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Wang S, Bian T, Wu T, Zhang Y, Awais M, Fu H, Sun Z. Co-analysis of cucumber rhizosphere metabolites and microbial PLFAs under excessive fertilization in solar greenhouse. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1004836. [PMID: 36274730 PMCID: PMC9582138 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilizer application is the most common measure in agricultural production, which can promote the productivity of crops such as cucumbers, but the problem of excessive fertilization occurs frequently in solar greenhouses. However, the effects of fertilization levels on cucumber rhizosphere soil microbes and metabolites and their relationships are still unclear. In order to determine how fertilization levels affect the rhizosphere microenvironment, we set up four treatments in the solar greenhouse: no-fertilization (N0P0K0), normal fertilization (N1P1K1), slight excessive fertilization (N2P2K2), and extreme excessive fertilization (N3P3K3). The results showed that fertilization treatments significantly increased cucumber yield compared to no-fertilization, but, the yield of N3P3K3 was significantly lower than that of N1P1K1 and N2P2K2. Fertilization levels had significant effects on rhizosphere microorganisms, and pH, NH4 +-N and AP were the main environmental factors that affected the changes in microbial communities. The total PLFAs, the percentages of fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were significantly reduced and bacteria percentage was significantly increased in N3P3K3 compared to other fertilization treatments. Differential metabolites under different fertilization levels were mainly organic acids, esters and sugars. Soil phenols with autotoxic effect under fertilization treatments were higher than that of N0P0K0. In addition, compared with soil organic acids and alkanes of N0P0K0, N2P2K2 was significantly increased, and N3P3K3 was not significantly different. This suggested that cucumber could maintain microbial communities by secreting beneficial metabolites under slight excessive fertilization (N2P2K2). But under extremely excessive fertilization (N3P3K3), the self-regulating ability of cucumber plants and rhizosphere soil was insufficient to cope with high salt stress. Furthermore, co-occurrence network showed that 16:1ω5c (AMF) was positively correlated with 2-palmitoylglycerol, hentriacontane, 11-octadecenoic acid, decane,4-methyl- and d-trehalose, and negatively correlated with 9-octadecenoic acid at different fertilization levels. This indicated that the beneficial microorganisms in the cucumber rhizosphere soil promoted with beneficial metabolites and antagonized with harmful metabolites. But with the deepening of overfertilization, the content of beneficial microorganisms and metabolites decreased. The study provided new insights into the interaction of plant rhizosphere soil metabolites and soil microbiomes under the different fertilization levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of the Education Ministry, Liaoning, China,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology, Shenyang, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting Bian
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of the Education Ministry, Liaoning, China,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology, Shenyang, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Tong Wu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of the Education Ministry, Liaoning, China,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology, Shenyang, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Yidi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of the Education Ministry, Liaoning, China,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology, Shenyang, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Muhammad Awais
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of the Education Ministry, Liaoning, China,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology, Shenyang, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongdan Fu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of the Education Ministry, Liaoning, China,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology, Shenyang, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, China,*Correspondence: Hongdan Fu,
| | - Zhouping Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China,Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of the Education Ministry, Liaoning, China,National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Northern Horticultural Facilities Design and Application Technology, Shenyang, China,Collaborative Innovation Center of Protected Vegetable Surround Bohai Gulf Region, Shenyang, China,Zhouping Sun,
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Potapov AM, Beaulieu F, Birkhofer K, Bluhm SL, Degtyarev MI, Devetter M, Goncharov AA, Gongalsky KB, Klarner B, Korobushkin DI, Liebke DF, Maraun M, Mc Donnell RJ, Pollierer MM, Schaefer I, Shrubovych J, Semenyuk II, Sendra A, Tuma J, Tůmová M, Vassilieva AB, Chen T, Geisen S, Schmidt O, Tiunov AV, Scheu S. Feeding habits and multifunctional classification of soil‐associated consumers from protists to vertebrates. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1057-1117. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton M. Potapov
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 33 119071 Moscow Russia
| | - Frédéric Beaulieu
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Ottawa ON K1A 0C6 Canada
| | - Klaus Birkhofer
- Department of Ecology Brandenburg University of Technology Karl‐Wachsmann‐Allee 6 03046 Cottbus Germany
| | - Sarah L. Bluhm
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Maxim I. Degtyarev
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 33 119071 Moscow Russia
| | - Miloslav Devetter
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology Na Sádkách 702/7 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Anton A. Goncharov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 33 119071 Moscow Russia
| | - Konstantin B. Gongalsky
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 33 119071 Moscow Russia
| | - Bernhard Klarner
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Daniil I. Korobushkin
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 33 119071 Moscow Russia
| | - Dana F. Liebke
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Mark Maraun
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Rory J. Mc Donnell
- Department of Crop and Soil Science Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 U.S.A
| | - Melanie M. Pollierer
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Ina Schaefer
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
| | - Julia Shrubovych
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology Na Sádkách 702/7 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals PAS Slawkowska 17 Pl 31‐016 Krakow Poland
- State Museum Natural History of NAS of Ukraine Teatralna 18 79008 Lviv Ukraine
| | - Irina I. Semenyuk
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 33 119071 Moscow Russia
- Joint Russian‐Vietnamese Tropical Center №3 Street 3 Thang 2, Q10 Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Alberto Sendra
- Colecciones Entomológicas Torres‐Sala, Servei de Patrimoni Històric, Ajuntament de València València Spain
- Departament de Didàctica de les Cièncias Experimentals i Socials, Facultat de Magisteri Universitat de València València Spain
| | - Jiri Tuma
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology Na Sádkách 702/7 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology Branisovska 1160/31 370 05 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Michala Tůmová
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology Na Sádkách 702/7 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Anna B. Vassilieva
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 33 119071 Moscow Russia
| | - Ting‐Wen Chen
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Soil Biology Na Sádkách 702/7 37005 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Department of Nematology Wageningen University & Research 6700ES Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Schmidt
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Alexei V. Tiunov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 33 119071 Moscow Russia
| | - Stefan Scheu
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Untere Karspüle 2 37073 Göttingen Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use Büsgenweg 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
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Batool S, Iqbal A. Phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria as alternative of chemical fertilizer for growth and yield of Triticum aestivum (Var. Galaxy 2013). Saudi J Biol Sci 2019; 26:1400-1410. [PMID: 31762601 PMCID: PMC6864166 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The presence of Phosphorus as a macronutrient in soil is necessary for plant growth and its deficiency restricts crop yield. Therefore, the aim of current study is to isolate promising rhizospheric phosphate solubilizing bacteria presenting with plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and their utilization as biofertilizers to improve Triticum aestivum (Var. Galaxy 2013) growth and nutrition. METHOD Out of 30 isolates obtained from rhizosphere of various plants of different regions, 10 best PSRB strains (WumS-3, WumS-4, WumS-5, WumS-11, WumS-12, WumS-21, WumS-24, WumS-25, WumS-26 and WumS-28) were selected based on their high P solubilization and good PGP (auxin, psiderphore, HCN, Nitrogen fixation) activities. Triticum aestivum (Var. Galaxy 2013) was used as an experimental crop under laboratory and field conditions. RESULTS In this study, P solubilization capacity of selected strains were found 4-7 solubilization index on agar plate and 30-246 µg/ml in liquid broth respectively. The optimum conditions for phosphate solubilization under in vitro condition were found 35 °C at pH 7, glucose as good carbon source and ammonium nitrate as a good nitrogen source. Furthermore, the selected strains had the ability to produces phytohormones (indole acetic acid), siderophore, ammonia and Hydrogen Cyanide. Finally, PSRB inoculum showed significant (p < 0.05) increase (50%-80%) in seed germination while 10-90% increase in root length and shoot length was found as compared to control in laboratory condition. Under natural conditions, 40-80% increase in seed germination while 5-34.8% increase in shoot length and 5-96% increase in seed weight was also observed. CONCLUSION Isolated strains are promising PSRB that enhance plant growth and this research is a base for recommending the use of these bacterial strains for biofertilizer, as an alternative of chemical fertilizer, for Triticum aestivum L. production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atia Iqbal
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, 66000, Pakistan
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Zheng C, Ouyang F, Liu X, Ma J, Zhao F, Ouyang Z, Ge F. Effect of coupled reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on soil mite community composition in a wheat field. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:11367-11378. [PMID: 31641479 PMCID: PMC6802016 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Groundwater and nitrogen fertilizer overuse severely threatens crop productions; thus, current ecological agriculture requires low irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer inputs. The effects of combined reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition on soil organism (e.g., mite) community and biodiversity remain poorly understood. We analyzed soil mite community composition, wheat grain yield, and soil characteristics in a 10-year manipulation experiment with two levels of irrigation (reduced and conventional irrigation) and five nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 70, 140, 210, and 280 kg N/ha). Reduced irrigation (20% reduction, from 280 to 220 mm) and nitrogen fertilizer (25% reduction, from 280 to 210 kg N/ha) addition did not significantly influence soil mite community and wheat yield. The relative abundances of fungivores and predators showed negative quadratic relationships with wheat yield, while that of plant parasites showed a positive relationship. The relationships between soil mite trophic groups and wheat yield revealed that we can evaluate the impacts of reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition from the perspective of soil fauna. Soil mite community composition was altered by soil abiotic factors prior to reduced irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer addition. Overall, moderate reductions of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer may not threaten to soil mite community and diversity or decrease crop production; in contrast, such reductions will benefit mite community development and the sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xianghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Junhua Ma
- Yucheng StationKey Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Fenghua Zhao
- Yucheng StationKey Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Zhu Ouyang
- Yucheng StationKey Lab of Ecosystem Network Observation and ModelingInstitute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and RodentsInstitute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Zieger SL, Ammerschubert S, Polle A, Scheu S. Root-derived carbon and nitrogen from beech and ash trees differentially fuel soil animal food webs of deciduous forests. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189502. [PMID: 29236746 PMCID: PMC5728517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence is increasing that soil animal food webs are fueled by root-derived carbon (C) and also by root-derived nitrogen (N). Functioning as link between the above- and belowground system, trees and their species identity are important drivers structuring soil animal communities. A pulse labeling experiment using 15N and 13C was conducted by exposing beech (Fagus sylvatica) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) seedlings to 13CO2 enriched atmosphere and tree leaves to 15N ammonium chloride solution in a plant growth chamber under controlled conditions for 72 h. C and N fluxes into the soil animal food web of beech, associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), and ash, associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), were investigated at two sampling dates (5 and 20 days after labeling). All of the soil animal taxa studied incorporated root-derived C, while root-derived N was only incorporated into certain taxa. Tree species identity strongly affected C and N incorporation with the incorporation in the beech rhizosphere generally exceeding that in the ash rhizosphere. Incorporation differed little between 5 and 20 days after labeling indicating that both C and N are incorporated quickly into soil animals and are used for tissue formation. Our results suggest that energy and nutrient fluxes in soil food webs depend on the identity of tree species with the differences being associated with different types of mycorrhiza. Further research is needed to prove the generality of these findings and to quantify the flux of plant C and N into soil food webs of forests and other terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Zieger
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Silke Ammerschubert
- University of Göttingen, Büsgen Institute, Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- University of Göttingen, Büsgen Institute, Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Animal Ecology, Göttingen, Germany
- University of Göttingen, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Göttingen, Germany
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Anderson TR, Pond DW, Mayor DJ. The Role of Microbes in the Nutrition of Detritivorous Invertebrates: A Stoichiometric Analysis. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2113. [PMID: 28101083 PMCID: PMC5209341 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Detritus represents an important pool in the global carbon cycle, providing a food source for detritivorous invertebrates that are conspicuous components of almost all ecosystems. Our knowledge of how these organisms meet their nutritional demands on a diet that is typically comprised of refractory, carbon-rich compounds nevertheless remains incomplete. "Trophic upgrading" of detritus by the attached microbial community (enhancement of zooplankton diet by the inclusion of heterotrophic protozoans) represents a potential source of nutrition for detritivores as both bacteria and their flagellated protistan predators are capable of biosynthesizing essential micronutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). There is however a trade-off because although microbes enhance the substrate in terms of its micronutrient content, the quantity of organic carbon is diminished though metabolic losses as energy passes through the microbial food web. Here, we develop a simple stoichiometric model to examine this trade-off in the nutrition of detritivorous copepods inhabiting the mesopelagic zone of the ocean, focusing on their requirements for carbon and an essential PUFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Results indicate that feeding on microbes may be a highly favorable strategy for these invertebrates, although the potential for carbon to become limiting when consuming a microbial diet exists because of the inefficiencies of trophic transfer within the microbial food web. Our study highlights the need for improved knowledge at the detritus-microbe-metazoan interface, including interactions between the physiology and ecology of the associated organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David W. Pond
- Scottish Association for Marine Science, Natural Environment Research CouncilOban, UK
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Incorporation of root C and fertilizer N into the food web of an arable field: Variations with functional group and energy channel. FOOD WEBS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Strickland MS, McCulley RL, Nelson JA, Bradford MA. Compositional differences in simulated root exudates elicit a limited functional and compositional response in soil microbial communities. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:817. [PMID: 26322029 PMCID: PMC4532165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inputs of low molecular weight carbon (LMW-C) to soil – primarily via root exudates– are expected to be a major driver of microbial activity and source of stable soil organic carbon. It is expected that variation in the type and composition of LMW-C entering soil will influence microbial community composition and function. If this is the case then short-term changes in LMW-C inputs may alter processes regulated by these communities. To determine if change in the composition of LMW-C inputs influences microbial community function and composition, we conducted a 90 day microcosm experiment whereby soils sourced from three different land covers (meadows, deciduous forests, and white pine stands) were amended, at low concentrations, with one of eight simulated root exudate treatments. Treatments included no addition of LMW-C, and the full factorial combination of glucose, glycine, and oxalic acid. After 90 days, we conducted a functional response assay and determined microbial composition via phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Whereas we noted a statistically significant effect of exudate treatments, this only accounted for ∼3% of the variation observed in function. In comparison, land cover and site explained ∼46 and ∼41% of the variation, respectively. This suggests that exudate composition has little influence on function compared to site/land cover specific factors. Supporting the finding that exudate effects were minor, we found that an absence of LMW-C elicited the greatest difference in function compared to those treatments receiving any LMW-C. Additionally, exudate treatments did not alter microbial community composition and observable differences were instead due to land cover. These results confirm the strong effects of land cover/site legacies on soil microbial communities. In contrast, short-term changes in exudate composition, at meaningful concentrations, may have little impact on microbial function and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Strickland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jim A Nelson
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mark A Bradford
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University New Haven, CT, USA
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