycles. To test this hypothesis, we measured leaf gas exchange, (13) CO(2) discrimination (Δ(13) C), photosynthetic metabolite pools and Rubisco activation state in Zea mays and Miscanthus × giganteus under steady-state red, green, blue and white light. Photosynthetic rates, quantum yield of CO(2) assimilation, and maximum phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity were significantly lower under blue light than white, red and green light in both species. However, similar leakiness under all light treatments suggests the C(4) and C(3) cycles were coordinated to maintain the photosynthetic efficiency. Measurements of photosynthetic metabolite pools also suggest coordination of C(4) and C(3) cycles across light treatments. The energy limitation under blue light affected both C(4) and C(3) cycles, as we observed a reduction in C(4) pumping of CO(2) into bundle-sheath cells and a limitation in the conversion of C(3) metabolite phosphoglycerate to triose phosphate. Overall, light quality affects rates of CO(2) assimilation, but not the efficiency of CO(2) concentrating mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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11
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Sun W, Resco V, Williams DG. Environmental and physiological controls on the carbon isotope composition of CO2 respired by leaves and roots of a C3 woody legume (Prosopis velutina) and a C4 perennial grass (Sporobolus wrightii). PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2012; 35:567-577. [PMID: 21955347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Accurate estimates of the δ(13) C value of CO(2) respired from roots (δ(13) C(R_root) ) and leaves (δ(13) C(R_leaf) ) are important for tracing and understanding changes in C fluxes at the ecosystem scale. Yet the mechanisms underlying temporal variation in these isotopic signals are not fully resolved. We measured δ(13) C(R_leaf) , δ(13) C(R_root) , and the δ(13) C values and concentrations of glucose and sucrose in leaves and roots in the C(4) grass Sporobolus wrightii and the C(3) tree Prosopis velutina in a savanna ecosystem in southeastern Arizona, USA. Night-time variation in δ(13) C(R_leaf) of up to 4.6 ± 0.6‰ in S. wrightii and 3.0 ± 0.6‰ in P. velutina were correlated with shifts in leaf sucrose concentration, but not with changes in δ(13) C values of these respiratory substrates. Strong positive correlations between δ(13) C(R_root) and root glucose δ(13) C values in P. velutina suggest large diel changes in δ(13) C(R_root) (were up to 3.9‰) influenced by short-term changes in δ(13) C of leaf-derived phloem C. No diel variation in δ(13) C(R_root) was observed in S. wrightii. Our findings show that short-term changes in δ(13) C(R_leaf) and δ(13) C(R_root) were both related to substrate isotope composition and concentration. Changes in substrate limitation or demand for biosynthesis may largely control short-term variation in the δ(13) C of respired CO(2) in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Renewable Resources Department of Botany Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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Gilbert A, Silvestre V, Robins RJ, Remaud GS, Tcherkez G. Biochemical and physiological determinants of intramolecular isotope patterns in sucrose from C3, C4 and CAM plants accessed by isotopic 13C NMR spectrometry: a viewpoint. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:476-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c2np00089j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bowling DR, Grote EE, Belnap J. Rain pulse response of soil CO2exchange by biological soil crusts and grasslands of the semiarid Colorado Plateau, United States. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jg001643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McAlexander I, Rau GH, Liem J, Owano T, Fellers R, Baer D, Gupta M. Deployment of a Carbon Isotope Ratiometer for the Monitoring of CO2 Sequestration Leakage. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6223-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2007834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian McAlexander
- Los Gatos Research, 67 East Evelyn Avenue, Suite 3, Mountain View, California 94041, United States
| | - Greg H. Rau
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Jimmy Liem
- Los Gatos Research, 67 East Evelyn Avenue, Suite 3, Mountain View, California 94041, United States
| | - Thomas Owano
- Los Gatos Research, 67 East Evelyn Avenue, Suite 3, Mountain View, California 94041, United States
| | - Ray Fellers
- Los Gatos Research, 67 East Evelyn Avenue, Suite 3, Mountain View, California 94041, United States
| | - Douglas Baer
- Los Gatos Research, 67 East Evelyn Avenue, Suite 3, Mountain View, California 94041, United States
| | - Manish Gupta
- Los Gatos Research, 67 East Evelyn Avenue, Suite 3, Mountain View, California 94041, United States
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Ubierna N, Sun W, Cousins AB. The efficiency of C(4) photosynthesis under low light conditions: assumptions and calculations with CO(2) isotope discrimination. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:3119-34. [PMID: 21527629 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Leakiness (Φ), the proportion of carbon fixed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylation that leaks out of the bundle-sheath cells, determines C(4) photosynthetic efficiency. Large increases in Φ have been described at low irradiance. The underlying mechanisms for this increase remain uncertain, but changes in photorespiration or the energy partitioning between the C(4) and C(3) cycles have been suggested. Additionally, values of Φ at low light could be magnified from assumptions made when comparing measured photosynthetic discrimination against (13)C (Δ) with the theoretical formulation for Δ. For example, several simplifications are often made when modelling Δ to predict Φ including: (i) negligible fractionation during photorespiration and dark respiration; (ii) infinite mesophyll conductance; and (iii) CO(2) inside bundle-sheath cells (C(s)) is much larger than values in mesophyll cells (C(m)). Theoretical models for C(4) photosynthesis and C(4) Δ were combined to evaluate how these simplifications affect calculations of Δ and Φ at different light intensities. It was demonstrated that the effects of photorespiratory fractionations and mesophyll conductance were negligible at low light. Respiratory fractionation was relevant only when the magnitude of the fractionation factor was artificially increased during measurements. The largest error in estimating Φ occurred when assuming C(s) was much larger than C(m) at low light levels, when bundle-sheath conductance was large (g(s)), or at low O(2) concentrations. Under these conditions, the simplified equation for Δ overestimated Φ, and compromised comparisons between species with different g(s), and comparisons across O(2) concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
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