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Laugier F, Saumitou-Laprade P, Vernet P, Lepart J, Cheptou PO, Dufay M. Male fertility advantage within and between seasons in the perennial androdioecious plant Phillyrea angustifolia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1219-1232. [PMID: 37930793 PMCID: PMC10902885 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Androdioecy, the co-occurrence of males and hermaphrodites, is a rare reproductive system. Males can be maintained if they benefit from a higher male fitness than hermaphrodites, referred to as male advantage. Male advantage can emerge from increased fertility owing to resource reallocation. However, empirical studies usually compare sexual phenotypes over a single flowering season, thus ignoring potential cumulative effects over successive seasons in perennials. In this study, we quantify various components of male fertility advantage, both within and between seasons, in the long-lived perennial shrub Phillyrea angustifolia (Oleaceae). Although, owing to a peculiar diallelic self-incompatibility system and female sterility mutation strictly associated with a breakdown of incompatibility, males do not need fertility advantage to persist in this species, this advantage remains an important determinant of their equilibrium frequency. METHODS A survey of >1000 full-sib plants allowed us to compare males and hermaphrodites for several components of male fertility. Individuals were characterized for proxies of pollen production and vegetative growth. By analysing maternal progeny, we compared the siring success of males and hermaphrodites. Finally, using a multistate capture-recapture model we assessed, for each sexual morph, how the intensity of flowering in one year impacts next-year growth and reproduction. KEY RESULTS Males benefitted from a greater vegetative growth and flowering intensity. Within one season, males sired twice as many seeds as equidistant, compatible hermaphroditic competitors. In addition, males more often maintained intense flowering over successive years. Finally, investment in male reproductive function appeared to differ between the two incompatibility groups of hermaphrodites. CONCLUSION Males, by sparing the cost of female reproduction, have a higher flowering frequency and vegetative growth, both of which contribute to male advantage over an individual lifetime. This suggests that studies analysing sexual phenotypes during only single reproductive periods are likely to provide inadequate estimates of male advantage in perennials.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Laugier
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - P Vernet
- Univ Lille, CNRS, UMR 8198 - Evo-Eco-Paleo, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - J Lepart
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - P-O Cheptou
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - M Dufay
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Le Roncé I, Dardevet E, Venner S, Schönbeck L, Gessler A, Chuine I, Limousin JM. Reproduction alternation in trees: testing the resource depletion hypothesis using experimental fruit removal in Quercus ilex. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:952-964. [PMID: 36892403 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The keystones of resource budget models to explain mast seeding are that fruit production depletes tree stored resources, which become subsequently limiting to flower production the following year. These two hypotheses have, however, rarely been tested in forest trees. Using a fruit removal experiment, we tested whether preventing fruit development would increase nutrient and carbohydrates storage and modify allocation to reproduction and vegetative growth the following year. We removed all the fruits from nine adult Quercus ilex L. trees shortly after fruit set and compared, with nine control trees, the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), potassium (K) and starch in leaves, twigs and trunk before, during and after the development of female flowers and fruits. The following year, we measured the production of vegetative and reproductive organs as well as their location on the new spring shoots. Fruit removal prevented the depletion of N and Zn in leaves during fruit growth. It also modified the seasonal dynamics in Zn, K and starch in twigs, but had no effect on reserves stored in the trunk. Fruit removal increased the production of female flowers and leaves the following year, and decreased the production of male flowers. Our results show that resource depletion operates differently for male and female flowering, because the timing of organ formation and the positioning of flowers in shoot architecture differ between male and female flowers. Our results suggest that N and Zn availability constrain flower production in Q. ilex, but also that other regulatory pathways might be involved. They strongly encourage further experiments manipulating fruit development over multiple years to describe the causal relationships between variations in resource storage and/or uptake, and male and female flower production in masting species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Le Roncé
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Elia Dardevet
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Samuel Venner
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Leonie Schönbeck
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 9252, USA
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Chuine
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 34293 Montpellier, France
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Wu H, Zhang J, Rodríguez-Calcerrada J, Salomón RL, Yin D, Zhang P, Shen H. Large investment of stored nitrogen and phosphorus in female cones is consistent with infrequent reproduction events of Pinus koraiensis, a high value woody oil crop in Northeast Asia. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1084043. [PMID: 36714788 PMCID: PMC9878279 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1084043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pinus koraiensis is famous for its high-quality timber production all the way and is much more famous for its high value health-care nut oil production potential since 1990's, but the less understanding of its reproduction biology seriously hindered its nut productivity increase. Exploring the effects of reproduction on nutrient uptake, allocation and storage help to understand and modify reproduction patterns in masting species and high nut yield cultivar selection and breeding. Here, we compared seasonality in growth and in nitrogen ([N]) and phosphorus ([P]) concentrations in needles, branches and cones of reproductive (cone-bearing) and vegetative branches (having no cones) of P. koraiensis during a masting year. The growth of one- and two-year-old reproductive branches was significantly higher than that of vegetative branches. Needle, phloem and xylem [N] and [P] were lower in reproductive branches than in vegetative branches, although the extent and significance of the differences between branch types varied across dates. [N] and [P] in most tissues were high in spring, decreased during summer, and then recovered by the end of the growing season. Overall, [N] and [P] were highest in needles, lowest in the xylem and intermediate in the phloem. More than half of the N (73.5%) and P (51.6%) content in reproductive branches were allocated to cones. There was a positive correlation between cone number and N and P content in needles (R2 = 0.64, R2 = 0.73) and twigs (R2 = 0.65, R2 = 0.62) of two-year-old reproductive branches. High nutrient sink strength of cones and vegetative tissues of reproductive branches suggested that customized fertilization practices can help improve crop yield in Pinus koraiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Department of Natural Systems and Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin, China
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Forestry Research Institute of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada
- Department of Natural Systems and Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto L. Salomón
- Department of Natural Systems and Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dongsheng Yin
- Forestry Research Institute of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Technology Research Center of Korean Pine, Harbin, China
| | - Hailong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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Le Roncé I, Toïgo M, Dardevet E, Venner S, Limousin JM, Chuine I. Resource manipulation through experimental defoliation has legacy effects on allocation to reproductive and vegetative organs in Quercus ilex. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:1165-1179. [PMID: 32686832 PMCID: PMC7684701 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In plants, high costs of reproduction during some years can induce trade-offs in resource allocation with other functions such as growth, survival and resistance against herbivores or extreme abiotic conditions, but also with subsequent reproduction. Such trade-offs might also occur following resource shortage at particular moments of the reproductive cycle. Because plants are modular organisms, strategies for resource allocation to reproduction can also vary among hierarchical levels. Using a defoliation experiment, our aim was to test how allocation to reproduction was impacted by resource limitation. METHODS We applied three levels of defoliation (control, moderate and intense) to branches of eight Quercus ilex trees shortly after fruit initiation and measured the effects of resource limitation induced by leaf removal on fruit development (survival, growth and germination potential) and on the production of vegetative and reproductive organs the year following defoliation. KEY RESULTS We found that defoliation had little impact on fruit development. Fruit survival was not affected by the intense defoliation treatment, but was reduced by moderate defoliation, and this result could not be explained by an upregulation of photosynthesis. Mature fruit mass was not affected by defoliation, nor was seed germination success. However, in the following spring defoliated branches produced fewer shoots and compensated for leaf loss by overproducing leaves at the expense of flowers. Therefore, resource shortage decreased resource allocation to reproduction the following season but did not affect sex ratio. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the idea of a regulation of resource allocation to reproduction beyond the shoot scale. Defoliation had larger legacy effects than immediate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Le Roncé
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Maude Toïgo
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Elia Dardevet
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Samuel Venner
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, UMR 5558, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Marc Limousin
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Chuine
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
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Bogdziewicz M, Żywiec M, Espelta JM, Fernández-Martinez M, Calama R, Ledwoń M, McIntire E, Crone EE. Environmental Veto Synchronizes Mast Seeding in Four Contrasting Tree Species. Am Nat 2019; 194:246-259. [PMID: 31318289 DOI: 10.1086/704111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Synchronized and variable reproduction by perennial plants, called mast seeding, is a major reproductive strategy of trees. The need to accumulate sufficient resources after depletion following fruiting (resource budget), the efficiency of mass flowering for outcross pollination (pollen coupling), or the external factors preventing reproduction (environmental veto) could all synchronize masting. We used seed production data for four species (Quercus ilex, Quercus humilis, Sorbus aucuparia, and Pinus albicaulis) to parametrize resource budget models of masting. Based on species life-history characteristics, we hypothesized that pollen coupling should synchronize reproduction in S. aucuparia and P. albicaulis, while in Q. ilex and Q. humilis, environmental veto should be a major factor. Pollen coupling was stronger in S. aucuparia and P. albicaulis than in oaks, while veto was more frequent in the latter. Yet in all species, costs of reproduction were too small to impose a replenishment period. A synchronous environmental veto, in the presence of environmental stochasticity, was sufficient to produce observed variability and synchrony in reproduction. In the past, vetoes like frost events that prevent reproduction have been perceived as negative for plants. In fact, they could be selectively favored as a way to create mast seeding.
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CANELO T, GAYTÁN Á, GONZÁLEZ-BORNAY G, BONAL R. Seed loss before seed predation: experimental evidence of the negative effects of leaf feeding insects on acorn production. Integr Zool 2017; 13:238-250. [DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara CANELO
- Forest Research Group, INDEHESA; University of Extremadura; Plasencia Spain
| | - Álvaro GAYTÁN
- Forest Research Group, INDEHESA; University of Extremadura; Plasencia Spain
| | | | - Raul BONAL
- Forest Research Group, INDEHESA; University of Extremadura; Plasencia Spain
- DITEG Research Group; University of Castilla-La Mancha; Toledo Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès; Catalonia Spain
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Allen RB, Millard P, Richardson SJ. A Resource Centric View of Climate and Mast Seeding in Trees. PROGRESS IN BOTANY VOL. 79 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/124_2017_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Watkins JE, Churchill AC, Holbrook NM. A site for sori: Ecophysiology of fertile-sterile leaf dimorphy in ferns. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2016; 103:845-855. [PMID: 27208353 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1500505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Reproduction often requires significant investment and can move resources away from growth and maintenance; maintaining a balance between reproduction and growth can involve trade-offs. Extreme functional specialization has separated reproduction and photosynthesis in most seed plants, yet ferns use the laminar surface of their fronds for both reproduction and photosynthesis. This dual function selects for a variety of frond morphologies that range from no specialization (monomorphy) to extreme dimorphy between fertile and sterile fronds (holodimorphy). Here we examined the ecological and physiological consequences of variation in frond dimorphy in ferns, evaluated reproductive trade-offs across a dimorphy gradient, and speculate on factors controlling the occurrence of holodimorphy. METHODS Ecophysiological measurements of photosynthetic rate, water potential, hydraulic conductivity, and gross morphological comparisons of frond area and angle were used to evaluate differences between fertile and sterile fronds. We examined three temperate and three tropical fern species that vary in degree of fertile-sterile dimorphy. KEY RESULTS Holodimorphic species produced fewer fertile fronds, which had significantly higher respiratory rates than in sterile fronds on the same plant or in any frond produced on monomorphic species; hemidimorphic species were frequently intermediate. We found no differences in vulnerability to cavitation between fertile and sterile fronds. In dimorphic species, fertile fronds had higher (less negative) water potential and lower stipe hydraulic conductivity relative than in sterile fronds. CONCLUSIONS Fertile-sterile dimorphy in ferns appears to come at considerable carbon cost in holodimorohic species. It is possible that the relative costs of this reproductive system are offset by increased spore dispersal, yet such trade-offs require further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Watkins
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York 13346 USA Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 3105 Biological Laboratories, 16 Divinity Avenue,
| | - Amber C Churchill
- Department of Biology, Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, North Easton, Massachusetts 02357 USA
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 3105 Biological Laboratories, 16 Divinity Avenue
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Clark JS, Bell DM, Kwit M, Powell A, Zhu K. Dynamic Inverse Prediction and Sensitivity Analysis With High-Dimensional Responses: Application to Climate-Change Vulnerability of Biodiversity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13253-013-0139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Iler AM, Inouye DW. Effects of climate change on mast-flowering cues in a clonal montane herb, Veratrum tenuipetalum (Melanthiaceae). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:519-525. [PMID: 23425561 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Climate change threatens to alter the timing and magnitude of abiotic cues that synchronize mast flowering, such as temperature and precipitation. Climate change may therefore alter the frequency of masting, in turn affecting species in the community that use pulsed resources. • METHODS We used 29-yr (1984-2012) records of climate and flowering to investigate proximate flowering cues for the clonal, mast-flowering herb Veratrum tenuipetalum. Because clonal reproduction is tied to flowering in Veratrum, we used a parallel record of ramet abundance to examine the effects of masting on long-term ramet abundance. • KEY RESULTS Cool summer temperatures 2 years before flowering were associated with a higher percentage of flowering in Veratrum populations, consistent with its life history. Ramet abundance increased by 9.5% ± 5.6% on average following mast years compared to an average loss of 0.73% ± 1.1% in nonmast years, and ramet abundance increased over the time frame of our records. • CONCLUSIONS Ramet abundance has increased over the time frame of our records mainly because of clonal reproduction in masting years. If summer temperatures continue to increase at our site and Veratrum does not alter its climate thresholds, we predict that masting will become less frequent in this species, with consequent reduction in opportunities for both sexual and clonal reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Iler
- Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, P.O. Box 519, Crested Butte, CO 81224, USA.
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Tradeoffs in basal area growth and reproduction shift over the lifetime of a long-lived tropical species. Oecologia 2013; 173:45-57. [PMID: 23404069 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-013-2603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of the extent to which reproductive costs drive growth largely derives from reproductively mature temperate trees in masting and non-masting years. We modeled basal area increment (BAI) and explored current growth-reproduction tradeoffs and changes in such allocation over the life span of a long-lived, non-masting tropical tree. We integrated rainfall and soil variables with data from 190 Bertholletia excelsa trees of different diameter at breast height (DBH) sizes, crown characteristics, and liana loads, quantifying BAI and reproductive output over 4 and 6 years, respectively. While rainfall explains BAI in all models, regardless of DBH class or ontogenic stage, light (based on canopy position and crown form) is most critical in the juvenile (5 cm ≤ DBH < 50 cm) phase. Suppressed trees are only present as juveniles and grow ten times slower (1.45 ± 2.73 m(2) year(-1)) than trees in dominant and co-dominant positions (13.25 ± 0.82 and 12.90 ± 1.35 m(2) year(-1), respectively). Additionally, few juvenile trees are reproductive, and those that are, demonstrate reduced growth, as do reproductive trees in the next 50 to 100 cm DBH class, suggesting growth-reproduction tradeoffs. Upon reaching the canopy, however, and attaining a sizeable girth, this pattern gradually shifts to one where BAI and reproduction are influenced independently by variables such as liana load, crown size and soil properties. At this stage, BAI is largely unaffected by fruit production levels. Thus, while growth-reproduction tradeoffs clearly exist during early life stages, effects of reproductive allocation diminish as B. excelsa increases in size and maturity.
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Kitchen JL, Allaby RG. Systems Modeling at Multiple Levels of Regulation: Linking Systems and Genetic Networks to Spatially Explicit Plant Populations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2013; 2:16-49. [PMID: 27137364 PMCID: PMC4844292 DOI: 10.3390/plants2010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selection and adaptation of individuals to their underlying environments are highly dynamical processes, encompassing interactions between the individual and its seasonally changing environment, synergistic or antagonistic interactions between individuals and interactions amongst the regulatory genes within the individual. Plants are useful organisms to study within systems modeling because their sedentary nature simplifies interactions between individuals and the environment, and many important plant processes such as germination or flowering are dependent on annual cycles which can be disrupted by climate behavior. Sedentism makes plants relevant candidates for spatially explicit modeling that is tied in with dynamical environments. We propose that in order to fully understand the complexities behind plant adaptation, a system that couples aspects from systems biology with population and landscape genetics is required. A suitable system could be represented by spatially explicit individual-based models where the virtual individuals are located within time-variable heterogeneous environments and contain mutable regulatory gene networks. These networks could directly interact with the environment, and should provide a useful approach to studying plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Kitchen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Robin G Allaby
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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Fernández-Martínez M, Belmonte J, Maria Espelta J. Masting in oaks: Disentangling the effect of flowering phenology, airborne pollen load and drought. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Barringer BC, Koenig WD, Knops JMH. Interrelationships among life-history traits in three California oaks. Oecologia 2012; 171:129-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pons J, Pausas JG. The coexistence of acorns with different maturation patterns explains acorn production variability in cork oak. Oecologia 2012; 169:723-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2244-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Espelta JM, Arnan X, Rodrigo A. Non-fire induced seed release ina weakly serotinous pine: climatic factors, maintenance costs or both? OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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