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de Haas FJH, Kläy L, Débarre F, Otto SP. Modelling daisy quorum drive: A short-term bridge across engineered fitness valleys. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011262. [PMID: 38753875 PMCID: PMC11135765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Engineered gene-drive techniques for population modification and/or suppression have the potential for tackling complex challenges, including reducing the spread of diseases and invasive species. Gene-drive systems with low threshold frequencies for invasion, such as homing-based gene drive, require initially few transgenic individuals to spread and are therefore easy to introduce. The self-propelled behavior of such drives presents a double-edged sword, however, as the low threshold can allow transgenic elements to expand beyond a target population. By contrast, systems where a high threshold frequency must be reached before alleles can spread-above a fitness valley-are less susceptible to spillover but require introduction at a high frequency. We model a proposed drive system, called "daisy quorum drive," that transitions over time from a low-threshold daisy-chain system (involving homing-based gene drive such as CRISPR-Cas9) to a high-threshold fitness-valley system (requiring a high frequency-a "quorum"-to spread). The daisy-chain construct temporarily lowers the high thresholds required for spread of the fitness-valley construct, facilitating use in a wide variety of species that are challenging to breed and release in large numbers. Because elements in the daisy chain only drive subsequent elements in the chain and not themselves and also carry deleterious alleles ("drive load"), the daisy chain is expected to exhaust itself, removing all CRISPR elements and leaving only the high-threshold fitness-valley construct, whose spread is more spatially restricted. Developing and analyzing both discrete patch and continuous space models, we explore how various attributes of daisy quorum drive affect the chance of modifying local population characteristics and the risk that transgenic elements expand beyond a target area. We also briefly explore daisy quorum drive when population suppression is the goal. We find that daisy quorum drive can provide a promising bridge between gene-drive and fitness-valley constructs, allowing spread from a low frequency in the short term and better containment in the long term, without requiring repeated introductions or persistence of CRISPR elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik J. H. de Haas
- Biodiversity Research Center, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
| | - Léna Kläy
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Paris (IEES Paris), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Université Paris Est Creteil, Université de Paris, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Florence Débarre
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences Paris (IEES Paris), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Université Paris Est Creteil, Université de Paris, Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Sarah P. Otto
- Biodiversity Research Center, Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, Canada
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2
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Perrotta BG, Simonin M, Colman BP, Anderson SM, Baruch E, Castellon BT, Matson CW, Bernhardt ES, King RS. Chronic Engineered Nanoparticle Additions Alter Insect Emergence and Result in Metal Flux from Aquatic Ecosystems into Riparian Food Webs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:8085-8095. [PMID: 37200151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater ecosystems are exposed to engineered nanoparticles (NPs) through discharge from wastewater and agricultural runoff. We conducted a 9-month mesocosm experiment to examine the combined effects of chronic NP additions on insect emergence and insect-mediated contaminant flux to riparian spiders. Two NPs (copper, gold, plus controls) were crossed by two levels of nutrients in 18 outdoor mesocosms open to natural insect and spider colonization. We collected adult insects and two riparian spider genera, Tetragnatha and Dolomedes, for 1 week on a monthly basis. We estimated a significant decrease in cumulative insect emergence of 19% and 24% after exposure to copper and gold NPs, irrespective of nutrient level. NP treatments led to elevated copper and gold tissue concentrations in adult insects, which resulted in terrestrial fluxes of metals. These metal fluxes were associated with increased gold and copper tissue concentrations for both spider genera. We also observed about 25% fewer spiders in the NP mesocosms, likely due to reduced insect emergence and/or NP toxicity. These results demonstrate the transfer of NPs from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems via emergence of aquatic insects and predation by riparian spiders, as well as significant reductions in insect and spider abundance in response to NP additions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany G Perrotta
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research (CRASR), Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Marie Simonin
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- University of Angers, Institut Agro, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Benjamin P Colman
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Steven M Anderson
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ethan Baruch
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Benjamin T Castellon
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research (CRASR), Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Cole W Matson
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research (CRASR), Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Emily S Bernhardt
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ryan S King
- Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research (CRASR), Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
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3
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Pietz S, Kainz MJ, Schröder H, Manfrin A, Schäfer RB, Zubrod JP, Bundschuh M. Metal Exposure and Sex Shape the Fatty Acid Profile of Midges and Reduce the Aquatic Subsidy to Terrestrial Food Webs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:951-962. [PMID: 36599118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic micropollutants can be transported to terrestrial systems and their consumers by emergent aquatic insects. However, micropollutants, such as metals, may also affect the flux of physiologically important polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). As certain PUFAs have been linked to physiological fitness and breeding success of terrestrial consumers, reduced fluxes from aquatic systems could affect terrestrial populations and food webs. We chronically exposed larvae of the aquatic insect Chironomus riparius to a range of environmentally relevant sediment contents of cadmium (Cd) or copper (Cu) in a 28-day microcosm study. Since elevated water temperatures can enhance metals' toxic effects, we used two temperature regimes, control and periodically elevated temperatures (heat waves) reflecting an aspect of climate change. Cd and Cu significantly reduced adult emergence by up to 95% and 45%, respectively, while elevated temperatures had negligible effects. Both metal contents were strongly reduced (∼90%) during metamorphosis. Furthermore, the chironomid FA profile was significantly altered during metamorphosis with the factors sex and metal exposure being relevant predictors. Consequently, fluxes of physiologically important PUFAs by emergent adults were reduced by up to ∼80%. Our results suggest that considering fluxes of physiologically important compounds, such as PUFAs, by emergent aquatic insects is important to understand the implications of aquatic micropollutants on aquatic-terrestrial meta-ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pietz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz - Biologische Station, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, A-3293 Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Henning Schröder
- Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, D-56068 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Alessandro Manfrin
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf B Schäfer
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
- Zubrod Environmental Data Science, Friesenstraße 20, D-76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Fortstraße 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Pelletier TA, Stefaniak KR, Vigilante TE, Reavis D, Mekus A, Mohamed DA, Lau JK. Documenting Emerging Insects, Environmental DNA, and Metal Concentrations in a Small Appalachian Stream. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2022. [DOI: 10.1656/045.029.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Drew Reavis
- Department of Biology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142
| | - Alex Mekus
- Department of Chemistry, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142
| | | | - Jamie K. Lau
- Department of Biology, Radford University, Radford, VA 24142
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5
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Bundschuh M, Pietz S, Roodt AP, Kraus JM. Contaminant fluxes across ecosystems mediated by aquatic insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100885. [PMID: 35144033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metals and organic contaminants in aquatic systems affect the coupling of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems through two pathways: contaminant-induced effects on insect emergence and emergence-induced contaminant transfer. Consequently, the impact of aquatic contaminants on terrestrial ecosystems can be driven by modifications in the quantity and quality of adult aquatic insects serving as prey or contaminants entering terrestrial food webs as part of the diet of terrestrial predators. Here, we provide an overview of recent advances in the field, separating metals from organic contaminants due to their differential propensity to bioaccumulate and thus their potential contribution to either of the two pathways. Finally, this review highlights the knowledge gap in the relative impact of these pathways on terrestrial insectivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau, D-76829, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, Uppsala, SWE-75007, Sweden.
| | - Sebastian Pietz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau, D-76829, Germany
| | - Alexis P Roodt
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, Landau, D-76829, Germany
| | - Johanna M Kraus
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
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6
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Rieck LO, Sulliván SMP. Ecological Impacts of Altered Stream Hydrogeomorphic Characteristics Extend Beyond the Channel Boundary: Evidence From Urban Streams of Columbus, OH, United States. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.817289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization in stream catchments can have strong effects on stream channel hydrogeomorphic features including channel dimensions, channel-floodplain connectivity, and flood regime. However, the consequences of hydrogeomorphic alterations on aquatic-terrestrial subsidy dynamics are largely unexplored. We examined the associations among hydrogeomorphic characteristics, emergent aquatic insect assemblages, and the density and trophic dynamics of riparian spiders of the family Tetragnathidae at 23 small urban stream reaches in the Columbus, OH (United States) Metropolitan Area. Naturally abundant stable isotopes of 13C and 15N were used to quantify the relative contribution of aquatically derived energy (i.e., nutritional pathways deriving from algae) to tetragnathid spiders and their trophic position. Bankfull discharge was negatively related to both emergence rate and family richness. On average, tetragnathid spiders relied on aquatically derived energy for 36% of their nutrition, with the greatest reliance found for spiders next to channels with wider flood-prone widths and proportionally fewer emergent insects of the family Chironomidae. Mean emergent aquatic insect reliance on aquatically derived energy was 32% and explained 44% of the variation in tetragnathid aquatically derived energy. A positive relationship between δ13C of tetragnathid spiders and emergent insects provides additional evidence of tetragnathid reliance on emergent insects. Mean tetragnathid trophic position was 2.85 and was positively associated with channel sinuosity and negatively associated with aquatic insect emergence rate. Sinuosity was also positively related to aquatically derived energy of emergent aquatic insects; as well as emergent insect family richness; % Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT); and aquatic insect emergence rate; implicating instream habitat-mediated shifts in emergent aquatic insect communities as an indirect mechanistic link between hydrogeomorphic processes and spiders. Our findings underscore that the impacts of stream hydrogeomorphic alterations can cascade into terrestrial food webs. These results suggest that monitoring and restoration of fluvial geomorphic form and function (e.g., sinuosity, slope, and hydrology) confer benefits to both aquatic and terrestrial riparian ecosystems in urban catchments.
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7
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DeSiervo MH, Ayres MP, Culler LE. Quantifying the nature and strength of intraspecific density dependence in Arctic mosquitoes. Oecologia 2021; 196:1061-1072. [PMID: 34338862 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Processes that change with density are inherent in all populations, yet quantifying density dependence with empirical data remains a challenge. This is especially true for animals recruiting in patchy landscapes because heterogeneity in habitat quality in combination with habitat choice can obscure patterns expected from density dependence. Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) typically experience strong density dependence when larvae compete for food, however, effects vary across species and contexts. If populations experience intense intraspecific density-dependent mortality then overcompensation can occur, where the number of survivors declines at high densities producing complex endogenous dynamics. To seek generalizations about density dependence in a widespread species of Arctic mosquito, Aedes nigripes, we combined a laboratory experiment, field observations, and modeling approaches. We evaluated alternative formulations of discrete population models and compared best-performing models from our lab study to larval densities from ponds in western Greenland. Survivorship curves from the lab were the best fit by a Hassell model with compensating density dependence (equivalent to a Beverton-Holt model) where peak recruitment ranged from 8 to 80 mosquitoes per liter depending on resource supply. In contrast, our field data did not show a signal of strong density dependence, suggesting that other processes such as predation may lower realized densities in nature, and that expected patterns may be obscured because larval abundance covaries with resources (cryptic density dependence). Our study emphasizes the importance of covariation between the environment, habitat choice, and density dependence in understanding population dynamics across landscapes, and demonstrates the value of pairing lab and field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H DeSiervo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA. .,Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82072, USA.
| | - Matthew P Ayres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,The Dickey Center for International Understanding, Institute of Arctic Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Lauren E Culler
- Department of Environmental Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.,The Dickey Center for International Understanding, Institute of Arctic Studies, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
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8
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Vaikre M, Remm L, Rannap R. Forest ditch maintenance impoverishes the fauna of aquatic invertebrates: Opportunities for mitigation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 274:111188. [PMID: 32814214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the main factors causing biodiversity loss in wetlands is drainage, nevertheless, even drained areas may provide habitat for aquatic fauna in the form of drainage ditches. Assemblages in ditches are regularly disturbed by ditch maintenance, but the extent of these disturbances and mitigation possibilities are poorly documented. We conducted an experimental study in three commercially managed forest plots in eastern Estonia, aiming to find out how ditch network maintenance (DNM) affects the diversity and assemblages of aquatic macroinvertebrates in ditches and remnant pools, and whether this effect can be alleviated by constructing mitigation waterbodies. For comparison we also collected data from natural pools in three undrained forest plots. Before DNM, ditches supported greater number of higher taxa compared to remnant and natural pools and more strictly aquatic taxa, whereas natural pools in undrained plots supported more Trichoptera shredders. After DNM, the diversity in remnant pools decreased. Moreover, majority of the pools dried out, which resulted in further reduction of the richness and abundance of macroinvertebrates. In ditches the diversity dropped immediately after DNM, but recovered in two to three years. Nevertheless, plot-scale richness and abundance did not completely recover. Assemblage shift in ditches took place right after DNM and remained distinct after the four year survey period. Mitigation pools provided habitat for several taxa (especially Odonata) uncommon in other waterbodies in drained and undrained plots. Our results show that DNM in forests substantially impoverishes habitat availability and reduces the abundance and diversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates. We recommend retaining uncleaned sections in ditches and constructing mitigation pools as tools for supporting wetland biodiversity in drained forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarja Vaikre
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Liina Remm
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riinu Rannap
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, EE-51014, Tartu, Estonia
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9
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Stange M, Barrett RDH, Hendry AP. The importance of genomic variation for biodiversity, ecosystems and people. Nat Rev Genet 2020; 22:89-105. [PMID: 33067582 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-020-00288-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The 2019 United Nations Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services estimated that approximately 1 million species are at risk of extinction. This primarily human-driven loss of biodiversity has unprecedented negative consequences for ecosystems and people. Classic and emerging approaches in genetics and genomics have the potential to dramatically improve these outcomes. In particular, the study of interactions among genetic loci within and between species will play a critical role in understanding the adaptive potential of species and communities, and hence their direct and indirect effects on biodiversity, ecosystems and people. We explore these population and community genomic contexts in the hope of finding solutions for maintaining and improving ecosystem services and nature's contributions to people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Stange
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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10
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DeSiervo MH, Ayres MP, Virginia RA, Culler LE. Consumer–resource dynamics in Arctic ponds. Ecology 2020; 101:e03135. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. DeSiervo
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire03755USA
| | - Matthew P. Ayres
- Department of Biological Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire03755USA
- Institute of Arctic Studies The Dickey Center for International Understanding Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire03755USA
| | - Ross A. Virginia
- Institute of Arctic Studies The Dickey Center for International Understanding Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire03755USA
- Environmental Sciences Program Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire03755USA
| | - Lauren E. Culler
- Institute of Arctic Studies The Dickey Center for International Understanding Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire03755USA
- Environmental Sciences Program Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire03755USA
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11
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Klemmer AJ, Galatowitsch ML, McIntosh AR. Cross-ecosystem bottlenecks alter reciprocal subsidies within meta-ecosystems. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200550. [PMID: 32546092 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal subsidies link ecosystems into meta-ecosystems, but energy transfer to organisms that do not cross boundaries may create sinks, reducing reciprocal subsidy transfer. We investigated how the type of subsidy and top predator presence influenced reciprocal flows of energy, by manipulating the addition of terrestrial leaf and terrestrial insect subsidies to experimental freshwater pond mesocosms with and without predatory fish. Over 18 months, fortnightly addition of subsidies (terrestrial beetle larvae) to top-predators was crossed with monthly addition of subsidies (willow leaves) to primary consumers in mesocosms with and without top predators (upland bullies) in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design in four replicate blocks. Terrestrial insect subsidies increased reciprocal flows, measured as the emergence of aquatic insects out of mesocosms, but leaf subsidies dampened those effects. However, the presence of fish and snails, consumers with no terrestrial life stage, usurped and retained the energy within in the aquatic ecosystem, creating a cross-ecosystem bottleneck to energy flow. Thus, changes in species composition of donor or recipient food webs within a meta-ecosystems can alter reciprocal subsidies through cross-ecosystem bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Klemmer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.,School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, 5722 Deering Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Mark L Galatowitsch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Biology, Centre College, 600 West Walnut Street, Danville, KY 40422, USA
| | - Angus R McIntosh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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12
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Burpee BT, Saros JE. Cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies in Arctic and alpine lakes: implications of global change for remote lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1166-1189. [PMID: 32159183 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00528e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental change is continuing to affect the flow of nutrients, material and organisms across ecosystem boundaries. These cross-system flows are termed ecosystem subsidies. Here, we synthesize current knowledge of cross-ecosystem nutrient subsidies between remote lakes and their surrounding terrain, cryosphere, and atmosphere. Remote Arctic and alpine lakes are ideal systems to study the effects of cross ecosystem subsidies because (a) they are positioned in locations experiencing rapid environmental changes, (b) they are ecologically sensitive to even small subsidy changes, (c) they have easily defined ecosystem boundaries, and (d) a variety of standard methods exist that allow for quantification of lake subsidies and their impacts on ecological communities and ecosystem functions. We highlight similarities and differences between Arctic and alpine systems and identify current knowledge gaps to be addressed with future work. It is important to understand the dynamics of nutrient and material flows between lakes and their environments in order to improve our ability to predict ecosystem responses to continued environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Burpee
- Climate Change Institute and School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA.
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13
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Stoler AB, Relyea RA. Reviewing the role of plant litter inputs to forested wetland ecosystems: leafing through the literature. ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B. Stoler
- Department of Biological Sciences Darrin Fresh Water Institute Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York 12180 USA
| | - Rick A. Relyea
- Department of Biological Sciences Darrin Fresh Water Institute Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York 12180 USA
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14
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Collins SF, Baxter CV, Marcarelli AM, Felicetti L, Florin S, Wipfli MS, Servheen G. Reverberating effects of resource exchanges in stream–riparian food webs. Oecologia 2019; 192:179-189. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04574-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Artificial Light at Night Influences Clock-Gene Expression, Activity, and Fecundity in the Mosquito Culex pipiens f. molestus. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11226220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Light is an important environmental cue, and exposure to artificial light at night (ALAN) may disrupt organismal physiology and behavior. We investigated whether ALAN led to changes in clock-gene expression, diel activity patterns, and fecundity in laboratory populations of the mosquito Culex pipiens f. molestus (Diptera, Culicidae), a species that occurs in urban areas and is thus regularly exposed to ALAN. Populations were kept under 16hours (h):8h light:dark cycles or were subjected to an additional 3.5 h of light (100–300 lx) in the evenings. ALAN induced significant changes in expression in all genes studied, either alone (period) or as an interaction with time (timeless, cryptochrome2, Clock, cycle). Changes were sex-specific: period was down-regulated in both sexes, cycle was up-regulated in females, and Clock was down-regulated in males. ALAN-exposed mosquitoes were less active during the extra-light phase, but exposed females were more active later in the night. ALAN-exposed females also produced smaller and fewer eggs. Our findings indicate a sex-specific impact of ALAN on the physiology and behavior of Culex pipiens f. molestus and that changes in clock-gene expression, activity, and fecundity may be linked.
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16
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Lafage D, Bergman E, Eckstein RL, Österling EM, Sadler JP, Piccolo JJ. Local and landscape drivers of aquatic‐to‐terrestrial subsidies in riparian ecosystems: a worldwide meta‐analysis. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. Lafage
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences/Biology Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
| | - E. Bergman
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences/Biology Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
| | - R. L. Eckstein
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences/Biology Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
| | - E. M. Österling
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences/Biology Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
| | - J. P. Sadler
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Birmingham Birmingham UK
| | - J. J. Piccolo
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences/Biology Karlstad University Karlstad Sweden
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17
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Montagano L, Leroux SJ, Giroux M, Lecomte N. The strength of ecological subsidies across ecosystems: a latitudinal gradient of direct and indirect impacts on food webs. Ecol Lett 2018; 22:265-274. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Montagano
- Department of Biology Université de Moncton Moncton New BrunswickE1A 3E9 Canada
- Canada Research Chair in Polar and Boreal Ecology and Centre d’études nordiques Université de Moncton Moncton New Brunswick E1A 3E9 Canada
| | - Shawn J. Leroux
- Department of Biology Memorial University St‐John's, Newfoundland and LabradorA1B 3X9 Canada
| | - Marie‐Andrée Giroux
- K.‐C.‐Irving Chair in Environmental Sciences and Sustainable Development Université de Moncton Moncton New BrunswickE1A 3E9 Canada
| | - Nicolas Lecomte
- Department of Biology Université de Moncton Moncton New BrunswickE1A 3E9 Canada
- Canada Research Chair in Polar and Boreal Ecology and Centre d’études nordiques Université de Moncton Moncton New Brunswick E1A 3E9 Canada
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18
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Pintar MR, Resetarits WJ. Larval Development Varies Across Pond Age and Larval Density in Cope's Gray Treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis. HERPETOLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1655/herpetologica-d-17-00027.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Pintar
- Department of Biology and Center for Water and Wetlands Resources, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - William J. Resetarits
- Department of Biology and Center for Water and Wetlands Resources, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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19
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Little E, Biehler D, Leisnham PT, Jordan R, Wilson S, LaDeau SL. Socio-Ecological Mechanisms Supporting High Densities of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Baltimore, MD. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1183-1192. [PMID: 28605549 PMCID: PMC5850657 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Social, ecological, and climatic factors interact creating a heterogeneous matrix that determines the spatiotemporal distribution of mosquitoes and human risks of exposure to the diseases they transmit. We explore linkages between the social and institutional processes behind residential abandonment, urban ecology, and the interactions of socio-ecological processes with abiotic drivers of mosquito production. Specifically, we test the relative roles of infrastructure degradation and vegetation for explaining the presence of Aedes albopictus Skuse 1894 to better predict spatial heterogeneity in mosquito exposure risk within urban environments. We further examine how precipitation interacts with these socially underpinned biophysical variables. We use a hierarchical statistical modeling approach to assess how environmental and climatic conditions over 3 years influence mosquito ecology across a socioeconomic gradient in Baltimore, MD. We show that decaying infrastructure and vegetation are important determinants of Ae. albopictus infestation. We demonstrate that both precipitation and vegetation influence mosquito production in ways that are mediated by the level of infrastructural decay on a given block. Mosquitoes were more common on blocks with greater abandonment, but when precipitation was low, mosquitoes were more likely to be found in higher-income neighborhoods with managed container habitat. Likewise, although increased vegetation was a negative predictor of mosquito infestation, more vegetation on blocks with high abandonment was associated with the largest mosquito populations. These findings indicate that fine spatial scale modeling of mosquito habitat within urban areas is needed to more accurately target vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Little
- Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY ()
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - D. Biehler
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD ()
| | - P. T. Leisnham
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD ()
| | - R. Jordan
- Departments of Human Ecology & Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ ()
| | - S. Wilson
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD ()
| | - S. L. LaDeau
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY ()
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20
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Out with the Old, in with the New: Oviposition Preference Matches Larval Success in Cope's Gray Treefrog, Hyla chrysoscelis. J HERPETOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1670/16-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Staats EG, Agosta SJ, Vonesh JR. Predator diversity reduces habitat colonization by mosquitoes and midges. Biol Lett 2016; 12:20160580. [PMID: 28003517 PMCID: PMC5206584 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in predator diversity via extinction and invasion are increasingly widespread and can have important ecological and socio-economic consequences. Anticipating and managing these consequences requires understanding how predators shape ecological communities. Previous predator biodiversity research has focused on post-colonization processes. However, predators can also shape communities by altering patterns of prey habitat selection during colonization. The sensitivity of this non-consumptive top down mechanism to changes in predator diversity is largely unexamined. To address this gap, we examined patterns of dipteran oviposition habitat selection in experimental aquatic habitats in response to varied predator species richness while holding predator abundance constant. Caged predators were used in order to disentangle behavioural oviposition responses to predator cues from potential post-oviposition consumption of eggs and larvae. We hypothesized that because increases in predator richness often result in greater prey mortality than would be predicted from independent effects of predators, prey should avoid predator-rich habitats during colonization. Consistent with this hypothesis, predator-rich habitats received 48% fewer dipteran eggs than predicted, including 60% fewer mosquito eggs and 38% fewer midge eggs. Our findings highlight the potentially important links between predator biodiversity, prey habitat selection and the ecosystem service of pest regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan G Staats
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Salvatore J Agosta
- Center for Environmental Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - James R Vonesh
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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22
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Djomina IV, Yermokhin MV, Polukonova NV. Substance and energy flows formed by the emergence of amphibiotic insects across the water–air boundary on the floodplain lakes of the Volga River. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425516040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Bellile KG, Vonesh JR. Bioinsecticide and leaf litter combination increases oviposition and reduces adult recruitment to create an effective ovitrap for Culex mosquitoes. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2016; 41:123-127. [PMID: 27232134 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito egg traps, aquatic habitats baited with oviposition attractant and insecticide, are important tools for surveillance and control efforts in integrated vector management programs. The bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) is increasingly used as an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical insecticides and the combination of Bti with a simple oviposition attractant like leaf litter to create an effective egg trap seems appealing. However, previous research suggests that Bti may itself alter oviposition, and that leaf litter may dramatically reduce Bti toxicity. Here we present results from field experiment designed to link the effects of litter and Bti on mosquito oviposition habitat selection and post-colonization survival to production of adult mosquitoes. Tripling litter increased Culex spp. oviposition nearly nine-fold, while Bti had no effect on oviposition. Neither factor altered egg survival, thus larval abundance reflected the effects of litter on oviposition. Both Bti and litter reduced larval survival by ∼60%. We found no evidence that increased litter reduced Bti toxicity. Adult production was dependent upon both litter and Bti. In the absence of Bti, effects of litter on oviposition translated into three-fold more adults. However, in the presence of Bti, initial increases in oviposition were erased by the combined negative effects of Bti and litter on post-colonization survival. Thus, our study provides field evidence that combined litter and Bti application creates an effective ovitrap. This combined treatment had the highest oviposition and the lowest survival, and thus removed the greatest number of mosquitoes from the landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie G Bellile
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for Environmental Studies, Richmond, VA 23284-3050, U.S.A
| | - James R Vonesh
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Biology, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2012, U.S.A..
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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24
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Mackay AJ, Muturi EJ, Ward MP, Allan BF. Cascade of ecological consequences for West Nile virus transmission when aquatic macrophytes invade stormwater habitats. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2016; 26:219-232. [PMID: 27039521 DOI: 10.1890/15-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Artificial aquatic habitats are ubiquitous in anthropogenic landscapes and highly susceptible to colonization by invasive plant species. Recent research into the ecology of infectious diseases indicates that the establishment of invasive plant species can trigger ecological cascades which alter the transmission dynamics of vector-borne pathogens that imperil human health. Here, we examined whether the presence or management of two invasive, emergent plants, cattails (Typha spp.) and phragmites (Phragmites australis), in stormwater dry detention basins (DDBs) alter the local distribution of vectors, avian hosts, or West Nile virus (WNV) transmission risk in an urban residential setting. Mosquitoes and birds were surveyed at 14 DDBs and paired adjacent residential sites. During the study period, emergent vegetation was mowed by site managers in three DDBs. In the absence of vegetation management, the overall abundance and species composition of both adult vectors and avian hosts differed between residential and DDB habitats; however, WNV entomological risk indices were equivalent. Communal bird roosts composed primarily of three species, European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), and Common Grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), representing a broad range of WNV reservoir competence, were observed at half (three out of six) of the DDBs containing unmanaged stands of phragmites; however, their presence was associated with a lower seasonal increase in vector infection rate. Conversely, mowing of emergent vegetation resulted in a significant and sustained increase in the abundance of WNV-infected vectors in DDBs and the increase in risk extended to adjacent residential sites. These findings indicate that management of invasive plants in DDBs during the growing season can increase, while presence of communal bird roosts can decrease, WNV transmission risk.
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25
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Greenwood MJ, Booker DJ. Influence of hydrological regime and land cover on traits and potential export capacity of adult aquatic insects from river channels. Oecologia 2015; 180:551-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Sitters J, Atkinson CL, Guelzow N, Kelly P, Sullivan LL. Spatial stoichiometry: cross-ecosystem material flows and their impact on recipient ecosystems and organisms. OIKOS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.02392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Sitters
- Dept of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå Univ.; SE-901 87 Umeå Sweden
| | - Carla L. Atkinson
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell Univ.; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Nils Guelzow
- Dept of Geography and Environment; Mount Allison Univ.; Sackville, New Brunswick NB E4L 1E2 Canada
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Dept of Biological Sciences; Univ. of Notre Dame; Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Lauren L. Sullivan
- Dept of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; Iowa State Univ.; Ames IA 50011-1020 USA
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27
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Scharnweber K, Vanni MJ, Hilt S, Syväranta J, Mehner T. Boomerang ecosystem fluxes: organic carbon inputs from land to lakes are returned to terrestrial food webs via aquatic insects. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Scharnweber
- Leibniz-Inst. of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Müggelseedamm 310 DE-12587 Berlin Germany
- Freie Univ. Berlin; Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3 DE-14195 Berlin Germany
| | - M. J. Vanni
- Leibniz-Inst. of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Müggelseedamm 310 DE-12587 Berlin Germany
| | - S. Hilt
- Leibniz-Inst. of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Müggelseedamm 310 DE-12587 Berlin Germany
| | - J. Syväranta
- Leibniz-Inst. of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Müggelseedamm 310 DE-12587 Berlin Germany
| | - T. Mehner
- Leibniz-Inst. of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries; Müggelseedamm 310 DE-12587 Berlin Germany
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28
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LaDeau SL, Leisnham PT, Biehler D, Bodner D. Higher mosquito production in low-income neighborhoods of Baltimore and Washington, DC: understanding ecological drivers and mosquito-borne disease risk in temperate cities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:1505-26. [PMID: 23583963 PMCID: PMC3709331 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10041505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mosquito-vectored pathogens are responsible for devastating human diseases and are (re)emerging in many urban environments. Effective mosquito control in urban landscapes relies on improved understanding of the complex interactions between the ecological and social factors that define where mosquito populations can grow. We compared the density of mosquito habitat and pupae production across economically varying neighborhoods in two temperate U.S. cities (Baltimore, MD and Washington, DC). Seven species of mosquito larvae were recorded. The invasive Aedes albopictus was the only species found in all neighborhoods. Culex pipiens, a primary vector of West Nile virus (WNV), was most abundant in Baltimore, which also had more tire habitats. Both Culex and Aedes pupae were more likely to be sampled in neighborhoods categorized as being below median income level in each city and Aedes pupae density was also greater in container habitats found in these lower income neighborhoods. We infer that lower income residents may experience greater exposure to potential disease vectors and Baltimore residents specifically, were at greater risk of exposure to the predominant WNV vector. However, we also found that resident-reported mosquito nuisance was not correlated with our measured risk index, indicating a potentially important mismatch between motivation needed to engage participation in control efforts and the relative importance of control among neighborhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul T. Leisnham
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; E-Mail: (P.T.L.); (D.B.)
| | - Dawn Biehler
- Geography & Environmental Systems, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Danielle Bodner
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; E-Mail: (P.T.L.); (D.B.)
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