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Hale AT, Boudreau H, Devulapalli R, Duy PQ, Atchley TJ, Dewan MC, Goolam M, Fieggen G, Spader HL, Smith AA, Blount JP, Johnston JM, Rocque BG, Rozzelle CJ, Chong Z, Strahle JM, Schiff SJ, Kahle KT. The genetic basis of hydrocephalus: genes, pathways, mechanisms, and global impact. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:24. [PMID: 38439105 PMCID: PMC10913327 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus (HC) is a heterogenous disease characterized by alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics that may cause increased intracranial pressure. HC is a component of a wide array of genetic syndromes as well as a secondary consequence of brain injury (intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), infection, etc.) that can present across the age spectrum, highlighting the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease. Surgical treatments include ventricular shunting and endoscopic third ventriculostomy with or without choroid plexus cauterization, both of which are prone to failure, and no effective pharmacologic treatments for HC have been developed. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the genetic architecture and molecular pathogenesis of HC. Without this knowledge, the development of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures is impeded. However, the genetics of HC is extraordinarily complex, based on studies of varying size, scope, and rigor. This review serves to provide a comprehensive overview of genes, pathways, mechanisms, and global impact of genetics contributing to all etiologies of HC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK.
| | - Hunter Boudreau
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK
| | - Rishi Devulapalli
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Travis J Atchley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK
| | - Michael C Dewan
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mubeen Goolam
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graham Fieggen
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather L Spader
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anastasia A Smith
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Jeffrey P Blount
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - James M Johnston
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Brandon G Rocque
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Curtis J Rozzelle
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Zechen Chong
- Heflin Center for Genomics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Jennifer M Strahle
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kong W, Wang X, Zhao J, Kang M, Xi N, Li S. A new frameshift mutation in L1CAM producing X-linked hydrocephalus. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 8:e1031. [PMID: 31756056 PMCID: PMC6978236 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background X‐linked hydrocephalus (XLH), characterized by mental retardation and bilateral adducted thumbs, often come out to be a genetic disorder of L1CAM. It codes the protein L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), playing a crucial role in the development of the nervous system. The objective of the study was to report a new disease‐causing mutation site of L1CAM, and gain further insight into the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus. Methods We collect the samples of a couple and their second hydrocephalic fetus. Then, the whole‐exome sequencing and in‐depth mutation analysis were performed. Results The variant c.2491delG (p.V831fs), located in the exon 19 of L1CAM (chrX:153131214), could damage the L1CAM function by producing a frameshift in the translation of fibronectin type‐III of L1CAM. Conclusion We identified a novel disease‐causing mutation in L1CAM for the first time, which further confirmed L1CAM as a gene underlying XLH cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Kong
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Chengdu, China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of image, Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Kang
- Department of image, Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xi
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengmei Li
- Department of gynecology, Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, Chengdu, China
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Ferese R, Zampatti S, Griguoli AMP, Fornai F, Giardina E, Barrano G, Albano V, Campopiano R, Scala S, Novelli G, Gambardella S. A New Splicing Mutation in the L1CAM Gene Responsible for X-Linked Hydrocephalus (HSAS). J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:376-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Adle-Biassette H, Saugier-Veber P, Fallet-Bianco C, Delezoide AL, Razavi F, Drouot N, Bazin A, Beaufrère AM, Bessières B, Blesson S, Bucourt M, Carles D, Devisme L, Dijoud F, Fabre B, Fernandez C, Gaillard D, Gonzales M, Jossic F, Joubert M, Laurent N, Leroy B, Loeuillet L, Loget P, Marcorelles P, Martinovic J, Perez MJ, Satge D, Sinico M, Tosi M, Benichou J, Gressens P, Frebourg T, Laquerrière A. Neuropathological review of 138 cases genetically tested for X-linked hydrocephalus: evidence for closely related clinical entities of unknown molecular bases. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:427-42. [PMID: 23820807 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
L1 syndrome results from mutations in the L1CAM gene located at Xq28. It encompasses a wide spectrum of diseases, X-linked hydrocephalus being the most severe phenotype detected in utero, and whose pathophysiology is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to report detailed neuropathological data from patients with mutations, to delineate the neuropathological criteria required for L1CAM gene screening in foetuses by characterizing the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the cardinal signs, and to discuss the main differential diagnoses in non-mutated foetuses in order to delineate closely related conditions without L1CAM mutations. Neuropathological data from 138 cases referred to our genetic laboratory for screening of the L1CAM gene were retrospectively reviewed. Fifty-seven cases had deleterious L1CAM mutations. Of these, 100 % had hydrocephalus, 88 % adducted thumbs, 98 % pyramidal tract agenesis/hypoplasia, 90 % stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius and 68 % agenesis/hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. Two foetuses had L1CAM mutations of unknown significance. Seventy-nine cases had no L1CAM mutations; these were subdivided into four groups: (1) hydrocephalus sometimes associated with corpus callosum agenesis (44 %); (2) atresia/forking of the aqueduct of Sylvius/rhombencephalosynapsis spectrum (27 %); (3) syndromic hydrocephalus (9 %), and (4) phenocopies with no mutations in the L1CAM gene (20 %) and in whom family history strongly suggested an autosomal recessive mode of transmission. These data underline the existence of closely related clinical entities whose molecular bases are currently unknown. The identification of the causative genes would greatly improve our knowledge of the defective pathways involved in these cerebral malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Adle-Biassette
- Department of Pathology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France.
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Xu Y, Ye H, Shen Y, Xu Q, Zhu L, Liu J, Wu JY. Dscam mutation leads to hydrocephalus and decreased motor function. Protein Cell 2011; 2:647-55. [PMID: 21904980 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system is one of the most complicated organ systems in invertebrates and vertebrates. Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily is expressed widely in the nervous system during embryonic development. Previous studies in Drosophila suggest that Dscam plays important roles in neural development including axon branching, dendritic tiling and cell spacing. However, the function of the mammalian DSCAM gene in the formation of the nervous system remains unclear. Here, we show that Dscam ( del17 ) mutant mice exhibit severe hydrocephalus, decreased motor function and impaired motor learning ability. Our data indicate that the mammalian DSCAM gene is critical for the formation of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Xu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Schäfer MKE, Altevogt P. L1CAM malfunction in the nervous system and human carcinomas. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2425-37. [PMID: 20237819 PMCID: PMC11115577 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research over the last 25 years on the cell adhesion molecule L1 has revealed its pivotal role in nervous system function. Mutations of the human L1CAM gene have been shown to cause neurodevelopmental disorders such as X-linked hydrocephalus, spastic paraplegia and mental retardation. Impaired L1 function has been also implicated in the aetiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, defective enteric nervous system development and malformations of the renal system. Importantly, aberrant expression of L1 has emerged as a critical factor in the development of human carcinomas, where it enhances cell proliferation, motility and chemoresistance. This discovery promoted collaborative work between tumour biologists and neurobiologists, which has led to a substantial expansion of the basic knowledge about L1 function and regulation. Here we provide an overview of the pathological conditions caused by L1 malfunction. We further discuss how the available data on gene regulation, molecular interactions and posttranslational processing of L1 may contribute to a better understanding of associated neurological and cancerous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K E Schäfer
- Center for Neurosciences, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Knops NBB, Bos KK, Kerstjens M, van Dael K, Vos YJ. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a patient with L1 syndrome: a new report of a contiguous gene deletion syndrome including L1CAM and AVPR2. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1853-8. [PMID: 18553546 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report on an infant boy with congenital hydrocephalus due to L1 syndrome and polyuria due to diabetes insipidus. We initially believed his excessive urine loss was from central diabetes insipidus and that the cerebral malformation caused a secondary insufficient pituitary vasopressin release. However, he failed to respond to treatment with a vasopressin analogue, which pointed to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI). L1 syndrome and X-linked NDI are distinct clinical disorders caused by mutations in the L1CAM and AVPR2 genes, respectively, located in adjacent positions in Xq28. In this boy we found a deletion of 61,577 basepairs encompassing the entire L1CAM and AVPR2 genes and extending into intron 7 of the ARHGAP4 gene. To our knowledge this is the first description of a patient with a deletion of these three genes. He is the second patient to be described with L1 syndrome and NDI. During follow-up he manifested complications from the hydrocephalus and NDI including global developmental delay and growth failure with low IGF-1 and hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël B B Knops
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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