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Hashimoto K, Sugiyama Y, Kaneko M, Kinoshita S, Yamamoto R, Ishida T, Umezaki T, Hirano S. A dysphagia model with denervation of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles in guinea pigs: functional evaluation of swallowing. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1401982. [PMID: 38962483 PMCID: PMC11220121 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1401982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Swallowing impairment is a crucial issue that can lead to aspiration, pneumonia, and malnutrition. Animal models are useful to reveal pathophysiology and to facilitate development of new treatments for dysphagia caused by many diseases. The present study aimed to develop a new dysphagia model with reduced pharyngeal constriction during pharyngeal swallowing. Methods We analyzed the dynamics of pharyngeal swallowing over time with the pharyngeal branches of the vagus nerve (Ph-X) bilaterally or unilaterally transected, using videofluoroscopic assessment of swallowing in guinea pigs. We also evaluated the detailed anatomy of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles after the denervation. Results Videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing showed a significant increase in the pharyngeal area during swallowing after bilateral and unilateral sectioning of the Ph-X. The videofluoroscopy also showed significantly higher pharyngeal transit duration for bilateral and unilateral section groups. The thyropharyngeal muscle on the sectioned side was significantly thinner than that on the intact side. In contrast, the thickness of the cricopharyngeal muscles on the sectioned and intact sides were not significantly different. The mean thickness of the bilateral thyropharyngeal muscles showed a linear correlation to the pharyngeal area and pharyngeal transit duration. Discussion Data obtained in this study suggest that denervation of the Ph-X could influence the strength of pharyngeal contraction during pharyngeal swallowing in relation to thickness of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, resulting in a decrease in bolus speed. This experimental model may provide essential information (1) for the development of treatments for pharyngeal dysphagia and (2) on the mechanisms related to the recovery process, reinnervation, and nerve regeneration following injury and swallowing impairment possibly caused by medullary stroke, neuromuscular disease, or surgical damage from head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Hashimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Sugiyama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Mami Kaneko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shota Kinoshita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryota Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishida
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Toshiro Umezaki
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, and the Voice and Swallowing Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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King SN, Kuntz A, Scott N, Smiley B, Portocarrero Bonifaz A, Blackburn M. Chemoradiation to the submental muscles alters hyoid movement during swallowing in a rat model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1076-1086. [PMID: 38482576 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00538.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyolaryngeal dysfunction is a commonly reported swallowing problem after chemoradiation treatment for head and neck cancer. The displacement of the hyolaryngeal complex during swallowing protects the airway and assists in opening the upper esophageal sphincter. Activation of the submental muscles, specifically the mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles, is thought to facilitate movement of the hyoid. The purpose of this study was to determine if targeted radiation to the submental muscles given concurrently with chemotherapy alters hyolaryngeal displacement 1 mo after treatment. We hypothesized that chemoradiation treatment would result in abnormal patterns of hyoid movement compared with controls. Furthermore, we propose that these changes are associated with alterations in bolus size and discoordination of the jaw during drinking. Eighteen rats underwent either chemoradiation, radiation, or no treatment. Radiation treatment was targeted to submental muscles using a clinical linear accelerator given in 12 fractions of 4 Gy (3 days per week). Cycles of 1 mg/kg of cisplatin were administered concurrently each week of radiation. One month posttreatment, videofluoroscopy swallow studies (VFSS) were performed in self-drinking rats using a fluoroscope customized with a high-speed camera. The hyoid, jaw, and hard palate were tracked during swallowing from VFSS. Hyoid kinematics were analyzed from the start to the end of hyoid movement, and parameters were compared with bolus size and jaw movement. Significant differences in hyoid retraction parameters were found postchemoradiation. Alterations in the trajectory of hyoid motion during swallowing were observed. The findings demonstrate early changes in hyoid motion during swallowing associated with chemoradiation treatment.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Chemoradiation treatment for head and neck cancer can cause functional impairments in swallowing, which can adversely affect quality of life. This study provides new evidence that chemoradiation targeted to the submental muscles provokes early adaptations in hyoid movement during swallowing, which correlate with changes in bolus size. We also demonstrate a method for tracking the hyoid during swallowing in a rat model of chemoradiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N King
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Abigail Kuntz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Nathan Scott
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Brittany Smiley
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Andres Portocarrero Bonifaz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
| | - Megan Blackburn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
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Obata K, Kitagawa N, Ono K, Kanemoto H, Fukino K, Takeshita Y, Ibaragi S, Tubbs RS, Iwanaga J. Mylohyoid Muscle: Current Understanding for Clinical Management-Part I: Anatomy and Embryology. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:251-255. [PMID: 37948619 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mylohyoid is one of the suprahyoid muscles, along with the geniohyoid, digastric, and stylohyoid muscles. It lies between the anterior belly of the digastric muscle inferiorly and the geniohyoid superiorly. In Part I, the anatomy and embryology of the mylohyoid muscle will be reviewed in preparation for the clinical discussion in Part II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichi Obata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama
| | - Norio Kitagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama
| | - Hideka Kanemoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama
| | - Keiko Fukino
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo
| | - Yohei Takeshita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama
| | - Richard S Tubbs
- Departments of Neurosurgery
- Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo
- Departments of Neurosurgery
- Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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Obata K, Kitagawa N, Ono K, Kanemoto H, Fukino K, Takeshita Y, Ibaragi S, Tubbs RS, Iwanaga J. Mylohyoid Muscle: Current Understanding for Clinical Management Part II: Clinical Anatomy, Radiology, and Surgical/Clinical Relevance. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:256-260. [PMID: 37948627 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The mylohyoid is one of the suprahyoid muscles along with the geniohyoid, digastric, and stylohyoid muscles that lies between the anterior belly of the digastric muscle inferiorly and the geniohyoid superiorly. In Part II, the radiology and clinical/surgical importance of the mylohyoid muscle will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichi Obata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Norio Kitagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kisho Ono
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hideka Kanemoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiko Fukino
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Takeshita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Soichiro Ibaragi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine
- Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine
- Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine
- Department of Neurology, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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King SN, Kaissieh N, Haxton C, Shojaei M, Malott L, Devara L, Thompson R, Osman KL, Millward J, Blackburn M, Lever TE. Radiation induced changes in profibrotic markers in the submental muscles and their correlation with tongue movement. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287044. [PMID: 37352202 PMCID: PMC10289304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Swallowing impairment is a major complication of radiation treatment for oropharyngeal cancers. Developing targeted therapies that improve swallowing outcomes relies on an understanding of the mechanisms that influence motor function after radiation treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between radiation induced changes in tongue movement and structural changes in irradiated submental muscles, as well as assess other possible causes for dysfunction. We hypothesized that a clinically relevant total radiation dose to the submental muscles would result in: a) quantifiable changes in tongue strength and displacement during drinking two months post treatment; and b) a profibrotic response and/or fiber type transition in the irradiated tissue. Sprague-Dawley adult male rats received radiation to the submental muscles at total dose-volumes known to provoke dysphagia in humans. A clinical linear accelerator administered 8 fractions of 8Gy for a total of 64Gy. Comparisons were made to sham-treated rats that received anesthesia only. Swallowing function was assessed using videofluoroscopy and tongue strength was analyzed via force lickometer. TGFβ1 expression was analyzed via ELISA. The amount of total collagen was analyzed by picrosirius red staining. Immunofluorescence was used to assess fiber type composition and size. Significant changes in licking function during drinking were observed at two months post treatment, including a slower lick rate and reduced tongue protrusion during licking. In the mylohyoid muscle, significant increases in TGFβ1 protein expression were found post radiation. Significant increases in the percentage of collagen content were observed in the irradiated geniohyoid muscle. No changes in fiber type expression were observed. Results indicate a profibrotic transition within the irradiated swallowing muscles that contributes to tongue dysfunction post-radiation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N. King
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Nada Kaissieh
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Chandler Haxton
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Marjan Shojaei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Luke Malott
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Lekha Devara
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Thompson
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Kate L. Osman
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Jessica Millward
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Megan Blackburn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Teresa E. Lever
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States of America
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Matboli M, Hasanin AH, Hamady S, Khairy E, Mohamed RH, Aboul-Ela YM, Raafat MH, Elsebay SAG, Emam HY, Shamekh RS, Agwa SHA. Anti-inflammatory effect of trans-anethol in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:113070. [PMID: 35658236 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia‑reperfusion injury (MI/R) is considered a main risk factor for global cardiac mortality and morbidity, for which no effective treatment exists. Both inflammation and epigenetic regulation play a pivotal role in the early stage of MI/R. The present study aimed at investigating the prospective anti-inflammatory role of trans-anethole (TNA) in targeting MI/R and its related mechanism in upregulating the expression of the inflammatory and cardiac-related gene (VAV3), and its epigenetic regulators (lncRNA-JRKL-AS1 and miR-1298) that were retrieved from in-silico data analysis in an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rat model. MATERIALS & METHODS TNA was administered in 3 doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg), 15 min prior to coronary ligation in male Wistar rats. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and dP/dtmax were assessed. Histopathological, biochemical, and molecular analyses were performed to assess the effects of TNA pre-treatment on the I/R rats model. RESULTS TNA alleviated the I/R-induced cardiac injury pathologically and improved the cardiac function tests and enzymes. At the molecular level, TNA upregulated the expression level of the retrieved RNA-based panel (VAV3 mRNA/miR-1298/lncRNA JRKL-AS1). At the protein level, TNA decreased the cardiac content of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. CONCLUSION TNA has demonstrated a potential ability to alleviate the cardiac injury and attenuate the inflammatory response following ischemia-reperfusion in the rat model through modulation of the expression of RNA panel (VAV3 mRNA/miR-1298/lncRNA JRKL-AS1) and TNF- α protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Matboli
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amany Helmy Hasanin
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Shaimaa Hamady
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eman Khairy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Reham Hussein Mohamed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Yasmin M Aboul-Ela
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mona Hussien Raafat
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Hossam Y Emam
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | | | - Sara H A Agwa
- Clinical Pathology and Molecular Genomics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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King SN, Greenwell E, Kaissieh N, Devara L, Carter Z, Fox J, Blackburn M. Acute effects of radiation treatment to submental muscles on burrowing and swallowing behaviors in a rat model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268457. [PMID: 35560040 PMCID: PMC9106154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Swallowing impairments are a major complication of radiation treatment for oropharyngeal cancers, influencing oral intake and quality of life. The timing and functional consequences of radiation treatment on the swallowing process is not clearly understood. A rodent radiation injury model was used to investigate the onset of oral and pharyngeal dysfunctions in deglutition related to radiation treatment. This study tested the hypothesis that (Wall et al., 2013) alterations in normal biting, licking, and swallowing performance would be measurable following 64Gy of fractionated radiation to the submental muscles; and (Kotz et al., 2004) radiation will affect the animal’s general well-being as measured via burrowing activity. Seven rats received radiation using a clinical linear accelerator given in 8 fractions of 8Gy and another seven animals received sham anesthesia only treatment. Swallowing bolus transit/size was assessed via videofluoroscopy, tongue movement during drinking was measured via an electrical lick sensor, and biting was analyzed from acoustic recordings of a vermicelli pasta test. Burrowing activity was measured by the amount of gravel substrate displaced within a container. Measurements were taken at baseline, during treatment (1–4 weeks), and after completion of treatment (weeks 5 & 6). Decreases in licking frequency and increases in inter-lick interval were observed 5- and 6-weeks post-treatment. Significant decreases in burrowing performance, swallowing frequency, and inter-swallow interval were observed starting the last week of treatment and continuing up to 2-weeks after completion. Results suggest that tongue dysfunction is one of the first treatment related feeding problems to present immediately after the completion of radiation to the submental muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N. King
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Evan Greenwell
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Nada Kaissieh
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Lekha Devara
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Zachary Carter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - James Fox
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Megan Blackburn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
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Experimental Injury Rodent Models for Oropharyngeal Dysphagia. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050360. [PMID: 33922472 PMCID: PMC8146227 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a disorder that can make swallowing difficult and reduce the quality of life. Recently, the number of patients with swallowing difficulty has been increasing; however, no comprehensive treatment for such patients has been developed. Various experimental animal models that mimic oropharyngeal dysphagia have been developed to identify appropriate treatments. This review aims to summarize the experimentally induced oropharyngeal dysphagia rodent models that can be used to provide a pathological basis for dysphagia. The selected studies were classified into those reporting dysphagia rodent models showing lingual paralysis by hypoglossal nerve injury, facial muscle paralysis by facial nerve injury, laryngeal paralysis by laryngeal and vagus nerve injury, and tongue dysfunction by irradiation of the head and neck regions. The animals used in each injury model, the injury method that induced dysphagia, the screening method for dysphagia, and the results are summarized. The use of appropriate animal models of dysphagia may provide adequate answers to biological questions. This review can help in selecting a dysphagia animal system tailored for the purpose of providing a possible solution to overcome dysphagia.
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King SN, Hurley J, Carter Z, Bonomo N, Wang B, Dunlap N, Petruska J. Swallowing dysfunction following radiation to the rat mylohyoid muscle is associated with sensory neuron injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1274-1285. [PMID: 33600281 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00664.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-based treatments for oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers result in impairments in swallowing mobility, but the mechanisms behind the dysfunction are not clear. The purpose of this study was to determine if we could establish an animal model of radiation-induced dysphagia in which mechanisms could be examined. We hypothesized that 1) radiation focused at the depth of the mylohyoid muscle would alter normal bolus transport and bolus size and 2) radiation to the mylohyoid muscle will induce an injury/stress-like response in trigeminal sensory neurons whose input might modulate swallow. Rats were exposed to 48 or 64 Gy of radiation to the mylohyoid given 8 Gy in 6 or 8 fractions. Swallowing function was evaluated by videofluoroscopy 2 and 4 wk following treatment. Neuronal injury/stress was analyzed in trigeminal ganglion by assessing activating transcription factor (ATF)3 and GAP-43 mRNAs at 2, 4, and 8 wk post treatment. Irradiated rats exhibited decreases in bolus movement through the pharynx and alterations in bolus clearance. In addition, ATF3 and GAP-43 mRNAs were upregulated in trigeminal ganglion in irradiated rats, suggesting that radiation to mylohyoid muscle induced an injury/stress response in neurons with cell bodies that are remote from the irradiated tissue. These results suggest that radiation-induced dysphagia can be assessed in the rat and radiation induces injury/stress-like responses in sensory neurons.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Radiation-based treatments for head and neck cancer can cause significant impairments in swallowing mobility. This study provides new evidence supporting the possibility of a neural contribution to the mechanisms of swallowing dysfunction in postradiation dysphagia. Our data demonstrated that radiation to the mylohyoid muscle, which induces functional deficits in swallowing, also provokes an injury/stress-like response in the ganglion, innervating the irradiated muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne N King
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Justin Hurley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Zachary Carter
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Nicholas Bonomo
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Brian Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Neal Dunlap
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jeffrey Petruska
- Department of Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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