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Karimi A, Krähmer A, Herwig N, Schulz H, Hadian J, Meiners T. Variation of Secondary Metabolite Profile of Zataria multiflora Boiss. Populations Linked to Geographic, Climatic, and Edaphic Factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:969. [PMID: 32719699 PMCID: PMC7348666 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Geographic location and connected environmental and edaphic factors like temperature, rainfall, soil type, and composition influence the presence and the total content of specific plant compounds as well as the presence of a certain chemotype. This study evaluated whether geographic, edaphic, and climatic information can be utilized to predict the presence of specific compounds from medicinal or aromatic plants. Furthermore, we tested rapid analytical methods based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) coupled with gas chromatography/flame ionization (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analytical methods for characterization and classification metabolite profiling of Zataria multiflora Boiss. populations. Z. multiflora is an aromatic, perennial plant with interesting pharmacological and biological properties. It is widely dispersed in Iran as well as in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Here, we studied the effect of environmental factors on essential oil (EO) content and the composition and distribution of chemotypes. Our results indicate that this species grows predominantly in areas rich in calcium, iron, potassium, and aluminum, with mean rainfall of 40.46 to 302.72 mm·year-1 and mean annual temperature of 14.90°C to 28.80°C. EO content ranged from 2.75% to 5.89%. Carvacrol (10.56-73.31%), thymol (3.51-48.12%), linalool (0.90-55.38%), and p-cymene (1.66-13.96%) were the major constituents, which classified 14 populations into three chemotypes. Corresponding to the phytochemical cluster analysis, the hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) based on NIR data also recognized the carvacrol, thymol, and linalool chemotypes. Hence, NIR has the potential to be applied as a useful tool to determine rapidly the chemotypes of Z. multiflora and similar herbs. EO and EO constituent content correlated with different geographic location, climate, and edaphic factors. The structural equation models (SEMs) approach revealed direct effects of soil factors (texture, phosphor, pH) and mostly indirect effects of latitude and altitude directly affecting, e.g., soil factors. Our approach of identifying environmental predictors for EO content, chemotype or presence of high amounts of specific compounds can help to select regions for sampling plant material with the desired chemical profile for direct use or for breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karimi
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ali Karimi, ; Torsten Meiners,
| | - Andrea Krähmer
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Herwig
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schulz
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Javad Hadian
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drug Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Torsten Meiners
- Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Julius Kühn Institute, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ali Karimi, ; Torsten Meiners,
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Muiruri EW, Barantal S, Iason GR, Salminen J, Perez‐Fernandez E, Koricheva J. Forest diversity effects on insect herbivores: do leaf traits matter? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:2250-2260. [PMID: 30347456 PMCID: PMC6590441 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivore damage and abundance are often reduced in diverse plant stands. However, few studies have explored whether this phenomenon is a result of plant diversity effects on host plant traits. We explored indirect effects of tree species diversity on herbivory via changes in leaf traits in a long-term forest diversity experiment in Finland. We measured 16 leaf traits and leaf damage by four insect guilds (chewers, gall formers, leaf miners and rollers) on silver birch (Betula pendula) trees growing in one-, two-, three- and five-species mixtures. A decline in the frequency of birch in mixed stands resulted in reduced leaf area. This, in turn, mediated the reduction in chewing damage in mixed stands. In contrast, associational resistance of birch to leaf miners was not trait-mediated but driven directly by concurrent declines in birch frequency as tree species richness increased. Our results show that leaf trait variation across the diversity gradient might promote associational resistance, but these patterns are driven by an increase in the relative abundance of heterospecifics rather than by tree species richness per se. Therefore, accounting for concurrent changes in stand structure and key foliar traits is important for the interpretation of plant diversity effects and predictions of associational patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evalyne W. Muiruri
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamTW20 0EXUK
- CEFASPakefield RoadLowestoftNR33 0HTUK
| | - Sandra Barantal
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamTW20 0EXUK
| | | | | | | | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamTW20 0EXUK
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Iwanycki Ahlstrand N, Havskov Reghev N, Markussen B, Bruun Hansen HC, Eiriksson FF, Thorsteinsdóttir M, Rønsted N, Barnes CJ. Untargeted metabolic profiling reveals geography as the strongest predictor of metabolic phenotypes of a cosmopolitan weed. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6812-6826. [PMID: 30038777 PMCID: PMC6053570 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce a multitude of metabolites that contribute to their fitness and survival and play a role in local adaptation to environmental conditions. The effects of environmental variation are particularly well studied within the genus Plantago; however, previous studies have largely focused on targeting specific metabolites. Studies exploring metabolome-wide changes are lacking, and the effects of natural environmental variation and herbivory on the metabolomes of plants growing in situ remain unknown. An untargeted metabolomic approach using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, coupled with variation partitioning, general linear mixed modeling, and network analysis was used to detect differences in metabolic phenotypes of Plantago major in fifteen natural populations across Denmark. Geographic region, distance, habitat type, phenological stage, soil parameters, light levels, and leaf area were investigated for their relative contributions to explaining differences in foliar metabolomes. Herbivory effects were further investigated by comparing metabolomes from damaged and undamaged leaves from each plant. Geographic region explained the greatest number of significant metabolic differences. Soil pH had the second largest effect, followed by habitat and leaf area, while phenological stage had no effect. No evidence of the induction of metabolic features was found between leaves damaged by herbivores compared to undamaged leaves on the same plant. Differences in metabolic phenotypes explained by geographic factors are attributed to genotypic variation and/or unmeasured environmental factors that differ at the regional level in Denmark. A small number of specialized features in the metabolome may be involved in facilitating the success of a widespread species such as Plantago major into such wide range of environmental conditions, although overall resilience in the metabolome was found in response to environmental parameters tested. Untargeted metabolomic approaches have great potential to improve our understanding of how specialized plant metabolites respond to environmental change and assist in adaptation to local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bo Markussen
- Department of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | | | - Nina Rønsted
- Natural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Drought and plant neighbourhood interactively determine herbivore consumption and performance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5930. [PMID: 29651050 PMCID: PMC5897364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Both plant neighbourhood composition and drought have well-known independent effects on insect herbivore performance, but their interactive effects remain elusive. In this study we performed a laboratory experiment to investigate the independent and combined effects of plant neighbourhood composition and drought on the performance of Gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar) feeding on silver birch (Betula pendula) leaves. For this, we collected leaf samples from birch trees growing in a field experiment where we manipulated both host-tree species diversity (three levels: birch monocultures, two-species mixtures associating birch with the pedunculate oak Quercus robur or maritime pine Pinus pinaster, and three-species mixture with pedunculate oak, the maritime pine and birch) and water availability (two levels: irrigated vs. non-irrigated). In most cases, plant neighbourhood composition and irrigation treatments independently and interactively affected herbivore performance traits, especially those related to growth and food (i.e. birch leaves) processing. By addressing the interactive effects of tree species diversity and drought on insect herbivory from the herbivore’s point of view, our study builds toward a better understanding of the multiple ecological drivers of plant-insect interactions.
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Dong YC, Han P, Niu CY, Zappalà L, Amiens-Desneux E, Bearez P, Lavoir AV, Biondi A, Desneux N. Nitrogen and water inputs to tomato plant do not trigger bottom-up effects on a leafminer parasitoid through host and non-host exposures. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:516-522. [PMID: 28967203 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bottom-up and top-down forces are major components of biological control against pests in an agro-ecosystem. Understanding the multi-trophic interactions between plants and secondary consumers would help optimize pest control strategies. We manipulated nitrogen and/or water inputs to tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) to test whether these manipulations could trigger bottom-up effects on the parasitoid Necremnus tutae via host (Tuta absoluta) and/or non-host (Bemisia tabaci) exposures, and compared the control efficacy of N. tutae on T. absoluta in the presence and absence of B. tabaci. RESULTS The results showed no cascading effects of plant nitrogen and/or water inputs on N. tutae via either host or non-host exposure. The bottom-up force was mitigated by chewing or sap-feeding insect consumers at the second energy level. By contrast, the top-down force on T. absoluta from parasitoids was enhanced by an additionally provided non-host, which could produce alternative food sources extending N. tutae longevity and enhancing the fitness of its offspring. CONCLUSION Our results provided evidence for the combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches in tomato integrated pest management programs. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Cheng Dong
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Peng Han
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Chang-Ying Niu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lucia Zappalà
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Edwige Amiens-Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Philippe Bearez
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Anne-Violette Lavoir
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Antonio Biondi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
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Abstract
Plant ontogenetic stage and features of surrounding plant neighbourhoods can strongly influence herbivory and defences on focal plants. However, the effects of both factors have been assessed independently in previous studies. Here we tested for the independent and interactive effects of neighbourhood type (low vs. high frequency of our focal plant species in heterospecific stands) and ontogeny on leaf herbivory, physical traits and chemical defences of the English oak Quercus robur. We further tested whether plant traits were associated with neighbourhood and ontogenetic effects on herbivory. We found that leaf herbivory decreased in stands with a low frequency of Q. robur, and that saplings received less herbivory than adult trees. Interestingly, we also found interactive effects of these factors where a difference in damage between saplings and adult trees was only observed in stands with a high frequency of Q. robur. We also found strong ontogenetic differences in leaf traits where saplings had more defended leaves than adult trees, and this difference in turn explained ontogenetic differences in herbivory. Plant trait variation did not explain the neighbourhood effect on herbivory. This study builds towards a better understanding of the concurrent effects of plant individual- and community-level characteristics influencing plant-herbivore interactions.
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Muiruri EW, Koricheva J. Going undercover: increasing canopy cover around a host tree drives associational resistance to an insect pest. OIKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evalyne W. Muiruri
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway Univ. of London; Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK
| | - Julia Koricheva
- School of Biological Sciences; Royal Holloway Univ. of London; Egham Surrey TW20 0EX UK
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