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Zaman U, Khan SU, Alem SFM, Rehman KU, Almehizia AA, Naglah AM, Al-Wasidi AS, Refat MS, Saeed S, Zaki MEA. Purification and thermodynamic characterization of acid protease with novel properties from Melilotus indicus leaves. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123217. [PMID: 36634806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A thermostable acid protease from M. indicus leaves was purified 10-fold using a 4-step protocol. We were able to isolate a purified protease fraction with a molecular weight of 50 kDa and exhibited maximal protease activity at pH 4.0 and 40 °C. Structural analysis revealed that the protease is monomeric and non-glycosylated. The addition of epoxy monocarboxylic acid, iodoacetic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide significantly reduced protease activity while dramatically increasing the inhibition of Mn2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+. The activation energy of the hydrolysis reaction (33.33 kJ mol-1) and activation energy (Ed = 105 kJ mol-1), the standard enthalpy variation of reversible protease unfolding (2.58 kJ/mol) were calculated after activity measurements at various temperatures. Thermal inactivation of the pure enzyme followed first-order kinetics. The half-life (t1/2) of the pure enzyme at 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C was 385, 231, and 154 min, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters (entropy and enthalpy) suggested that the protease was highly thermostable. This is the first report on the thermodynamic parameters of proteases produced by M. indicus. The novel protease appears to be particularly thermostable and may be important for industrial applications based on these thermodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umber Zaman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Women Medical and Dental College, Khyber Medical University KPK, Pakistan; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | | | - Khalil Ur Rehman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan.
| | - Abdulrahman A Almehizia
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Naglah
- Drug Exploration and Development Chair (DEDC), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma S Al-Wasidi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumbul Saeed
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
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Ortega N, Sáez L, Palacios D, Busto MD. Kinetic Modeling, Thermodynamic Approach and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Thermal Inactivation of Lipases from Burkholderia cepacia and Rhizomucor miehei. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126828. [PMID: 35743268 PMCID: PMC9224459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior against temperature and thermal stability of enzymes is a topic of importance for industrial biocatalysis. This study focuses on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the thermal inactivation of Lipase PS from B. cepacia and Palatase from R. miehei. Thermal inactivation was investigated using eight inactivation models at a temperature range of 40–70 °C. Kinetic modeling showed that the first-order model and Weibull distribution were the best equations to describe the residual activity of Lipase PS and Palatase, respectively. The results obtained from the kinetic parameters, decimal reduction time (D and tR), and temperature required (z and z’) indicated a higher thermal stability of Lipase PS compared to Palatase. The activation energy values (Ea) also indicated that higher energy was required to denature bacterial (34.8 kJ mol−1) than fungal (23.3 kJ mol−1) lipase. The thermodynamic inactivation parameters, Gibbs free energy (ΔG#), entropy (ΔS#), and enthalpy (ΔH#) were also determined. The results showed a ΔG# for Palatase (86.0–92.1 kJ mol−1) lower than for Lipase PS (98.6–104.9 kJ mol−1), and a negative entropic and positive enthalpic contribution for both lipases. A comparative molecular dynamics simulation and structural analysis at 40 °C and 70 °C were also performed.
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Abdel-Naby MA, El-Wafa WMA, Salem GEM. Molecular characterization, catalytic, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of protease produced by a mutant of Bacillus cereus-S6-3. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 160:695-702. [PMID: 32485254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic strain Bacillus cereus-S6-3 was subjected to mutagenic treatments viz. UV irradiations and methyl methane sulfonate (MMS). The obtained mutant strain, B. cereus-S6-3/UM90 showed 1.34 fold over the parent strain. Molecular characterization of proteases from the parent (PP/S6-3) and mutant (PM/UM90) strains indicated that they were consisted of two domains and binds a zinc ion and 4 calcium ions in the active site. Amino acid sequence alignment of PM/UM90 protease showed 19 amino acid residues were substituted compared to that of the wild-type enzyme. However, both proteases contained equal number of aromatic and hydrophobic amino acids. Protease from PM/UM90 showed an effective improvement in thermal properties in terms of reaction temperature, t1/2, the values of kd, activation energy (Ea), and decimal reduction time (D) within the temperature range from 60 to 80 °C. In addition, the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters for substrate hydrolysis (i.e., Km, Vmax, ΔH*, ΔG*, ΔS*, kcat, Vmax/Km, kcat/Km, ΔG*E-T and ΔG*E-S) showed a significant improvement of the catalytic efficiency for PM/UM90 protease. Furthermore, the correlation between thermodynamic properties and the patterns of amino acid substitution of wild-type enzyme to has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abdel-Naby
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
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Emon TH, Hakim A, Chakraborthy D, Bhuyan FR, Iqbal A, Hasan M, Aunkor TH, Azad AK. Kinetics, detergent compatibility and feather-degrading capability of alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis AKAL7 and Exiguobacterium indicum AKAL11 produced with fermentation of organic municipal solid wastes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1339-1348. [PMID: 32664813 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1794207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline proteases having activity and stability at alkaline pH possess a large variety of applications in many industries. Growing renewed interest urges the need to find a single alkaline protease with promising properties to be used in different industrial processes. Herein, alkaline proteases produced through fermentation of cheap and easily available organic municipal solid wastes by Bacillus subtilis AKAL7 and Exiguobacterium indicum AKAL11 were purified to investigate their kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, detergent compatibility, dehairing and feather-degrading capability. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the purified protease from B. subtilis and E. indicum had molecular mass of ∼45 and 75 kDa, respectively. The protease from B. subtilis and E. indicum showed highest activity at 55 and 50 °C having low K m 1.17 and 0.567 mg/mL and high V max 416.67 and 333.33 µmole/min, respectively. The activation energy and temperature quotient of protease from B. subtilis and E. indicum were 26.52 and 65.75 kJ/mole, and 1.0004 and 1.0003 at 20-55 and 20-50 °C, respectively. Thermodynamics analysis revealed the formation of more ordered enzyme-substrate complexes along with spontenity of enzyme reaction. The protease from E. indicum exhibited better compatibility at higher concentration of detergents compared to that from B. subtilis. However, both proteases could retain more than 80% of the activity in the presence of 0.1% commercial laundry detergents. The purified protease from the both sources could degrade almost 90% of barbs and 40% of dry weight of the native feather and that from E. indicum could dehair cow skin. Results reported herein suggest that the alkaline protease from B. subtilis AKAL7 and E. indicum AKAL11 has biotechnological implications in detergent, leather and poultry feather processing industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Hossain Emon
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Al Hakim
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Diptha Chakraborthy
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Rumzum Bhuyan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Asif Iqbal
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Toasin Hossain Aunkor
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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Hossain MS, Tanaka T, Hayashi J, Takagi K, Takeda Y, Wakayama M. Characterization and Thermal Denaturation Kinetic Analysis of Recombinant l-Amino Acid Ester Hydrolase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11064-11072. [PMID: 30277765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia HS1 exhibits l-amino acid ester hydrolase (SmAEH) activity, which can synthesize dipeptides such as Ile-Trp, Val-Gly, and Trp-His from the corresponding amino acid methyl esters and amino acids. The gene encoding SmAEH was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli and was purified and characterized. SmAEH shared 77% sequence identity with a known amino acid ester hydrolase (AEH) from Xanthomonas citri, which belongs to a class of β-lactam antibiotic acylases. The thermal stability of SmAEH was evaluated using various mathematical models to assess its industrial potential. First-order kinetics provided the best description for the inactivation of the enzyme over a temperature range of 35-50 °C. Decimal reduction time ranged from 212.76 to 3.44 min, with a z value of 8.06 °C, and the deactivation energy was 204.1 kJ mol-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Saddam Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Shiga 525-8577 , Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Shiga 525-8577 , Japan
| | - Junji Hayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Shiga 525-8577 , Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Takagi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Shiga 525-8577 , Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Shiga 525-8577 , Japan
| | - Mamoru Wakayama
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , Kusatsu , Shiga 525-8577 , Japan
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Iqbal A, Hakim A, Hossain MS, Rahman MR, Islam K, Azim MF, Ahmed J, Assaduzzaman M, Hoq MM, Azad AK. Partial purification and characterization of serine protease produced through fermentation of organic municipal solid wastes by Serratia marcescens A3 and Pseudomonas putida A2. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:29-37. [PMID: 30647701 PMCID: PMC6296650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic bacteria isolated from municipal solid wastes (MSW) were identified as Serratia marcescens A3 and Pseudomonas putida A2 based on 16S rDNA sequencing. Protease produced through fermentation of organic MSW by these bacteria under some optimized physicochemical parameters was partially purified and characterized. The estimated molecular mass of the partially purified protease from S. marcescens and P. putida was approximately 25 and 38 kDa, respectively. Protease from both sources showed low Km 0.3 and 0.5 mg ml-1 and high Vmax 333 and 500 µmole min-1 at 40 °C, and thermodynamics analysis suggested formation of ordered enzyme-substrate (E-S) complexes. The activation energy (Ea) and temperature quotient (Q10) of protease from S. marcescens and P. putida were 16.2 and 19.9 kJ/mol, and 1.4 and 1.3 at temperature range from 20 to 40 °C, respectively. Protease of the both bacterial isolates was serine and cysteine type. The protease retained approximately 97% of activity in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. It was observed that the purified protease of S. marcescens could remove blood stains from white cotton cloth and degrade chicken flesh remarkably. Our study revealed that organic MSW can be used as raw materials for bacterial protease production and the protease produced by S. marcescens A3 might be potential for applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Iqbal
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Al Hakim
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Saddam Hossain
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Rejaur Rahman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Faisal Azim
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Jahed Ahmed
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Assaduzzaman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mozammel Hoq
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abul Kalam Azad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh
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Catalytic, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of stabilized Bacillus stearothermophilus alkaline protease. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 96:265-271. [PMID: 27899299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus stearothermophilus alkaline protease was conjugated to several oxidized polysaccharides of different chemical structure. The conjugates were evaluated for the kinetic and thermodynamic stability. The conjugated enzyme with oxidized pectin had the highest retained activity (79.5%) and the highest half-life (T1/2) at 50°C and pH 9.0. Compared to the native protease, the conjugated preparation exhibited lower activation energy (Ea), lower deactivation constant rate (kd), higher T1/2, and higher D values (decimal reduction time) within the temperature range of 50-60°C. The thermodynamic parameters for irreversible inactivation of native and conjugated protease indicated that conjugation significantly decreased entropy (ΔS*) and enthalpy (ΔH*) of deactivation. The calculated value of activation energy for thermal denaturation (Ead) for the conjugated enzyme was 20.4KJmole-1 higher over the native one. The results of thermodynamic analysis for substrate hydrolysis indicated that the enthalpy of activation (ΔH*) and free energy of activation (free energy of substrate binding) ΔG*E-S and (ΔG*), (free energy of transition state) ΔG*E-T values were lower for the modified protease. Similarly, there was significant improvement of kcat, kcat/Km values. The enzyme proved to be metalloprotease and significantly stimulated by Ca2+ and Mg2+ whereas Hg2+, Fe3+ Cu2+ and Zn2+ inhibited the enzyme activity. There was no pronounced effect on substrate specificity after conjugation.
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Milk protein suspensions enriched with three essential minerals: Physicochemical characterization and aggregation induced by a novel enzymatic pool. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 140:452-459. [PMID: 26803666 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Structural changes of casein micelles and their aggregation induced by a novel enzymatic pool isolated from Bacillus spp. in the presence of calcium, magnesium or zinc were investigated. The effect of cations on milk protein structure was studied using fluorescence and dynamic light scattering. In the presence of cations, milk protein structure rearrangements and larger casein micelle size were observed. The interaction of milk proteins with zinc appears to be of a different nature than that with calcium or magnesium. Under the experimental conditions assayed, the affinity of each cation for some groups present in milk proteins seems to play an important role, besides electrostatic interaction. On the other hand, the lowest aggregation times were achieved at the highest calcium and zinc concentrations (15 mM and 0.25 mM, respectively). The study found that the faster the aggregation of casein micelles, the less compact the gel matrix obtained. Cation concentrations affected milk protein aggregation kinetics and the structure of the aggregates formed.
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de Castro RJS, Ohara A, Nishide TG, Albernaz JRM, Soares MH, Sato HH. A new approach for proteases production by Aspergillus niger based on the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the enzymes obtained. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Protease from Aspergillus oryzae: Biochemical Characterization and Application as a Potential Biocatalyst for Production of Protein Hydrolysates with Antioxidant Activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/372352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the biochemical characterization of a protease from Aspergillus oryzae LBA 01 and the study of the antioxidant properties of protein hydrolysates produced with this protease. The biochemical characterization showed that the enzyme was most active over the pH range 5.0–5.5 and was stable from pH 4.5 to 5.5. The optimum temperature range for activity was 55–60°C, and the enzyme was stable at temperatures below 45°C. The activation energy (Ea) for azocasein hydrolysis and temperature quotient (Q10) were found to be 37.98 kJ mol−1 and 1.64–1.53 at temperature range from 30 to 55°C, respectively. The enzyme exhibited t1/2 of 97.63 min and a D value of 324.31 at the optimum temperature for activity (57.2°C). Protease from A. oryzae LBA 01 was shown as a potentially useful biocatalyst for protein hydrolysis, increasing the antioxidant activities of soy protein isolate, bovine whey protein, and egg white protein from 2.0- to 10.0-fold.
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