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Dyer A, Ryser R, Brose U, Amyntas A, Bodnar N, Boy T, Franziska Bucher S, Cesarz S, Eisenhauer N, Gebler A, Hines J, Kyba CCM, Menz MHM, Rackwitz K, Shatwell T, Terlau JF, Hirt MR. Insect communities under skyglow: diffuse night-time illuminance induces spatio-temporal shifts in movement and predation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220359. [PMID: 37899019 PMCID: PMC10613549 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is predicted to have far-reaching consequences for natural ecosystems given its influence on organismal physiology and behaviour, species interactions and community composition. Movement and predation are fundamental ecological processes that are of critical importance to ecosystem functioning. The natural movements and foraging behaviours of nocturnal invertebrates may be particularly sensitive to the presence of ALAN. However, we still lack evidence of how these processes respond to ALAN within a community context. We assembled insect communities to quantify their movement activity and predation rates during simulated Moon cycles across a gradient of diffuse night-time illuminance including the full range of observed skyglow intensities. Using radio frequency identification, we tracked the movements of insects within a fragmented grassland Ecotron experiment. We additionally quantified predation rates using prey dummies. Our results reveal that even low-intensity skyglow causes a temporal shift in movement activity from day to night, and a spatial shift towards open habitats at night. Changes in movement activity are associated with indirect shifts in predation rates. Spatio-temporal shifts in movement and predation have important implications for ecological networks and ecosystem functioning, highlighting the disruptive potential of ALAN for global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. This article is part of the theme issue 'Light pollution in complex ecological systems'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dyer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Remo Ryser
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Angelos Amyntas
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nora Bodnar
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Boy
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Solveig Franziska Bucher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Department of Plant Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alban Gebler
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher C. M. Kyba
- Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Geographisches Institut, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Myles H. M. Menz
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, 4811 Townsville, Australia
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany
| | - Karl Rackwitz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tom Shatwell
- Department of Lake Research, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jördis F. Terlau
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Myriam R. Hirt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Blubaugh CK, Jones CR, Josefson C, Scoles GA, Snyder WE, Owen JP. Omnivore diet composition alters parasite resistance and host condition. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:2175-2188. [PMID: 37732627 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Diet composition modulates animals' ability to resist parasites and recover from stress. Broader diet breadths enable omnivores to mount dynamic responses to parasite attack, but little is known about how plant/prey mixing might influence responses to infection. Using omnivorous deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) as a model, we examine how varying plant and prey concentrations in blended diets influence resistance and body condition following infestation by Rocky Mountain wood ticks (Dermacentor andersoni). In two repeated experiments, deer mice fed for 4 weeks on controlled diets that varied in proportions of seeds and insects were then challenged with 50 tick larvae in two sequential infestations. The numbers of ticks successfully feeding on mice declined by 25% and 66% after the first infestation (in the first and second experiments, respectively), reflecting a pattern of acquired resistance, and resistance was strongest when plant/prey ratios were more equally balanced in mouse diets, relative to seed-dominated diets. Diet also dramatically impacted the capacity of mice to cope with tick infestations. Mice fed insect-rich diets lost 15% of their body weight when parasitized by ticks, while mice fed seed-rich diets lost no weight at all. While mounting/maintaining an immune response may be energetically demanding, mice may compensate for parasitism with fat and carbohydrate-rich diets. Altogether, these results suggest that a diverse nutritional landscape may be key in enabling omnivores' resistance and resilience to infection and immune stressors in their environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen K Blubaugh
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Cami R Jones
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Chloe Josefson
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Glen A Scoles
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol & Behavior Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - William E Snyder
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeb P Owen
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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3
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Widick IV, Berl JL, Kaplan I, Zollner PA, Blubaugh CK. The fear diet: Risk, refuge, and biological control by omnivorous weed seed predators. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Habitat complexity mediates spatiotemporal niche partitioning among native and invasive seed predators. FOOD WEBS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2022.e00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Willems JS, Phillips JN, Francis CD. Artificial light at night and anthropogenic noise alter the foraging activity and structure of vertebrate communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150223. [PMID: 34537710 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Light and noise pollution from human activity are increasing at a dramatic rate. These sensory stimuli can have a wide range of effects on animal behavior, reproductive success, and physiology. However, less is known about the functional and community-level consequences of these sensory pollutants, especially when they co-occur. Using camera traps in a manipulative field experiment, we studied the effects of anthropogenic light and noise, singularly and in tandem, on richness and community turnover at both the taxa and functional group level as well as foraging activity. We showed that both light and noise pollution did alter taxonomic richness and that these effects can differ depending on the scale of observation. Increases in light levels had a negative effect on richness at the camera-level scale, but light-treated sites had the highest pooled (i.e., cumulative) richness of all treatment types. In contrast, noise was found to have a negative effect on cumulative richness; however, when both stimuli were present, the addition of night-lighting mitigated the effects of noise. Artificial light and moonlight had the strongest influence on community turnover, and results remained consistent at both the taxa and functional group level. Additionally, increases in ambient noise and moonlight, but not artificial light, reduced foraging activity. Our study provides evidence that alterations to the sensory environment can alter the richness and composition of communities and that effects can be scale-dependent and also alter foraging behavior. Unexpectedly, the addition of artificial light may have mitigated the negative effects of noise on cumulative taxonomic richness. This highlights the importance of researching the consequences of co-exposure to these globally common pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Willems
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Jennifer N Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78224, USA
| | - Clinton D Francis
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA; Communication and Social Behavior Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
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6
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Carabajal-Capitán S, Kniss AR, Jabbour R. Seed Predation of Interseeded Cover Crops and Resulting Impacts on Ground Beetles. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:832-841. [PMID: 33843995 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interseeding cover crops into standing grains can promote both agronomic and environmental benefits within agroecosystems. Producers must decide which cover crops are the best fit for their goals, and whether diverse cover crop mixtures provide benefits that are worth the increased seed cost. Broadcast seeding is an accessible strategy to try interseeding but can lead to patchy establishment; it is unknown how much seed loss is due to seed predators. In a two-year study, six cover crop species-planted as either single species or mixtures-were interseeded into standing corn. We evaluated seed predation at the time of seeding, agronomic impact through cover crop, and weedy biomass at the end of the season, and conservation impact through activity-density of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Cover crop seeds were vulnerable to seed predation, primarily by vertebrate seed predators, and seed loss varied across cover crop species. Cover crop biomass did not differ according to cover crop diversity and weedy biomass was not affected by cover crop presence or species. Cover crop diversity effects on carabid activity-density were inconsistent: carabids were higher in diverse mixtures in 1 year of the study, but only predicted by vegetative cover, not by cover crop, in the second year. Interseeding cover crops into corn has potential benefits for ground beetles, although the value of mixtures must be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Carabajal-Capitán
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Andrew R Kniss
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Randa Jabbour
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Wyoming, 1000 East University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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7
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Quévreux P, Pigeault R, Loreau M. Predator avoidance and foraging for food shape synchrony and response to perturbations in trophic metacommunities. J Theor Biol 2021; 528:110836. [PMID: 34271013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The response of species to perturbations strongly depends on spatial aspects in populations connected by dispersal. Asynchronous fluctuations in biomass among populations lower the risk of simultaneous local extinctions and thus reduce the regional extinction risk. However, dispersal is often seen as passive diffusion that balances species abundance between distant patches, whereas ecological constraints, such as predator avoidance or foraging for food, trigger the movement of individuals. Here, we propose a model in which dispersal rates depend on the abundance of the species interacting with the dispersing species (e.g., prey or predators) to determine how density-dependent dispersal shapes spatial synchrony in trophic metacommunities in response to stochastic perturbations. Thus, unlike those with passive dispersal, this model with density-dependent dispersal bypasses the classic vertical transmission of perturbations due to trophic interactions and deeply alters synchrony patterns. We show that the species with the highest coefficient of variation of biomass governs the dispersal rate of the dispersing species and determines the synchrony of its populations. In addition, we show that this mechanism can be modulated by the relative impact of each species on the growth rate of the dispersing species. Species affected by several constraints disperse to mitigate the strongest constraints (e.g., predation), which does not necessarily experience the highest variations due to perturbations. Our approach can disentangle the joint effects of several factors implied in dispersal and provides a more accurate description of dispersal and its consequences on metacommunity dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Quévreux
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, UPR 2001, CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France.
| | - Rémi Pigeault
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, UPR 2001, CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France
| | - Michel Loreau
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, UPR 2001, CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France
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8
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McMahon EK, Cavigelli SA. Gaps to Address in Ecological Studies of Temperament and Physiology. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:1917-1932. [PMID: 34097030 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecology is a diverse field with many researchers interested in drivers and consequences of variability within populations. Two aspects of variability that have been addressed are behavioral and physiological. While these have been shown to separately influence ecological outcomes such as survival, reproductive success and fitness, combined they could better predict within-population variability in survival and fitness. Recently there has been a focus on potential fitness outcomes of consistent behavioral traits that are referred to as personality or temperament (e.g. boldness, sociability, exploration, etc.). Given this recent focus, it is an optimal time to identify areas to supplement in this field, particularly in determining the relationship between temperament and physiological traits. To maximize progress, in this perspective paper we propose that the following two areas be addressed: (1) increased diversity of species, and (2) increased number of physiological processes studied, with an eye toward using more representative and relatively consistent measures across studies. We first highlight information that has been gleaned from species that are frequently studied to determine how animal personality relates to physiology and/or survival/fitness. We then shine a spotlight on important taxa that have been understudied and that can contribute meaningful, complementary information to this area of research. And last, we propose a brief array of physiological processes to relate to temperament, and that can significantly impact fitness, and that may be accessible in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse K McMahon
- Ecology Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sonia A Cavigelli
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Cognition, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.,Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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9
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Night lighting and anthropogenic noise alter the activity and body condition of pinyon mice (
Peromyscus truei
). Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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10
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Bartel SL, Orrock JL. An omnivorous mesopredator modifies predation of omnivore‐dispersed seeds. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Savannah L. Bartel
- University of Wisconsin – Madison 363 Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive Madison Wisconsin53706USA
| | - John L. Orrock
- University of Wisconsin – Madison 363 Birge Hall, 430 Lincoln Drive Madison Wisconsin53706USA
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11
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Lewis DG, Cutulle MA, Schmidt-Jeffris RA, Blubaugh CK. Better Together? Combining Cover Crop Mulches, Organic Herbicides, and Weed Seed Biological Control in Reduced-Tillage Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1327-1334. [PMID: 33017024 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic vegetable farmers rely heavily on labor-intensive tillage for weed management, which adversely affects soil health and harms beneficial insects that consume crop pests and weed seeds. Using cover crop residues as a weed-suppressive mulch enables some reduction in tillage, and combining this tool with recently developed organic herbicides may further enhance weed suppression in vegetable production. However, organic herbicides may also adversely affect beneficial insects, and their nontarget effects are unknown. Here, we examine the combined impacts of cultural and chemical tools on weed cover while monitoring activity of beneficial epigeal insects and measuring rates of weed seed biological control to assess potential nontarget effects of organic herbicides. In a 2-yr experiment, we compared three cover crop mulch treatments and three organic herbicide treatments (capric/caprylic acid, corn gluten meal, and herbicide-free) in a reduced-tillage system. Organic herbicides led to no reductions in beneficial insect activity nor weed seed biocontrol. In both years, capric/caprylic acid herbicide and cover crop mulches reduced weed pressure relative to a fallow control treatment, whereas corn gluten meal had no effect. In year 2, a combination of cover crop mulch with organic herbicide had the greatest weed suppression relative to the fallow control. Integrated weed management is a perpetual challenge, but our results suggest that organic herbicides used in concert with cover crop mulch may enhance weed control and reduce the need for tillage, with limited collateral damage to natural enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle G Lewis
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Coastal Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Charleston, SC
| | - Matthew A Cutulle
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Coastal Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Charleston, SC
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12
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De Heij SE, Willenborg CJ. Connected Carabids: Network Interactions and Their Impact on Biocontrol by Carabid Beetles. Bioscience 2020; 70:490-500. [PMID: 32536691 PMCID: PMC7277018 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carabid beetles can greatly contribute to biocontrol in agroecosystems, reducing both insect pests and weed seeds. However, insect foraging and feeding behavior can be highly dependent on the interaction network and spatial structure of the environment, which can make their biocontrol contributions variable. In the present article, we explore how the interaction network of carabids can affect their behavior and how spatial vegetation structure and specific agronomy practices can, in turn, affect the strength of interactions in their network. We suggest that research on carabid biocontrol should move toward an approach in which the network of interactions among pests, carabids, and other organisms within its spatial structure is evaluated, with equal focus on direct and indirect interactions, and provide examples of tools to do so. Overall, we believe this approach will improve our knowledge of carabid networks, help to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of biocontrol, and lay the foundation for future biocontrol strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie E De Heij
- Department of Agriculture at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Christian J Willenborg
- Department of Agriculture at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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13
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Mestre L, Narimanov N, Menzel F, Entling MH. Non‐consumptive effects between predators depend on the foraging mode of intraguild prey. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1690-1700. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laia Mestre
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences University of Koblenz‐Landau Landau Germany
| | - Nijat Narimanov
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences University of Koblenz‐Landau Landau Germany
| | - Florian Menzel
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Biocentre I University of Mainz Mainz Germany
| | - Martin H. Entling
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences University of Koblenz‐Landau Landau Germany
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14
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Appel G, López-Baucells A, Magnusson WE, Bobrowiec PED. Temperature, rainfall, and moonlight intensity effects on activity of tropical insectivorous bats. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The extrinsic factors that most influence animal activity are weather and light conditions, which can be assessed at hourly, monthly, and even lunar-cycle timescales. We evaluated the responses of tropical aerial-insectivorous bats to temperature, rainfall, and moonlight intensity within and among nights. Temperature positively affected the activity of two species (Cormura brevirostris and Saccopteryx bilineata). Moonlight reduced Myotis riparius activity and increased the activity of Pteronotus rubiginosus and S. leptura. Rainfall can promote an irregular activity peak during the night compared to nights without rainfall, but the bats in our study were not active for a longer time after a rainfall event. Our findings indicate that moonlight and temperature are the variables with the highest impact on the activity of tropical insectivorous bat species and that some species are sensitive to small variations in rainfall among and within nights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulliana Appel
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Adrià López-Baucells
- Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, Portugal
- Granollers Museum of Natural Sciences, c/Palaudàries, Granollers, Spain
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15
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Charalabidis A, Dechaume-Moncharmont FX, Carbonne B, Bohan DA, Petit S. Diversity of foraging strategies and responses to predator interference in seed-eating carabid beetles. Basic Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Sandhu P, Shura O, Murray R, Guy C. Worms make risky choices too: the effect of starvation on foraging in the common earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris). CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Species should avoid risks to protect accumulated fitness. However, when faced with starvation, organisms may accept risks to enhance future reproductive opportunities. We investigated the effect of starvation on risk-taking behaviour in the common earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris Linnaeus, 1758). Lumbricus terrestris are negatively phototactic annelids that feed on decaying plant matter at the soil surface. Feeding in high-light conditions is a potentially riskier choice, given the threats of visual predators and desiccation. We predicted that starvation in L. terrestris would increase risk-taking behaviour and decrease time taken (latency) to make choices. We manipulated the starvation level of L. terrestris individuals (nonstarved, half-starved, and fully starved) and presented them with a binary foraging choice. Lumbricus terrestris could choose either a low-food and dark condition (low-risk condition) or a high-food and light condition (high-risk condition). We found that starved individuals selected the high-risk condition more often than nonstarved individuals. Starved individuals also had a decreased latency to first choice. Risk-taking did not scale with level of starvation; there was no difference in foraging choice and latency between half- and fully starved individuals. Our results indicate that L. terrestris makes state-dependent foraging choices, providing insight into the importance of fundamental life-history trade-offs in this understudied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Sandhu
- Biology Department, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - O. Shura
- Biology Department, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - R.L. Murray
- Biology Department, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - C. Guy
- Biology Department, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Wilcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
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