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van Leeuwen FWB, Buckle T, van Oosterom MN, Rietbergen DDD. The Rise of Molecular Image-Guided Robotic Surgery. J Nucl Med 2024:jnumed.124.267783. [PMID: 38991755 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.124.267783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Following early acceptance by urologists, the use of surgical robotic platforms is rapidly spreading to other surgical fields. This empowerment of surgical perception via robotic advances occurs in parallel to developments in intraoperative molecular imaging. Convergence of these efforts creates a logical incentive to advance the decades-old image-guided robotics paradigm. This yields new radioguided surgery strategies set to optimally exploit the symbiosis between the growing clinical translation of robotics and molecular imaging. These strategies intend to advance surgical precision by increasing dexterity and optimizing surgical decision-making. In this state-of-the-art review, topic-related developments in chemistry (tracer development) and engineering (medical device development) are discussed, and future scientific robotic growth markets for molecular imaging are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Tessa Buckle
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Matthias N van Oosterom
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Daphne D D Rietbergen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; and
- Section of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Schuring N, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Gisbertz SS. History and evidence for state of the art of lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancer surgery. Dis Esophagus 2024; 37:doad065. [PMID: 38048446 PMCID: PMC10987971 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The current curative multimodal treatment of advanced esophageal cancers consists of neoadjuvant or perioperative chemo(radio)therapy followed by a radical surgical resection of the primary tumor and a 2- or 3-field lymphadenectomy. One of the most important predictors of long-term survival of esophageal cancer patients is lymph node involvement. The distribution pattern of lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer is unpredictable and depends on the primary tumor location, histology, T-stage and application of neoadjuvant or perioperative treatment. The optimal extent of the lymphadenectomy remains controversial; there is no global consensus on this topic yet. Some surgeons advocate an aggressive and extended lymph node dissection to remove occult metastatic disease, to optimize oncological outcomes. Others promote a more restricted lymphadenectomy, since the benefit of an extended lymphadenectomy, especially after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, has not been clearly demonstrated, and morbidity may be reduced. In this review, we describe the development of lymphadenectomy, followed by a summary of current evidence for lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannet Schuring
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark I van Berge Henegouwen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne S Gisbertz
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Leclercq P, Bisschops R, Bergman JJGHM, Pouw RE. Management of high risk T1 esophageal adenocarcinoma following endoscopic resection. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2024; 68:101882. [PMID: 38522880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2024.101882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
High-risk T1 esophageal adenocarcinoma (HR-T1 EAC) is defined as T1 cancer, with one or more of the following histological criteria: submucosal invasion, poorly or undifferentiated cancer, and/or presence of lympho-vascular invasion. Esophagectomy has long been the only available treatment for these HR-T1 EACs and was considered necessary because of a presumed high risk of lymph node metastases up to 46%. However, endoscopic submucosal disscection have made it possible to radically remove HR-T1 EAC, irrespective of size, while leaving the esophageal anatomy intact. Parallel to this development, new publications demonstrated that the risk of lymph node metastases for HR-T1 EAC may be even <24%. Therefore, indications for endoscopic treatment of HR-T1 EAC are being reconsidered and current research aims at finding the optimal management strategy for this indication, where watchful waiting may proof to be an acceptable strategy in selected patients. In this review, we will discuss the latest developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Leclercq
- Departement of Gastroenterology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven, 49 Herestraat, 3000, LEUVEN, Belgium.
| | - Raf Bisschops
- Departement of Gastroenterology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven, 49 Herestraat, 3000, LEUVEN, Belgium.
| | - Jacques J G H M Bergman
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081, HV, Netherlands.
| | - Roos E Pouw
- Dept. of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, 1081, HV, Netherlands.
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Vreeburg MTA, Azargoshasb S, van Willigen D, Molenaar T, van Oosterom MN, Buckle T, Slof LJ, Klop M, Karakullukcu B, Donswijk M, van der Poel HG, van Leeuwen FWB, Brouwer OR, Rietbergen DDD. Comparison of two hybrid sentinel node tracers: indocyanine green (ICG)- 99mTc-nanocolloid vs. ICG- 99mTc-nanoscan from a nuclear medicine and surgical perspective. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:2282-2291. [PMID: 36929210 PMCID: PMC10250462 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-023-06157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph node (LN) metastasis is a relevant predictor for survival in patients with a.o. penile cancer (PeCa), malignant melanoma. The sentinel node (SN) procedure comprises targeted resection of the first tumour-draining SNs. Here, the hybrid tracer indocyanine green (ICG)-99mTc-nanocolloid has been used for several years to combine optical and nuclear detection. Recently, the resource of the nanocolloid precursor stopped production and the precursor was replaced by a different but chemically comparable colloid, nanoscan. Our aim was to study the performance of ICG-99mTc-nanoscan compared to ICG-99mTc-nanocolloid from a nuclear and surgical perspective. METHODS Twenty-four patients with either PeCa or head-and-neck (H&N) melanoma and scheduled for a SN procedure were included. The initial group (n = 11) received ICG-99mTc-nanocolloid until no longer available; the second group (n = 13) received ICG-99mTc-nanoscan. Tracer uptake was assessed on lymphoscintigraphy and single-photon emission (SPECT). Intraoperatively, SNs were identified using gamma tracing and fluorescence imaging. Ex vivo (back-table) measurements were conducted to quantify the fluorescence emissions. Chemical analysis was performed to compare the ICG assembly on both precursors. RESULTS The mean tracer uptake in the SNs was similar for ICG-99mTc-nanocolloid (2.2 ± 4.3%ID) and ICG-99mTc-nanoscan (1.8 ± 2.6%ID; p = 0.68). 3 SNs (interquartile range (IQR) 3-4) were detected on lymphoscintigraphy in PeCa patients receiving ICG-99mTc-nanoscan compared to 2 SNs (IQR 2-3) in PeCa patients receiving ICG-99mTc-nanocolloid (p = 0.045), no differences were observed in H&N patients. Back-table measurements of resected SNs revealed a lower total fluorescence intensity in the ICG-99mTc-nanoscan group (24*109 arbitrary units (A.U) IQR 1.6*109-14*109 in the ICG-99mTc-nanocolloid group versus 4.6*109 A.U. IQR 2.4*109-42*109 in the ICG-99mTc-nanoscan group, p = 0.0054). This was consistent with a larger degree of "stacked" ICG observed in the nanoscan formulation. No tracer-related adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS Based on this retrospective analysis, we can conclude that ICG-99mTc-nanoscan has similar capacity for SN identification as ICG-99mTc-nanocolloid and can safely be implemented in SN procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon T A Vreeburg
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Samaneh Azargoshasb
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Danny van Willigen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Molenaar
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Radiochemistry Facility, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias N van Oosterom
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Buckle
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Leon J Slof
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Instrumentele zaken ontwikkeling, facilitair bedrijf, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Klop
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Baris Karakullukcu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Donswijk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henk G van der Poel
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fijs W B van Leeuwen
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar R Brouwer
- Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne D D Rietbergen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Section Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Frederiks CN, Weusten BLAM. ASO Author Reflections: Sentinel Node Navigated Surgery as a New Treatment Strategy for High-Risk T1 Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:4012-4013. [PMID: 37016010 PMCID: PMC10250441 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-13382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte N Frederiks
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bas L A M Weusten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Frederiks CN, Overwater A, Bergman JJGHM, Pouw RE, de Keizer B, Bennink RJ, Brosens LAA, Meijer SL, van Hillegersberg R, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Ruurda JP, Gisbertz SS, Weusten BLAM. Feasibility and Safety of Tailored Lymphadenectomy Using Sentinel Node-Navigated Surgery in Patients with High-Risk T1 Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2023:10.1245/s10434-023-13317-6. [PMID: 36959491 PMCID: PMC10035969 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-13317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective lymphadenectomy using sentinel node-navigated surgery (SNNS) might offer a less invasive alternative to esophagectomy in patients with high-risk T1 esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of a new treatment strategy, consisting of radical endoscopic resection of the tumor followed by SNNS. METHODS In this multicenter pilot study, ten patients with a radically resected high-risk pT1cN0 EAC underwent SNNS. A hybrid tracer of technetium-99m nanocolloid and indocyanine green was injected endoscopically around the resection scar the day before surgery, followed by preoperative imaging. During surgery, sentinel nodes (SNs) were identified using a thoracolaparoscopic gammaprobe and fluorescence-based detection, and subsequently resected. Endpoints were surgical morbidity and number of detected and resected (tumor-positive) SNs. RESULTS Localization and dissection of SNs was feasible in all ten patients (median 3 SNs per patient, range 1-6). The concordance between preoperative imaging and intraoperative detection was high. In one patient (10%), dissection was considered incomplete after two SNs were not identified intraoperatively. Additional peritumoral SNs were resected in four patients (40%) after fluorescence-based detection. In two patients (20%), a (micro)metastasis was found in one of the resected SNs. One patient experienced neuropathic thoracic pain related to surgery, while none of the patients developed functional gastroesophageal disorders. CONCLUSIONS SNNS appears to be a feasible and safe instrument to tailor lymphadenectomy in patients with high-risk T1 EAC. Future research with long-term follow-up is warranted to determine whether this esophageal preserving strategy is justified for high-risk T1 EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte N Frederiks
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Overwater
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques J G H M Bergman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roos E Pouw
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart de Keizer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel J Bennink
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk A A Brosens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren L Meijer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard van Hillegersberg
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark I van Berge Henegouwen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle P Ruurda
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne S Gisbertz
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas L A M Weusten
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Papageorge MV, Sachdeva UM, Schumacher LY. Intraoperative fluorescence imaging in esophagectomy and its application to the robotic platform: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis 2022; 14:3598-3605. [PMID: 36245633 PMCID: PMC9562500 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-22-456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Robotic-assisted esophagectomy is an approach to minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) that has demonstrated equivalent or improved outcomes relative to open and other minimally invasive techniques. The robotic approach also allows unique opportunities to improve complications following esophagectomy through use of enhanced visualization tools, including intraoperative fluorescence imaging. In this review, we summarize the specific uses of intraoperative fluorescence imaging as an adjunct tool during esophagectomy and discuss its application to the robotic platform. Methods A literature search was conducted via PubMed in February 2022 with the following keywords: esophagectomy, esophageal cancer, infrared, near-infrared (NIR) and fluorescence. Peer-reviewed academic journal articles published in English between 2000 and 2021 were included. Key Content and Findings There is a growing body of literature evaluating the use of intraoperative fluorescence imaging in robotic-assisted esophagectomy. This includes assessment of gastric conduit perfusion, including feasibility, creation of the gastroesophageal anastomosis, and qualification of perfusion, along with lymphatic mapping and identification of critical anatomy. These tools are uniquely leveraged using the robotic platform to standardize and quantify key technical aspects of the operation. Conclusions Intraoperative fluorescence imaging provides the opportunity to assess perfusion and identify anatomy for more precise and patient-specific dissection and reconstruction. Among all the operative techniques for esophagectomy, robotic-assisted esophagectomy is uniquely suited to utilize these imaging modalities to optimize outcomes and minimize risk associated with esophagectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uma M. Sachdeva
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lana Y. Schumacher
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Garbarino GM, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Gisbertz SS, Eshuis WJ. Today's Mistakes and Tomorrow's Wisdom in the Surgical Treatment of Barrett's Adenocarcinoma. Visc Med 2022; 38:203-211. [PMID: 35814974 PMCID: PMC9210033 DOI: 10.1159/000524928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Barrett's esophagus is a premalignant condition caused by longstanding gastroesophageal reflux disease and may progress to low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and finally esophageal adenocarcinoma. Summary Barrett's adenocarcinoma can be treated either by endoscopic or surgical resection, depending on the clinical staging. Endoscopic resection is a safe and adequate treatment option for HGD, mucosal tumors, and low-risk submucosal tumors. Its role in the treatment of high-risk submucosal tumors and the role of organ-preserving sentinel node navigated surgery are still under investigation. Esophagectomy with neoadjuvant chemoradiation or perioperative chemotherapy is considered the standard of care for locally advanced Barrett's adenocarcinoma. Regarding operative technique, there is no proven superiority of one technique over another, although a minimally invasive transthoracic technique seems most commonly applied nowadays. In this review, state-of-the-art evidence and future expectations are presented regarding indications for resection, neoadjuvant or perioperative therapy, type of surgery, and postoperative follow-up for Barrett's adenocarcinoma. Key Messages In Barrett's adenocarcinoma, endoscopic resection is the standard treatment option for low-risk mucosal and submucosal tumors. For high-risk submucosal tumors, endoscopic submucosal dissection with close surveillance and sentinel node navigated surgery are currently being studied. For locally advanced cancer, a multimodal therapy including esophagectomy is the standard of care. Nowadays, in high-volume centers, a minimally invasive transthoracic esophagectomy with an intrathoracic anastomosis is the most common procedure for Barrett's adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Maria Garbarino
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Surgical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Mark Ivo van Berge Henegouwen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Sarah Gisbertz
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wietse Jelle Eshuis
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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