Long-term health-related quality of life following robot-assisted radical transmediastinal esophagectomy

Survival Impacts of Impaired Lung Functions and Comorbidities on Elderly Esophageal Cancer Patients

BACKGROUND

Preoperative physiological assessments are crucial for optimizing clinical outcomes, especially those of elderly esophageal cancer (EC) patients who are generally frail and at the high risk of mortality.

METHODS

Patients who underwent surgery for EC between 2004 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were categorized into elderly (>70 years) or non-elderly (≤70 years) groups. Various physiological parameters including the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), immunonutritional parameters and pulmonary functions were studied. Pulmonary functions included %vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0) and FEV1.0%. The thresholds were set as the lowest quartile (100% for %VC and 2L for FEV1.0) in this cohort. Multivariate Cox hazards models were applied to determine independent predictors of non-EC-related deaths.

RESULTS

In total, 824 patients were included (elderly; n = 306, non-elderly; n = 518). Elderly patients had a significantly lower 5-year OS rate than non-elderly patients (53.3% vs. 57.2%, P = 0.03), mainly due to increased risk of death from non-EC related causes. In the elderly group, multivariate Cox hazards analysis identified 3 independent predictors of non-EC-related deaths; high CCI (HR 1.98, P=0.006), low %VC (HR 2.01, P = 0.004) and low FEV1.0 (HR 1.6, P=0.048). Elderly patients without risk factors had a significantly better 5-year OS rate (63.5%) than those with 1 (50.0%) or 2-3 (36.3%) risk factors (P <0.01). Deaths due to pulmonary disease rose significantly as the number of risk factors increased (P=0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

The severity of comorbidities and pulmonary function impairments are useful for predicting long-term outcomes, especially non-EC-related deaths, in elderly EC patients.

Quality of Life in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Upper GI Malignancies

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) conditions vastly affect each individual's physical, social, and emotional status. The decision-making process by the medical personnel about these patients is currently based on a patient's life quality evaluation scale, HRQL scales. By utilizing HRQL scales, a better understanding of the various surgical and non-surgical treatment options, as well as their long-term consequences, can be achieved. In our study, an organ-based approach is used in an attempt to examine and characterized the effect of upper GI surgery on HRQL. Therefore, HRQL scales' function as a prognostic tool is useful, and the need for future research, the creation of valid training programs, and modern guidelines is highlighted.

Clinical advantage of transmediastinal esophagectomy in terms of postoperative respiratory complications

BACKGROUND

Although the transmediastinal approach as a radical esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma patients has attracted attention, its advantages over the transthoracic approach remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of transmediastinal esophagectomy (TME) in terms of postoperative respiratory complications compared to that of open transthoracic esophagectomy (TTE).

METHODS

We reviewed patients with thoracic and abdominal esophageal carcinoma who underwent TME or TTE between February 2014 and November 2021. We compared postoperative respiratory complications as the primary outcome. The secondary outcomes included perioperative operation time, blood loss, postoperative complications, and the number of harvested mediastinal lymph nodes.

RESULTS

Overall, 60 and 54 patients underwent TME and TTE, respectively. The baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups, except for age and histological type. There were no intraoperative lethal complications in either group. The incidence of respiratory complications was significantly lower in the TME group than in the TTE group (6.7 vs. 22.2%, p = 0.03). The TME group had a shorter operation time (403 vs. 451 min, p < 0.01), less blood loss (107 vs. 253 mL, p < 0.01), and slightly higher anastomotic leakage (11.7 vs. 5.6%, p = 0.33). The number of harvested lymph nodes was similar in both groups (24 vs. 26, p = 0.10). Multivariate analysis revealed that TME is an independent factor in reducing respiratory complications (odds ratio = 0.27, p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

TME for esophageal carcinoma was performed safely. TME was superior to TTE in terms of postoperative respiratory complications; however, the relatively higher frequency of anastomotic leakage should be considered and requires further evaluation.

Clinical-pathological features and perioperative outcomes of mediastinoscopy vs. thoracoscopy esophagectomy in esophageal cancer: A meta-analysis

Objective

To compare the clinicopathological features and perioperative outcomes of video-assisted mediastinoscopy esophagectomy (VAME) compared to video-assisted thoracoscopy esophagectomy (VATE) in esophageal cancer.

Methods

We comprehensively searched online databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Wiley online library) to find available studies exploring the clinicopathological features and perioperative outcomes between VAME and VATE in esophageal cancer. Relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) and standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% CI were used to evaluate the perioperative outcomes and clinicopathological features.

Results

A total of seven observational studies and one randomized controlled trial involving 733 patients were considered eligible for this meta-analysis, of which 350 patients underwent VAME in contrast to 383 patients underwent VATE. Patients in the VAME group had more pulmonary comorbidities (RR = 2.18, 95% CI 1.37-3.46, P = 0.001). The pooled results showed that VAME shortened the operation time (SMD = -1.53, 95% CI -2.308--0.76, P = 0.000), and retrieved less total lymph nodes (SMD = -0.70, 95% CI -0.90--0.50, P = 0.000). No differences were observed in other clinicopathological features, postoperative complications or mortality.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis revealed that patients in the VAME group had more pulmonary disease before surgery. The VAME approach significantly shortened the operation time and retrieved less total lymph nodes and did not increase intra- or postoperative complications.

Predictors of Step Length from Surface Electromyography and Body Impedance Analysis Parameters

Step length is a critical hallmark of health status. However, few studies have investigated the modifiable factors that may affect step length. An exploratory, cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the surface electromyography (sEMG) and body impedance analysis (BIA) parameters, combined with individual demographic data, to predict the individual step length using the GAITRite® system. Healthy participants aged 40−80 years were prospectively recruited, and three models were built to predict individual step length. The first model was the best-fit model (R2 = 0.244, p < 0.001); the root mean square (RMS) values at maximal knee flexion and height were included as significant variables. The second model used all candidate variables, except sEMG variables, and revealed that age, height, and body fat mass (BFM) were significant variables for predicting the average step length (R2 = 0.198, p < 0.001). The third model, which was used to predict step length without sEMG and BIA, showed that only age and height remained significant (R2 = 0.158, p < 0.001). This study revealed that the RMS value at maximal strength knee flexion, height, age, and BFM are important predictors for individual step length, and possibly suggesting that strengthening knee flexor function and reducing BFM may help improve step length.

Impacts of complications after esophageal cancer surgery on health-related quality of life and nutritional status

BACKGROUND

The long-term impacts of post-operative complications, especially pulmonary complications and anastomotic leakage, on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), nutritional status and body composition remain to be fully addressed in patients undergoing esophageal cancer surgery.

METHODS

Patients who underwent esophagectomy between 2015 and 2019 and survived without recurrence were eligible. HRQoL (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 and the QLQ-OES18 questionnaires), nutritional and body composition data were prospectively evaluated before and at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery. Collected data were compared between patients with post-operative complications and those without.

RESULTS

In total, 88 patients were included. Overall complications, anastomotic leakage and pulmonary complications developed in 48 (54.5%), 20 (20.7%) and 18 (20.5%) patients, respectively. Patients with pulmonary complications had significantly more reflux-related symptoms (dry mouth; P = 0.03, coughing; P = 0.047), and more difficulties with eating at 24 months after surgery, as compared to those without such complications. Anastomotic leakage increased pain, speaking problems and dysphagia up to 6 months after surgery. Patients with pulmonary complications had significantly lower prealbumin levels (P = 0.01, 0.02 and 0.008 at 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery, respectively) and lower prognostic nutritional index values over time after surgery than those without these complications. In contrast, anastomotic leakage was not associated with poor nutritional status post-operatively. Body composition was not affected by the occurrence of complications.

CONCLUSION

Patients who developed post-operative complications, especially pulmonary complications, had long-lasting negative HRQoL outcomes and poor nutritional status after esophagectomy.

Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy versus Open Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Simple Summary

Robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) constitutes a newly developed surgical technique for the treatment of resectable esophageal cancer, aiming to further improve the high morbidity and mortality associated with open esophagectomy. We performed a systematic review of the literature and compared the outcomes of RAMIE and open esophagectomy. RAMIE is a safe and feasible procedure, resulting in decreased cardiopulmonary morbidity, wound infections, blood loss, and hospital stays compared to open esophagectomy.

Abstract

Robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) was introduced as a further development of the conventional minimally invasive esophagectomy, aiming to further improve the high morbidity and mortality associated with open esophagectomy. We aimed to compare the outcomes between RAMIE and open esophagectomy, which remains a popular approach for resectable esophageal cancer. Ten studies meeting our inclusion criteria were identified, including five retrospective cohort, four prospective cohort, and one randomized controlled trial. RAMIE was associated with significantly lower rates of overall pulmonary complications (odds ratio (OR): 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): [0.26, 0.56]), pneumonia (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: [0.26, 0.57]), atrial fibrillation (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: [0.29, 0.98]), and wound infections (OR: 0.20, 95% CI: [0.07, 0.57]) and resulted in less blood loss (weighted mean difference (WMD): −187.08 mL, 95% CI: [−283.81, −90.35]) and shorter hospital stays (WMD: −9.22 days, 95% CI: [−14.39, −4.06]) but longer operative times (WMD: 69.45 min, 95% CI: [34.39, 104.42]). No other statistically significant difference was observed regarding surgical and short-term oncological outcomes. Similar findings were observed when comparing totally robotic procedures only to OE. RAMIE is a safe and feasible procedure, resulting in decreased cardiopulmonary morbidity, wound infections, blood loss, and shorter hospital stays compared to open esophagectomy.

Survival Prediction Capabilities of Preoperative Inflammatory and Nutritional Status in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients

BACKGROUND

Studies have revealed the impacts of various inflammatory and nutritional markers in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). We evaluated the prognostic values of multiple inflammation- or nutrition-based markers, either alone or in combination with pStage, in ESCC patients.

METHODS

In total, 360 patients undergoing upfront surgery for ESCC were retrospectively reviewed. The prognostic capabilities of 7 inflammatory and 3 nutritional parameters were investigated. Furthermore, we devised new staging systems by adding these markers to pStage and examined the prognostic abilities of our new approach. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves and the areas under the curve (AUCs) were estimated to compare prognostic capabilities among the parameters.

RESULTS

The AUCs for predicting overall survival (OS) of the prognostic nutritional index (PNI), CRP to albumin ration (CAR), lymphocyte to CRP ratio (LCR) and the Naples prognostic score (NPS) were similar to that of pStage. Notably, CAR and LCR showed high predictive capabilities for OS (AUCs; 0.627 and 0.634 for 3-year OS, respectively). New staging systems combining inflammatory or nutritional markers with pStage provided higher AUCs for predicting OS than pStage alone. In particular, NPpStage (NPS and pStage) (P = 0.03), PNpStage (PNI and pStage) (P = 0.03) and LCpStage (LCR and pStage) (P = 0.05) showed significantly higher accuracy for predicting OS than pStage alone.

CONCLUSIONS

Various inflammatory or nutritional markers, especially those derived from CRP, are useful for predicting survival outcomes of ESCC patients. The predictive capabilities of these indices were augmented when used in combination with pStage.

Health-related quality of life after esophagectomy in patients with esophageal cancer

Esophageal cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the poorest prognosis. Esophagectomy, which is the mainstay of curative-intent treatments, imposes excessive surgical stress on the patients, and postoperative morbidity and mortality rates after esophagectomy remain high. On the other hand, the number of survivors after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer is increasing due to recent improvements in surgical techniques and multidisciplinary treatments for this cancer. However, esophagectomy still has a great influence on the fundamental aspect of patients' lives, that is, the health-related quality of life (HR-QOL), including their physical, emotional, and social functions in the short- and long-term postoperatively. HR-QOL is a multifactorial concept used to assess the symptoms and functional changes caused by the disease itself and treatments from the patients' perspectives. Therefore, assessing the HR-QOL of patients with esophageal cancer after esophagectomy is becoming increasingly important. However, the status of HR-QOL changes after esophagectomy has not been satisfactorily evaluated, and there is no worldwide consensus as to how the postoperative HR-QOL can be improved. This review aimed to raise awareness of healthcare providers, such as surgeons and nurses, on the importance of HR-QOL in patients with esophageal cancer after curative-intent esophagectomy by providing multifaceted information concerning the short- and long-term HR-QOLs, including the status of changes and the determinants of HR-QOL after esophagectomy, and furthermore, essential points for improvement of HR-QOL after esophagectomy.

Role sharing between minimally invasive oesophagectomy and organ preservation approach for surgically resectable advanced oesophageal cancer

Oesophageal cancer is a dismal disease since it metastasizes widely even from an early stage. In order to improve treatment outcomes, multidisciplinary treatments including surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been developed. While oesophagectomy is the mainstay in the treatment strategy, it is highly invasive since it requires two to three field approaches. To reduce surgical stress and morbidity, minimally invasive oesophagectomy including thoracoscopy, robotic assisted surgery and mediastinoscopy were introduced. Various clinical trials proved that these techniques decrease the post-operative morbidity rate. Furthermore, with the advancement of multidisciplinary treatment with a higher response rate, the possibility arose for omission of surgical resection in remarkable responders to neoadjuvant therapy. However, in order to safely provide organ preservation without increasing the risk of post-treatment recurrence, an accurate tumour monitoring system is required. Although endoscopy and computed tomography imaging have been a standard, the detection rate of residual tumours after treatment is still unsatisfactory. Utilizing liquid biopsy which could evaluate tumour derivative and host response, an appropriate monitoring system of tumour burden during multidisciplinary treatment can be developed. With the advancement of minimally invasive surgery and multidisciplinary treatment, the treatment strategy needs to be highly individualized based on the tumour biology, patients' condition and their preferences. Along with the improvement of the tumour monitoring system, appropriate role sharing can be achieved between a minimally invasive surgery and the organ preservation approach.

Outcomes of robotic esophagectomy

Esophagectomy has long been considered the standard of care for early-stage (≤ T2N0) esophageal cancer. Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE), using a combined laparoscopic and thoracoscopic approach, was first performed in the 1990s and showed significant improvements over open approaches. Refinement of MIE arrived in the form of robotic-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy (RAMIE) in 2004. MIE is a challenging procedure for which consensus on optimal technique is still elusive. Although nonrobotic MIE confers significant advantages over open approaches, MIE remains associated with stubbornly high rates of complications, including pneumonia, aspiration, arrhythmia, anastomotic leakage, surgical site infection, and vocal cord palsy. RAMIE was envisioned to improve operative-associated morbidity while achieving equivalent or superior oncologic outcomes to nonrobotic MIE. However, owing to RAMIE’s significant upfront costs, steep learning curve, and other requirements, adoption remains less than widespread and convincing evidence supporting its use from well-designed studies is lacking. In this review, we compare operative, oncologic, and quality-of-life outcomes between open esophagectomy, nonrobotic MIE, and RAMIE. Although RAMIE remains a relatively new and underexplored modality, several studies in the literature show that it is feasible and results in similar outcomes to other MIE approaches. Moreover, RAMIE has been associated with favorable patient satisfaction and quality of life.

Current status and challenges in sentinel node navigation surgery for early gastric cancer

As an optimal surgical procedure to accurately evaluate lymph node (LN) metastasis during surgery with minimal surgical resection, we have been developing sentinel node (SN) biopsy for early gastric cancer since the 1990s. Twelve institutions from the Japanese Society of Sentinel Node Navigation Surgery (SNNS), including Keio University Hospital, conducted a multicenter prospective trial to validate the SN concept using the dual-tracer method with blue dye and a radioisotope. According to the results, 397 patients were included in the final analysis, and the overall accuracy in detecting LN metastasis using SN biopsy was 99% (383 of 387). Based on the validation study, we are targeting cT1N0 with a primary tumor of ≤4 cm in diameter as an indication for SN biopsy for gastric cancer. We are currently running a multicenter nonrandomized phase III trial to assess the safety and efficacy of SN navigation surgery. The Korean group has reported the result of a multicenter randomized phase III trial. Since meticulous gastric cancer in the remnant stomach was rescued by subsequent gastrectomy, the disease-specific survival was comparable between the two techniques, implying that SN navigation surgery can be an alternative to standard gastrectomy. With the development of SN biopsy procedure and treatment modalities, the application of SN biopsy will be expanded to achieve an individualized minimally invasive surgery.

Robotic Surgery in Gastrointestinal Surgery

Robotic surgery is expanding in the minimally invasive treatment of gastrointestinal cancer. In the field of gastrointestinal cancer, robotic surgery is performed using a robot-assisted surgery system. In this system, the robot does not operate automatically but is controlled by the surgeon. The surgery assistant robot currently used in clinical practice worldwide is the leader-follower type, including the da Vinci® Surgical System (Intuitive Surgical). This review describes the current state of robotic surgery in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer and discusses the future development of robotic systems in gastrointestinal surgery.

Robot-assisted cervical esophagectomy: first clinical experiences and review of the literature

Pulmonary complications, and especially pneumonia, remain one of the most common complications after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. These complications are reduced by minimally invasive techniques or by avoiding thoracic access through a transhiatal approach. However, a transhiatal approach does not allow for a full mediastinal lymphadenectomy. A transcervical mediastinal esophagectomy avoids thoracic access, which may contribute to a decrease in pulmonary complications after esophagectomy. In addition, this technique allows for a full mediastinal lymphadenectomy. A number of pioneering studies have been published on this topic. Here, the initial experience is presented as well as a review of the current literature concerning transcervical esophagectomy, with a focus on the robot-assisted cervical esophagectomy procedure.

Patient reported outcomes (PROs) after minimally invasive and open esophagectomy

Esophagectomy for esophageal malignancies remains an operation with significant potential morbidity and mortality. However, surgical outcomes continue to improve over time and focus has shifted toward not just good outcomes, but quality of life post operatively. Patient reported outcomes (PROs) focus of quality of life measures via validated patient surveys has increasingly become a significant focus. While PROs do have their limitations, they represent a glimpse into the symptomatology, quality of life, and well-being of a patient undergoing a procedure with inherent morbidity. Working to improve outcomes from the perspective of the patient is not a new concept, but has becoming increasingly relevant as surgical quality for all procedures improves. The optimal approach to esophagectomy is controversial. Minimally invasive approaches attempt to avoid laparotomy and thoracotomy with the thought of improving post-operative quality of life by mitigating complications related to those open surgical approaches. The data in favor of laparoscopy and thoracoscopy is quite strong and multiple randomized controlled trials exist in this realm supporting minimally invasive approaches with regards to quality of life outcomes and more rapid return to patient’s preoperative baseline. The data in favor of a robotic approach for esophagectomy is not quite as robust, but more studies show that these approaches mirror the benefits of the laparoscopic and thoracoscopic approaches without robotic assistance.

Similar Quality of Life and Safety in Patients Receiving Inpatient or Outpatient Chemotherapy: A Focus on Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Quality of life (QoL) is a particularly important issue for cancer patients. This study was designed to investigate the differences in QoL in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients who underwent inpatient chemotherapy (IPCT) or outpatient chemotherapy (OPCT). A total of 107 ESCC patients were enrolled, including 53 patients in the IPCT group and 54 patients in the OPCT group. The widely used and well-validated instruments European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 Items (EORTC QLQ-C30) and Oesophageal Cancer Module (EORTC QLQ-OES18) were used to examine the QoL of the two groups. In addition, the differences in adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. The results of QLQ C-30 analysis showed that mean global quality of life scores were similar between IPCT and OPCT groups, as were functional and symptom scales. There were no significant differences in the functional and symptom scales in the analysis of QLQ OES18 either. Most AEs of chemotherapy were grades 1–2, and the majority of patients tolerated the side effects; no statistically significant difference in AEs between these two groups was mentioned. Our study suggests that the health-related QoL and adverse events in ESCC patients who received IPCT or OPCT are similar. OPCT is reasonable and safe in clinical practice.

Long-Term, Health-Related Quality of Life after Open and Robot-Assisted Ivor-Lewis Procedures-A Propensity Score-Matched Study

Esophagectomies are among the most invasive surgical procedures that highly influence health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Recent improvements have helped to achieve longer survival. Therefore, long-term postoperative HRQoL needs to be emphasized in addition to classic criterions like morbidity and mortality. We aimed to compare short and long-term HRQoL after open transthoracic esophagectomies (OTEs) and robotic-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomies (RAMIEs) in patients suffering from esophageal adenocarcinoma. Prospectively collected HRQoL-data (from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30 (EORTC QLQ-C30)) were correlated with clinical courses. Only patients suffering from minor postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo Classification of < 2) after R0 Ivor-Lewis-procedures were included. Age, sex, body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status-score (ASA-score), tumor stage, and perioperative therapy were used for propensity score matching (PSM). Twelve RAMIE and 29 OTE patients met the inclusion criteria. RAMIE patients reported significantly better emotional and social function while suffering from significantly less pain and less physical impairment four months after surgery. The long-term follow up confirmed the results. Long-term postoperative HRQoL and self-perception partly exceeded the levels of the healthy reference population. Minor operative trauma by robotic approaches resulted in significantly reduced physical impairments while improving HRQoL and self-perception, especially in the long-term. However, further long-term results are warranted to confirm this positive trend.

Age-dependent survival impact of body mass index in patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) generally have distinctive body compositions; being underweight is highly prevalent and sarcopenic obesity is rare. We investigated the survival impacts of body mass index (BMI) in elderly (≥65 years) and non-elderly patients undergoing surgery for ESCC.

METHODS

In total, 379 ESCC patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to BMI; low (<20), medium (20-25) and high (≥25). The skeletal muscle index (SMI) was calculated and its relationship with BMI was analysed. Univariate and multivariate Cox hazards models were applied to determine independent predictors of poor overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS).

RESULTS

The low-, medium- and high-BMI groups included 102 (26.9%), 231 (60.9%) and 46 (12.1%) patients, respectively. High BMI with low SMI was rare (n = 6, 1.6%). Patients with low BMI had significantly poorer OS and CSS than those with high and medium BMI (OS; P < 0.001, CSS; P = 0.003). Notably, OS and CSS curves were well-demarcated by BMI (both P < 0.001) in elderly patients, while not being stratified according to BMI in non-elderly patients (OS; P = 0.08, CSS; P = 0.54). Multivariable analysis revealed low BMI, as well as pStage III disease and non-curative resection, to be independent predictors of poor OS (HR 2.73, P < 0.001) and poor CSS (HR 2.88, P < 0.001) in the elderly group.

CONCLUSIONS

The survival and oncological impacts of low BMI were evident only in elderly patients with ESCC. Our findings highlight the age-dependent significance of BMI in patients with this tumour entity.

Essential Updates 2018/2019: Essential Updates for esophageal cancer surgery

Key papers to treatment of esophageal cancer surgery and reduction of postoperative complications after esophagectomy published between 2018 and 2019 were reviewed. Within this review there was a focus on minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE), robot-assisted MIE (RAMIE), and centralization to high-volume center. Advantages of MIE, irrespectively of hybrid or total MIE, to prevent postoperative complications, especially pneumonia, were shown in comparison to open procedure. However, whether total MIE has evident effects or not, as compared to hybrid MIEs, still remains unclear. Differences between RAMIE and MIE were reported to be marginal, though the advantage of lymphadenectomy, especially along recurrent laryngeal nerve, has been suggested. Centralization to high-volume center evidently benefits esophageal cancer patients by improving short-term outcomes. The definition of high-volume center has not been established yet, though institutional structure and quality are thought to be important. Transmediastinal esophagectomy, currently developed, has a potential to be one radical option of MIE for esophageal cancer.

Associations of Systemic Inflammation and Sarcopenia With Survival of Esophageal Carcinoma Patients

BACKGROUND

Although both sarcopenia and systemic inflammation reportedly affect long-term outcomes of esophageal carcinoma (EC) patients, their reciprocal associations with survival outcomes have yet to be investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the survival impact of sarcopenia combined with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in EC patients undergoing esophagectomy.

METHODS

In total, 378 EC patients were retrospectively reviewed. The cutoff value for NLR was set at the NLR median of the cohort. Sarcopenia was determined based on decreased skeletal muscle index calculated from computed tomography obtained before surgery. Univariate and multivariate Cox hazards models were applied to determine independent predictors of poor overall survival and cancer-specific survival.

RESULTS

Sarcopenia was more common in the high-NLR group (2.57 or greater) than in the low-NLR group (less than 2.57; P = .01). In the high-NLR group, patients with sarcopenia had significantly poorer overall and cancer-specific survival than those without sarcopenia (P < .001). In contrast, there was no survival impact of sarcopenia in the low-NLR group. Patients with both high NLR and sarcopenia exhibited poor overall and cancer-specific survival (5-year overall survival = 44.4%, 5-year cancer-specific survival = 57.0%). Sarcopenia was independently associated with poor overall survival (hazard ratio = 1.95; P = .007) and poor cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio = 2.66; P = .002) as well as pathological stage III disease and noncurative resection in the high-NLR group.

CONCLUSIONS

The survival and oncological impact of sarcopenia was noteworthy only when present with elevated NLR. The combination of 2 factors is rational for identifying EC patients likely to have poor survival outcomes.