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Lee AK, Wei JH, Welander PV. De novo cholesterol biosynthesis in bacteria. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2904. [PMID: 37217541 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes produce highly modified sterols, including cholesterol, essential to eukaryotic physiology. Although few bacterial species are known to produce sterols, de novo production of cholesterol or other complex sterols in bacteria has not been reported. Here, we show that the marine myxobacterium Enhygromyxa salina produces cholesterol and provide evidence for further downstream modifications. Through bioinformatic analysis we identify a putative cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in E. salina largely homologous to the eukaryotic pathway. However, experimental evidence indicates that complete demethylation at C-4 occurs through unique bacterial proteins, distinguishing bacterial and eukaryotic cholesterol biosynthesis. Additionally, proteins from the cyanobacterium Calothrix sp. NIES-4105 are also capable of fully demethylating sterols at the C-4 position, suggesting complex sterol biosynthesis may be found in other bacterial phyla. Our results reveal an unappreciated complexity in bacterial sterol production that rivals eukaryotes and highlight the complicated evolutionary relationship between sterol biosynthesis in the bacterial and eukaryotic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysha K Lee
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jeremy H Wei
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Paula V Welander
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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2
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Marbà-Ardébol AM, Emmerich J, Muthig M, Neubauer P, Junne S. Real-time monitoring of the budding index in Saccharomyces cerevisiae batch cultivations with in situ microscopy. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:73. [PMID: 29764434 PMCID: PMC5952372 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-0922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The morphology of yeast cells changes during budding, depending on the growth rate and cultivation conditions. A photo-optical microscope was adapted and used to observe such morphological changes of individual cells directly in the cell suspension. In order to obtain statistically representative samples of the population without the influence of sampling, in situ microscopy (ISM) was applied in the different phases of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae batch cultivation. The real-time measurement was performed by coupling a photo-optical probe to an automated image analysis based on a neural network approach. RESULTS Automatic cell recognition and classification of budding and non-budding cells was conducted successfully. Deviations between automated and manual counting were considerably low. A differentiation of growth activity across all process stages of a batch cultivation in complex media became feasible. An increased homogeneity among the population during the growth phase was well observable. At growth retardation, the portion of smaller cells increased due to a reduced bud formation. The maturation state of the cells was monitored by determining the budding index as a ratio between the number of cells, which were detected with buds and the total number of cells. A linear correlation between the budding index as monitored with ISM and the growth rate was found. CONCLUSION It is shown that ISM is a meaningful analytical tool, as the budding index can provide valuable information about the growth activity of a yeast cell, e.g. in seed breeding or during any other cultivation process. The determination of the single-cell size and shape distributions provided information on the morphological heterogeneity among the populations. The ability to track changes in cell morphology directly on line enables new perspectives for monitoring and control, both in process development and on a production scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Marbà-Ardébol
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, ACK 24, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Neubauer
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, ACK 24, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Junne
- Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstrasse 76, ACK 24, 13355, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Sterol synthesis and cell size distribution under oscillatory growth conditions inSaccharomyces cerevisiaescale-down cultivations. Yeast 2017; 35:213-223. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Náhlík J, Hrnčiřík P, Mareš J, Rychtera M, Kent CA. Towards the design of an optimal strategy for the production of ergosterol from
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
yeasts. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:838-848. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Náhlík
- Dept. of Computing and Control EngineeringUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPrague Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hrnčiřík
- Dept. of Computing and Control EngineeringUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPrague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mareš
- Dept. of Computing and Control EngineeringUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPrague Czech Republic
| | - Mojmír Rychtera
- Dept. of BiotechnologyUniversity of Chemistry and TechnologyPrague Czech Republic
| | - Christopher A. Kent
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbaston Birmingham, U.K
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Moretti-Almeida G, Netto LES, Monteiro G. The essential gene YMR134W from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is important for appropriate mitochondrial iron utilization and the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3008-13. [PMID: 23892078 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A thermosensitive strain (YMR134W(ts)) of the essential gene YMR134W presented up to 40% less ergosterol, threefold lower oxygen consumption and impaired growth on respiratory conditions. The iron content in the mitochondrial fraction of YMR134W(ts) cells was considerably low, despite these cells uptake and accumulate more iron from the culture media than wild-type cells. YMR134W(ts) cells were also more susceptible to oxidative stress. The results suggest that Ymr134wp is essential to aerobic growth due to its function in ergosterol biosynthesis, playing a role in maintaining mitochondrial and plasma membrane integrity and consequently impacting the iron homeostasis, respiratory metabolism and antioxidant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Moretti-Almeida
- Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Brazil.
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Liu J, Wang Q, Zou H, Liu Y, Wang J, Gan K, Xiang J. Glucose metabolic flux distribution of Lactobacillus amylophilus during lactic acid production using kitchen waste saccharified solution. Microb Biotechnol 2013; 6:685-93. [PMID: 23489617 PMCID: PMC3815935 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The (13) C isotope tracer method was used to investigate the glucose metabolic flux distribution and regulation in Lactobacillus amylophilus to improve lactic acid production using kitchen waste saccharified solution (KWSS). The results demonstrate that L. amylophilus is a homofermentative bacterium. In synthetic medium, 60.6% of the glucose entered the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) to produce lactic acid, whereas 36.4% of the glucose entered the pentose phosphate metabolic pathway (HMP). After solid-liquid separation of the KWSS, the addition of Fe(3+) during fermentation enhanced the NADPH production efficiency and increased the NADH content. The flux to the EMP was also effectively increased. Compared with the control (60.6% flux to EMP without Fe(3+) addition), the flux to the EMP with the addition of Fe(3+) (74.3%) increased by 23.8%. In the subsequent pyruvate metabolism, Fe(3+) also increased lactate dehydrogenase activity, and inhibited alcohol dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase, thereby increasing the lactic acid production to 9.03 g l(-1) , an increase of 8% compared with the control. All other organic acid by-products were lower than in the control. However, the addition of Zn(2+) showed an opposite effect, decreasing the lactic acid production. In conclusion it is feasible and effective means using GC-MS, isotope experiment and MATLAB software to integrate research the metabolic flux distribution of lactic acid bacteria, and the results provide the theoretical foundation for similar metabolic flux distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Liu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Educational Ministry for High Efficient Mining and Safety in Metal Mine, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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Liang YL, Zhao SJ, Xu LX, Zhang XY. Heterologous expression of dammarenediol synthase gene in an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 55:323-9. [PMID: 22897704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Dammarenediol production by an engineered yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS A dammarenediol-producing engineered yeast was constructed by heterologous expression of the dammarenediol synthase gene from Panax ginseng hairy roots through RT-PCR. Fermentation was carried out in a 5-L GRJY-bioreactor with an inoculum size of 1% v/v at 30°C. Dammarenediol detection was performed with silica gel chromatography and HPLC. Determination of dammarenediol synthase activity subcellular distribution was carried out by surveying the enzyme activity in microsomes, lipid particles and total yeast homogenate. When cultured under aerobic conditions, the engineered yeast could produce dammarenediol up to 250μgl(-1). However, when an anaerobic shift strategy was employed, dammarenediol accumulated at a level as twice as that under aerobic condition. The dammarenediol synthase and dammarenediol were mainly localized in lipid particles. CONCLUSIONS Dammarenediol could be heterologously produced in engineered yeast. The heterologously expressed dammarenediol synthase is mainly localized in lipid particles. Anaerobic shift strategy could enhance the dammarenediol level in the engineered yeast. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study showed that the high-value plant product dammarenediol could be produced by heterologous expression of the according gene in yeast. Furthermore, the anaerobic shift strategy could be potentially applied in oxidosqualene-derived compounds production in yeast. Here, the information about subcellular distribution of heterologously expressed dammarenediol synthase in the engineered yeast was also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Liang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - S-J Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - L-X Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - X-Y Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
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Alvarez-Vasquez F, Riezman H, Hannun YA, Voit EO. Mathematical modeling and validation of the ergosterol pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28344. [PMID: 22194828 PMCID: PMC3237449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The de novo biosynthetic machinery for both sphingolipid and ergosterol production in yeast is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi. The interconnections between the two pathways are still poorly understood, but they may be connected in specialized membrane domains, and specific knockouts strongly suggest that both routes have different layers of mutual control and are co-affected by drugs. With the goal of shedding light on the functional integration of the yeast sphingolipid-ergosterol (SL-E) pathway, we constructed a dynamic model of the ergosterol pathway using the guidelines of Biochemical Systems Theory (BST) (Savageau., J. theor. Biol., 25, 365–9, 1969). The resulting model was merged with a previous mathematical model of sphingolipid metabolism in yeast (Alvarez-Vasquez et al., J. theor. Biol., 226, 265–91, 2004; Alvarez-Vasquez et al., Nature433, 425–30, 2005). The S-system format within BST was used for analyses of consistency, stability, and sensitivity of the SL-E model, while the GMA format was used for dynamic simulations and predictions. Model validation was accomplished by comparing predictions from the model with published results on sterol and sterol-ester dynamics in yeast. The validated model was used to predict the metabolomic dynamics of the SL-E pathway after drug treatment. Specifically, we simulated the action of drugs affecting sphingolipids in the endoplasmic reticulum and studied changes in ergosterol associated with microdomains of the plasma membrane (PM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez-Vasquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America.
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Cai G, Jin B, Monis P, Saint C. Metabolic flux network and analysis of fermentative hydrogen production. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:375-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Zhou X, Zhou J, Tian H, Yuan Y. Dynamic Lipidomic Insights into the Adaptive Responses ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeto the Repeated Vacuum Fermentation. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2010; 14:563-74. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongchi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
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11
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Mantzouridou F, Naziri E, Tsimidou MZ. Squalene versus ergosterol formation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae: combined effect of oxygen supply, inoculum size, and fermentation time on yield and selectivity of the bioprocess. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6189-98. [PMID: 19537785 DOI: 10.1021/jf900673n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of two wild type strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (BY4741 and EGY48) that vary in the ability to produce sterols were compared in batch cultures under different aeration conditions. Poor supply of oxygen enhanced selectivity of the bioprocess in favor of squalene formation. Optimization of inoculum size and fermentation time arranged according to a central composite statistical design revealed significant differences between the strains in terms of yield and productivity. Experimental verification showed that an optimized bioprocess under semianaerobic conditions is competitive with regard to those reported in the literature. Maximum squalene yield and productivity were, respectively, 2967.6 +/- 118.7 microg/L of culture medium and 104 +/- 4.2 microg/Lh for BY4741 and 3129 +/- 109.5 microg/L of culture medium and 155.9 +/- 5.5 microg/Lh for EGY48. The prospect of developing high-purity squalene preparations that meet food safety regulation demands is expected to attract the interest of the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Mantzouridou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Hold C, Andrews B, Asenjo J. A stoichiometric model ofAcidithiobacillus ferrooxidansATCC 23270 for metabolic flux analysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1448-59. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Computational method for inferring objective function of glycerol metabolism in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Comput Biol Chem 2009; 33:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Yuan JP, Kuang HC, Wang JH, Liu X. Evaluation of ergosterol and its esters in the pileus, gill, and stipe tissues of agaric fungi and their relative changes in the comminuted fungal tissues. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 80:459-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Zhang Q, Teng H, Sun Y, Xiu Z, Zeng A. Metabolic flux and robustness analysis of glycerol metabolism in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2007; 31:127-35. [PMID: 17713793 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-007-0155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of the mechanism of flux distribution will benefit understanding cell physiology and regulation of metabolism. In this study, the measured fluxes obtained under steady-state conditions were used to estimate intracellular fluxes and identify the robustness of branch points of the anaerobic glycerol metabolism in Klebsiella pneumoniae for the production of 1,3-propanediol by metabolic flux analysis. The biomass concentration increased as NADH(2)/NAD(+) decreased at low initial concentration and inversed at high initial glycerol concentration. The flux distribution revealed that the branch points of glycerol and dihydroxyacetonephosphate were rigid to the environmental conditions. However, the pyruvate and acetyl coenzyme A metabolisms gave cells the flexibility to regulate the energy and intermediate fluxes under various environmental conditions. Additionly, it was found that the formation rate of ethanol and the ratio of pyruvate dehydrogenase to pyruvate formate lyase appeared visible fluctuations at high glycerol uptake rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingrui Zhang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian, 116023, People's Republic of China
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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