1
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Cheng J, Zhang M, Yan X, Zhang C, Zhang J, Luo Y. Effects of Seed Size and Frequency on Seed Dispersal and Predation by Small Mammals. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:353. [PMID: 38785835 PMCID: PMC11117508 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Frequency-dependent predation is common in predator-prey interactions. Size is an important characteristic of seeds and is crucial in the regeneration stage of plant seeds. However, the frequency dependence of animal predation on seed size has not been reported. In this study, we conducted a field experiment and used different sizes of Liaodong oak (Quercus wutaishanica) seeds to test the frequency dependence of intraspecific seed size selection in rodents. We used the number ratio of large to small seeds as the frequency. The results show that the rate of small seeds being eaten in situ was significantly higher than that of large seeds (p < 0.05). The rates of different-sized seeds being eaten after removal decreased with increasing frequencies, and there was no significant difference between frequencies except for 1:9 and 9:1. The rates of large seeds being scatter-hoarded were significantly higher than those of small seeds at different frequencies (p < 0.05). The eating distances after removal of large seeds were significantly longer than those of small seeds at the same frequencies (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the scatter-hoarding distances of large seeds were significantly longer than those of small seeds at three frequencies (1:9, 3:7, and 9:1) (p < 0.05). That is, rodents consumed more small seeds in situ, dispersed and scatter-hoarded more large seeds, and dispersed large seeds over longer distances. Rodents exhibited a negative frequency dependence for small seeds and a positive frequency dependence for large seeds on being eaten in situ. Moreover, rodents exhibited a negative frequency dependence for large seeds and a positive frequency dependence for small seeds on being eaten after removal and scatter-hoarding. These results reveal the frequency dependence of rodent selection on seed size and provide new insights into animal-mediated seed dispersal and the regeneration of plant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiming Cheng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xingfu Yan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Protection of Agro-Pastoral Ecotones in the Yellow River Basin, National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People’s Republic of China, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (M.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810016, China;
| | - Yonghong Luo
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
- School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010000, China
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2
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Li Y, Yang X, Feng E, Zhao K, Zhang Z. Plant hormones mediate the interaction between oak acorn germination and rodent hoarding behaviour. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 38037212 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between animals and plants for seed dispersal and predation has received much attention; however, the underlying physiological mechanisms driving the responses of both seeds and animals remain unclear. We conducted a series of behaviour and physiology experiments to examine the role of plant hormones in regulating seed germination and rodent hoarding behaviour in the Quercus variabilis and Leopoldamys edwardsi systems. We found that acorns that were partially consumed by rodents had increased gibberellin (GA) levels and shortened germination time. Rodents preferred scatter-hoarded abscisic acid (ABA)-treated and intact acorns but consumed germinated and GA-treated acorns; such treatment differences disappeared for inactivated acorns by boiling water. Moreover, we found that seven potential compounds may be linked to seed germination and rodent hoarding behaviour. Our results indicate that acorns of oak showed rapid germination when facing predation risk, while rodents could identify the germination status of seeds for hoarding; GA and ABA may play an important role in regulating seed germination of oak and hoarding behaviour of rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Enping Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei Province, 071002, China
| | - Kunming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610059, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management on Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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3
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Zhang M, Yang X, Dong Z, Liu S, Chen H, Yi X. Behavioral adaptation of sympatric rodents to early germination of oak acorns: radicle pruning and embryo excision. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1135312. [PMID: 37229139 PMCID: PMC10203563 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1135312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The seed germination schedule is a key factor affecting the food-hoarding behavior of animals and the seedling regeneration of plants. However, little is known about the behavioral adaptation of rodents to the rapid germination of acorns. In this study, we provided Quercus variabilis acorns to several rodent species to investigate how food-hoarding animals respond to seed germination. We found that only Apodemus peninsulae adopted embryo excision behavior to counteract seed germination, which is the first report of embryo excision in nonsquirrel rodents. We speculated that this species may be at an early stage of the evolutionary response to seed perishability in rodents, given the low rate of embryo excision in this species. On the contrary, all rodent species preferred to prune the radicles of germinating acorns before caching, suggesting that radicle pruning is a stable and more general foraging behavior strategy for food-hoarding rodents. Furthermore, scatter-hoarding rodents preferred to scatter-hoard and prune more germinating acorns, whereas they consumed more nongerminating acorns. Acorns with embryos excised rather than radicles pruned were much less likely to germinate than intact acorns, suggesting a behavioral adaptation strategy by rodents to the rapid germination of recalcitrant seeds. This study provides insight into the impact of early seed germination on plant-animal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong Dong
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shuyuan Liu
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xianfeng Yi
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
- School of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
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4
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Godó L, Valkó O, Borza S, Deák B. A global review on the role of small rodents and lagomorphs (clade Glires) in seed dispersal and plant establishment. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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5
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Cao L, Jansen PA, Wang B, Yan C, Wang Z, Chen J. Mutual cheating strengthens a tropical seed dispersal mutualism. Ecology 2021; 103:e03574. [PMID: 34706058 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
While cheating can cause the degradation or collapse of mutualisms, mutualisms may theoretically stabilize or strengthen if the cheating is mutual. Here, we present an asymmetric two-player game model to explore the evolutionary dynamics of mutual cheating in a mutualistic interaction. We found that the interaction evolved towards mutual cheating if cheating can help both partners obtain higher benefits or if counter-cheating yields more benefits to victims than simply tolerating exploitation by partners. Then, we present empirical evidence for such mutual cheating strengthening a seed dispersal mutualism in which rodents disperse seeds by scatter hoarding, rodents sabotage seed germination by pruning radicles, and seeds escape rodents by resprouting. By tracking >8000 Pittosporopsis kerrii seeds throughout the dispersal process in a tropical forest in southwest China, we found that rodents provided better dispersal to seeds that they pruned, i.e., pruned seeds were dispersed farther and were more likely to establish seedlings than unpruned seeds. Compared to unpruned seeds, pruned seeds retained more of their nutrients, i.e., dry mass of pruned seeds was greater than that of unpruned seeds, and were stored for longer by rodents. These findings indicate that mutual cheating benefited both partners. Payoffs estimated from the field experiments indicated that mutual cheating was indeed favored in rodents and plants P. kerrii, and that neither partner was enslaved by the other under mutual cheating. Rather, the mutualism remained stable because the partners were able to exploit each other, and each partner attempted to gain the maximum benefits from the interaction. Our findings indicate that mutual cheating between two mutualists can enhance and stabilize mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.,Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China.,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Patrick A Jansen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado, 0843-03092, Republic of Panama
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China.,School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, Institute of Innovation Ecology & College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
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6
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Wang Z, Cao L, Yan C, Niu Y, Chong K, Zhang Z. Cloning capacity helps seeds of Garcinia xanthochymus counter animal predation. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:12639-12650. [PMID: 34594527 PMCID: PMC8462166 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed predators have the potential to act as agents of natural selection that influence seed traits and seed fates, which in turn affect the whole plant population dynamic. Accordingly, plants deploy a variety of mechanisms (e.g., resistance and tolerance strategies) to lessen the impact of predation on seed crop or on an individual seed. In this study, we described a novel mechanism, seed cloning strategy, in a tropical plant species in countering animal predation. By conducting field- and laboratory-based germination experiments, we found that both rodent damaged and artificially damaged seed fragments of a large-seeded tree Garcinia xanthochymus (Clusiaceae) could successfully germinate and establish as seedlings. Tissue culture experiments revealed that G. xanthochymus has no endosperm in seeds, and its seed fragments own strong capacity of differentiation and cloning. Seed damage negatively affected seedling growth and germination, but the seed germination rate was remarkably high. Our study suggests that, seed cloning capacity, adopted by the large-seeded tree G. xanthochymus may act as a novel strategy counteract for seed predation and would play a significant role in stabilizing the mutualism between plant and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen‐yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in AgricultureInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research (Ministry of Education)College of Life SciencesJiangxi Normal UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Lin Cao
- College of Ecology and Environmental ScienceInstitute of Ecology and GeobotanyYunnan UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Chuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in AgricultureInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yu‐da Niu
- Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kang Chong
- Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhi‐bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in AgricultureInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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7
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Zhang Z, Yan C, Zhang H. Mutualism between antagonists: its ecological and evolutionary implications. Integr Zool 2020; 16:84-96. [PMID: 32930482 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutualism or antagonism between species is often investigated within the framework of monotonic interactions of either mutualism or antagonism, but studies on transition from mutualism to antagonism (within the context of nonmonotonic interactions) have been largely ignored. In this paper, through a brief review and synthesis, we highlighted the role of mutualism between antagonists in regulating the ecological and evolutionary processes, as well as maintaining the stability and complexity of ecosystems. Mutualism between antagonistic species represents the density-dependent transition between mutualism and antagonism, which is beneficial to species coexistence and stability of complex ecosystems; thus, it should be favored by natural selection. Species may face selection of conflicting pressure on functional traits in co-balancing mutualism and antagonism, which may result in evolution of the dual character of species with moderate mutualistic or antagonistic traits. Coevolution and co-balance of these traits are driving forces in shaping mutualism-antagonism systems. Rewards for mutualists, punishment for exploiters, and competition of meta-communities are essential in stabilizing mutualism between antagonists. We appeal for more studies on mutualism between antagonists and its ecological and evolutionary implications by expanding the conventional ecological studies from monotonic to nonmonotonic regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystem, Institute of Innovation Ecology & College of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongmao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Institute of Evolution and Ecology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Yi X, Wang M, Xue C, Ju M. Radicle pruning by seed-eating animals helps oak seedlings absorb more soil nutrient. Integr Zool 2020; 16:637-645. [PMID: 32930479 PMCID: PMC9290513 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although radicle pruning has well been observed in plant–animal interactions, research has not been conducted to determine how radicle pruning by seed‐eating animals regulates nutrition mobilization of cotyledonary reserves and absorption of soil nutrients. We used stable nitrogen isotopes to test how acorns of early‐germinating oak species (Quercus variabilis, Q. aliena, and Q. mogolica) trade off nutrients in the cotyledons and those in the soil in response to radicle pruning by seed‐eating rodents. Radicle pruning by rodents resulted in root branching in the 3 early‐germinating oak species. Moreover, radicle pruning increased shoot dry weight and substantially reduced the root‐to‐shoot ratio of oak species. Corresponding to the decreased dry weight of roots and root‐to‐shoot ratio, the dry weight of the remnant cotyledons was higher after radicle pruning in the 3 oak species. We provided first evidence that radicle pruning by seed‐eating animals improved seedling performance of early‐germinating oaks by increasing absorption of nutrients from soil. The results indicate that early‐germinating oak seedlings trade off nutrition budget by altering nutrient absorption from soil and reserve mobilization from cotyledons in response to radicle pruning by seed‐eating animals. Our study provided new insight into the nutrition allocation mechanism of young seedlings in response to radicle pruning by seed‐eating animals, reflecting a mutualistic interaction between early‐germinating oak and food‐hoarding animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Chao Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Mengyao Ju
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
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9
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Perea R, Fernandes GW, Dirzo R. Early plant development depends on embryo damage location: the role of seed size in partial seed predation. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Perea
- Dept of Biology, Stanford Univ. 371 Serra Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Depto de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Univ. Politécnica de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - G. Wilson Fernandes
- Dept of Biology, Stanford Univ. 371 Serra Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
- Depto de Biologia Geral, Univ. Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Dirzo
- Dept of Biology, Stanford Univ. 371 Serra Mall Stanford CA 94305 USA
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10
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Deng Y, Ju M, Yi X. Exclusion of interspecific competition reduces scatter-hoarding of Siberian chipmunk Tamias sibiricus: A field study. Integr Zool 2019; 15:127-134. [PMID: 31631518 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although food availability and the abundance of seed predators have been postulated to affect seed dispersal, it is not clear how seed-eating animals modify their scatter-hoarding strategies in response to different levels of interspecific competition. We placed paired germinated and ungerminated acorns of Quercus mongolica on 30-cm high platforms to exclude potential interspecific competition of the predominant larder hoarders Apodemus peninsulae and Myodes rufocanus, to investigate seed dispersal by a predominant scatter-hoarder, Tamias sibiricus, in the field in north-eastern China. Our results showed that T. sibiricus ate more acorns in situ in the absence of interspecific competition. In the presence of interspecific competition of A. peninsulae and C. rufocanus, however, more acorns were scatter-hoarded by T. sibiricus. Regardless of interspecific competition, germination of acorns showed no significant effects on seed dispersal patterns, inconsistent with the "seed perishability hypothesis" that animals avoid hoarding seeds with high perishability. Exclusion of interspecific competition, though relatively increasing the per capita seed abundance, appears to reduce seed dispersal, scatter-hoarding and seedling establishment. Therefore, we propose that moderate interspecific competition rather than competition exclusion may benefit seed scatter-hoarding and seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhua Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mengyao Ju
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
| | - Xianfeng Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.,College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
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11
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Differential seed mass selection on hoarding decisions among three sympatric rodents. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Wang Z, Wang B, Yi X, Yan C, Cao L, Zhang Z. Scatter-hoarding rodents are better pilferers than larder-hoarders. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Cao L, Wang B, Yan C, Wang Z, Zhang H, Geng Y, Chen J, Zhang Z. Risk of cache pilferage determines hoarding behavior of rodents and seed fate. Behav Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/ary040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Chuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Donghu District, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongmao Zhang
- Animal Behaviour Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Hongshan District, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanzhao Geng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Wuhou District, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Weed and Rodent Biology and Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
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14
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Geng Y, Wang B, Cao L. Directed seed dispersal by scatter-hoarding rodents into areas with a low density of conspecific seeds in the absence of pilferage. J Mammal 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyx131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhao Geng
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China (YG, BW, LC)
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China (YG)
- Key Laboratory of Weed and Rodent Biology and Management, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (YG)
| | - Bo Wang
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China (YG, BW, LC)
| | - Lin Cao
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China (YG, BW, LC)
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15
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Corlett RT. Frugivory and seed dispersal by vertebrates in tropical and subtropical Asia: An update. Glob Ecol Conserv 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Cao L, Wang Z, Yan C, Chen J, Guo C, Zhang Z. Differential foraging preferences on seed size by rodents result in higher dispersal success of medium-sized seeds. Ecology 2017; 97:3070-3078. [PMID: 27870042 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rodent preference for scatter-hoarding large seeds has been widely considered to favor the evolution of large seeds. Previous studies supporting this conclusion were primarily based on observations at earlier stages of seed dispersal, or on a limited sample of successfully established seedlings. Because seed dispersal comprises multiple dispersal stages, we hypothesized that differential foraging preference on seed size by animal dispersers at different dispersal stages would ultimately result in medium-sized seeds having the highest dispersal success rates. In this study, by tracking a large number of seeds for 5 yr, we investigated the effects of seed size on seed fates from seed removal to seedling establishment of a dominant plant Pittosporopsis kerrii (Icacinaceae) dispersed by scatter-hoarding rodents in tropical forest in southwest China. We found that small seeds had a lower survival rate at the early dispersal stage where more small seeds were predated at seed stations and after removal; large seeds had a lower survival rate at the late dispersal stage, more large seeds were recovered, predated after being cached, or larder-hoarded. Medium-sized seeds experienced the highest dispersal success. Our study suggests that differential foraging preferences by scatter-hoarding rodents at different stages of seed dispersal could result in conflicting selective pressures on seed size and higher dispersal success of medium-sized seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China.,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.,Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Chuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
| | - Cong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
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Zhang Y, Li W, Sichilima AM, Lu J, Wang Z. Discriminatory pre-hoarding handling and hoarding behaviour towards germinated acorns by Niviventer confucianus. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2017.1282542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou, China
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Alfred M. Sichilima
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 71191, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Jiqi Lu
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecology, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongquan Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Road, Gaoxin District, Zhengzhou, China
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18
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Cao L, Guo C, Chen J. Fluctuation in seed abundance has contrasting effects on the fate of seeds from two rapidly germinating tree species in an Asian tropical forest. Integr Zool 2017; 12:2-11. [PMID: 27265119 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The seed predator satiation hypothesis states that high seed abundance can satiate seed predators or seed dispersers, thus promoting seed survival. However, for rapidly germinating seeds in tropical forests, high seed abundance may limit dispersal as the seeds usually remain under parent trees for long periods, which may lead to high mortality due to rodent predation or fungal infestations. By tracking 2 species of rapidly germinating seeds (Pittosporopsis kerrii, family Icacinaceae; Camellia kissi, family Theaceae), which depend on dispersal by scatter-hoarding rodents, we investigated the effects of seed abundance at the community level on predation and seed dispersal in the tropical forest of Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Southwest China. We found that high seed abundance at the community level was associated with delayed and reduced seed removal, decreased dispersal distance and increased pre-dispersal seed survival for both plant species. High seed abundance was also associated with reduced seed caching of C. kissi, but it showed little effect on seed caching of P. kerrii. However, post-dispersal seed survival for the 2 plant species followed the reverse pattern. High seed abundance in the community was associated with higher post-dispersal survival of P. kerrii seeds, but with lower post-dispersal survival of C. kissi seeds. Our results suggest that different plant species derive benefit from fluctuations in seed production in different ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cao
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, China
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19
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Evidence on the Adaptive Recruitment of Chinese Cork Oak (Quercus variabilis Bl.): Influence on Repeated Germination and Constraint Germination by Food-Hoarding Animals. FORESTS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/f7020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Lichti NI, Steele MA, Swihart RK. Seed fate and decision‐making processes in scatter‐hoarding rodents. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:474-504. [PMID: 26587693 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael I. Lichti
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 U.S.A
| | | | - Robert K. Swihart
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 U.S.A
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101 China
| | - Charles J. Krebs
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
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22
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Yi X, Liu C. Retention of cotyledons is crucial for resprouting of clipped oak seedlings. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5145. [PMID: 24888417 PMCID: PMC4042119 DOI: 10.1038/srep05145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although resprouting plays an important role in facilitating persistence of damaged seedlings, the functional attributes of cotyledons and taproots during resprouting of 1-year oak seedlings are not well explored. In this study, cotyledons were removed from Quercus mongolica seedlings to explore resprouting in response to simulated disturbance as a function of shoot clipping, and to examine the resprouting ability in relation to timing of clipping and cotyledon removal. Isotope labeling experiments were also performed to evaluate contribution of the cotyledons and taproots to resprouting. Regardless of timing of shoot clipping, seedlings successfully resprouted provided their cotyledons were not detached. Clipped seedlings were less likely to resprout when cotyledons were removed. Seedlings clipped at earlier development stage exhibited higher resprouting capacity than those clipped at later stage. Cotyledon removal, more than timing of clipping, decreased the dry masses of newly-resprouted shoots. However, no significant influences of cotyledon removal and timing of clipping were found on the dry masses of roots, suggesting the importance of cotyledons for resprouting. Roots became functional and accumulated more soil nitrogen after shoot clipping and cotyledon removal, representing a double security-based strategy for the clipped seedlings to resprout despite the importance of cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Changqu Liu
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
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23
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Long RL, Gorecki MJ, Renton M, Scott JK, Colville L, Goggin DE, Commander LE, Westcott DA, Cherry H, Finch-Savage WE. The ecophysiology of seed persistence: a mechanistic view of the journey to germination or demise. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:31-59. [PMID: 24618017 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seed persistence is the survival of seeds in the environment once they have reached maturity. Seed persistence allows a species, population or genotype to survive long after the death of parent plants, thus distributing genetic diversity through time. The ability to predict seed persistence accurately is critical to inform long-term weed management and flora rehabilitation programs, as well as to allow a greater understanding of plant community dynamics. Indeed, each of the 420000 seed-bearing plant species has a unique set of seed characteristics that determine its propensity to develop a persistent soil seed bank. The duration of seed persistence varies among species and populations, and depends on the physical and physiological characteristics of seeds and how they are affected by the biotic and abiotic environment. An integrated understanding of the ecophysiological mechanisms of seed persistence is essential if we are to improve our ability to predict how long seeds can survive in soils, both now and under future climatic conditions. In this review we present an holistic overview of the seed, species, climate, soil, and other site factors that contribute mechanistically to seed persistence, incorporating physiological, biochemical and ecological perspectives. We focus on current knowledge of the seed and species traits that influence seed longevity under ex situ controlled storage conditions, and explore how this inherent longevity is moderated by changeable biotic and abiotic conditions in situ, both before and after seeds are dispersed. We argue that the persistence of a given seed population in any environment depends on its resistance to exiting the seed bank via germination or death, and on its exposure to environmental conditions that are conducive to those fates. By synthesising knowledge of how the environment affects seeds to determine when and how they leave the soil seed bank into a resistance-exposure model, we provide a new framework for developing experimental and modelling approaches to predict how long seeds will persist in a range of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowena L Long
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
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24
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Zhang M, Dong Z, Yi X, Bartlow AW. Acorns containing deeper plumule survive better: how white oaks counter embryo excision by rodents. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:59-66. [PMID: 24455161 PMCID: PMC3894888 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several squirrel species excise the embryo of acorns of most white oak species to arrest germination for long-term storage. However, it is not clear how these acorns counter embryo excision and survive in the arms race of coevolution. In this study, we simulated the embryo excision behavior of squirrels by removing 4 mm of cotyledon from the apical end of white oak acorns differing in embryo depths to investigate the effects of embryo excision on acorn germination and seedling performance of white oak species. The embryo depth in the cotyledons was significantly different among white oak acorns, with Quercus mongolica containing the embryo most deeply in the acorns. We found that artificial embryo excision significantly decreased acorn germination rates of Quercus variabilis, Quercus acutissima, Quercus aliena, Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata, Quercus serrata. var. brevipetiolata but not Q. mongolica. Artificial embryo excision exerted significant negative impacts on seedling performance of all oak species except Quercus aliena. Our study demonstrates the role of embryo depth of acorns in countering embryo excision by squirrels and may explain the fact that squirrels do not perform embryo excision in acorns of Q. mongolica with deeper embryos. This apparent adaptation of acorns sheds light on the coevolutionary dynamics between oaks and their seed predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Zhong Dong
- College of Food & Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang, 471003, China
| | - Xianfeng Yi
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang, 471003, China ; College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Andrew W Bartlow
- Department of Biology, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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25
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Xiao Z, Gao X, Zhang Z. The combined effects of seed perishability and seed size on hoarding decisions by Pére David’s rock squirrels. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Xiao Z, Gao X, Zhang Z. Sensitivity to Seed Germination Schedule by Scatter-Hoarding Pére David's Rock Squirrels During Mast and Non-Mast Years. Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhishu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
| | - Xu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents in Agriculture; Institute of Zoology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
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27
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28
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Comparison of food hoarding of two sympatric rodent species under interspecific competition. Behav Processes 2012; 92:60-4. [PMID: 23124017 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Competition can greatly affect the food hoarding strategies of rodents and the fate of seeds hoarded. In order to understand the influence of interspecific competition on food caching behavior of sympatric rodents, we investigated food hoarding patterns of two sympatric rodent species, buff-breasted rat (Rattus flavipectus) and Chinese white-bellied rat (Niviventor confucianus), and compared their responses and adjustment in hoarding behavior under interspecific competition. The results showed that: (1) the buff-breasted rat larder hoarded seeds only, while Chinese white-bellied rat hoarded seeds in both larder and scatter forms; (2) two species of rodents both larder hoarded more seeds when competitors were present; and (3) the Chinese white-bellied rats adjusted their seed hoarding from scatter to larder when competitors were introduced, which reduced the seed availability. Therefore, we concluded that rodents would adjust their food hoarding strategy when interspecific competitors were present, and this may produce a different effect on the fate of seeds and the recruitment of plants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: insert SI title.
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29
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Yi X, Yang Y, Curtis R, Bartlow AW, Agosta SJ, Steele MA. Alternative strategies of seed predator escape by early-germinating oaks in Asia and North America. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:487-92. [PMID: 22822428 PMCID: PMC3399138 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early germination of white oaks is widely viewed as an evolutionary strategy to escape rodent predation; yet, the mechanism by which this is accomplished is poorly understood. We report that chestnut oak Quercus montana (CO) and white oak Q. alba (WO) (from North America), and oriental cork oak Q. variabilis (OO) and Mongolian oak Q. mongolica (MO) (from Asia) can escape predation and successfully establish from only taproots. During germination in autumn, cotyledonary petioles of acorns of CO and WO elongate and push the plumule out of the cotyledons, whereas OO and MO extend only the hypocotyls and retain the plumule within the cotyledons. Experiments showed that the pruned taproots (>6 cm) of CO and WO acorns containing the plumule successfully germinated and survived, and the pruned taproots (≥12 cm) of OO and MO acorns without the plumule successfully regenerated along with the detached acorns, thus producing two seedlings. We argue that these two distinct regeneration morphologies reflect alternative strategies for escaping seed predation.
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30
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Behavioural responses to acorn germination by tree squirrels in an old forest where white oaks have long been extirpated. Anim Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Yi X, Steele MA, Zhang Z. Acorn Pericarp Removal as a Cache Management Strategy of the Siberian Chipmunk, Tamias sibiricus. Ethology 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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CAO L, XIAO Z, GUO C, CHEN J. Scatter-hoarding rodents as secondary seed dispersers of a frugivore-dispersed tree Scleropyrum wallichianum in a defaunated Xishuangbanna tropical forest, China. Integr Zool 2011; 6:227-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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