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Bellomo F, Pugliese S, Cairoli S, Krohn P, De Stefanis C, Raso R, Rega LR, Taranta A, De Leo E, Ciolfi A, Cicolani N, Petrini S, Luciani A, Goffredo BM, Porzio O, Devuyst O, Dionisi-Vici C, Emma F. Ketogenic Diet and Progression of Kidney Disease in Animal Models of Nephropathic Cystinosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024:00001751-990000000-00369. [PMID: 38995697 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Ketogenic diet can change the metabolism in the body and helped restore the function of altered pathways in nephropathic cystinosis.Ketogenic diet had significant benefits for preventing kidney damage, even when initiated after the onset of kidney impairment.Ketogenic diet may provide a partial therapeutic alternative in countries where cysteamine therapy is too expensive.
Background
Nephropathic cystinosis is a rare inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the CTNS gene that encodes for cystinosin, a lysosomal cystine/H+ symporter. From the standpoint of the kidneys, patients develop early-onset renal Fanconi syndrome and progressive CKD. Current therapy with cysteamine delays but does not prevent kidney failure and has significant side effects that limit adherence and reduce the quality of life of patients.
Methods
We have tested biochemically and histologically the effects of ketogenic diet on kidney disease of two animal models of nephropathic cystinosis.
Results
When Ctns
−/− mice were fed with ketogenic diet from 3 to 12 months of age, we observed significant nearly complete prevention of Fanconi syndrome, including low molecular weight proteinuria, glycosuria, and polyuria. Compared with wild-type animals, BUN at 12 months was higher in cystinotic mice fed with standard diet (P < 0.001), but not with ketogenic diet. At sacrifice, kidneys of knockout mice fed with ketogenic diet appeared macroscopically similar to those of wild-type animals, which was reflected microscopically by a significant reduction of interstitial cell infiltration (CD3 and CD68 positive cells, P < 0.01), of interstitial fibrosis (Masson and α-smooth muscle actin staining, P < 0.001), and of apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3 levels; P < 0.001), and by indirect evidence of restoration of a normal autophagic flux (SQSTM1/p62 and LC3-II expression, P < 0.05). Beneficial effects of ketogenic diet on tubular function were also observed after mice were fed with this ketogenic diet from the age of 6 months to the age of 15 months, after they had developed proximal tubular dysfunction. Although slightly less pronounced, these results were replicated in Ctns
−/− rats fed with ketogenic diet from 2 to 8 months of life.
Conclusions
These results indicate significant mitigation of the kidney phenotype in cystinotic animals fed with ketogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellomo
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Pugliese
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cairoli
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Drug Biology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrick Krohn
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roberto Raso
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Rita Rega
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Taranta
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ester De Leo
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciolfi
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolò Cicolani
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Bianca Maria Goffredo
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Drug Biology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ottavia Porzio
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Drug Biology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Emma
- Laboratory of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Division of Nephrology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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2
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Hollywood JA, Kallingappa PK, Cheung PY, Martis RM, Sreebhavan S, 'Atiola RD, Chatterjee A, Buckels EJ, Matthews BG, Lewis PM, Davidson AJ. Cystinosin deficient rats recapitulate the phenotype of nephropathic cystinosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F156-F170. [PMID: 35695380 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00277.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal storage disease cystinosis is caused by mutations in CTNS, encoding a cystine transporter, and in its severest form leads to proximal tubule dysfunction followed by kidney failure. Patients receive the drug-based therapy cysteamine from diagnosis. However, despite long-term treatment, cysteamine only slows the progression of end-stage renal disease. Pre-clinical testing in cystinotic rodents is required to evaluate new therapies; however, the current models are sub-optimal. To solve this problem we generated a new cystinotic rat model using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing to disrupt exon 3 of Ctns and measured various parameters over a 12-month time-course. Ctns-/- rats display hallmarks of cystinosis by 3-6 months of age as seen by a failure to thrive, excessive thirst and urination, cystine accumulation in tissues, corneal cystine crystals, a loss of Lrp2 in proximal tubules and immune cell infiltration. High levels of glucose, calcium, albumin and protein are excreted at 6-months of age, consistent with the onset of Fanconi syndrome, with a progressive diminution of urine urea and creatinine from 9-months of age, indicative of chronic kidney disease. The kidney histology and immunohistochemistry showed proximal tubule atrophy and glomerular damage as well as classic 'swan neck' lesions. Overall, Ctns-/- rats show a disease progression that more faithfully recapitulates nephropathic cystinosis than existing rodent models. The Ctns-/- rat provides an excellent new rodent model of nephropathic cystinosis that is ideally suited for conducting pre-clinical drug testing and a powerful tool to advance cystinosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Anne Hollywood
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Prasanna Kumar Kallingappa
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Vernon Jansen Unit, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Pang Yuk Cheung
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Renita M Martis
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sree Sreebhavan
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Douglas 'Atiola
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Aparajita Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Emma Jane Buckels
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brya G Matthews
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paula M Lewis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alan J Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Defective Cystinosin, Aberrant Autophagy−Endolysosome Pathways, and Storage Disease: Towards Assembling the Puzzle. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030326. [PMID: 35159136 PMCID: PMC8834619 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells that form the kidney proximal tubule (PT) rely on an intertwined ecosystem of vesicular membrane trafficking pathways to ensure the reabsorption of essential nutrients—a key requisite for homeostasis. The endolysosome stands at the crossroads of this sophisticated network, internalizing molecules through endocytosis, sorting receptors and nutrient transporters, maintaining cellular quality control via autophagy, and toggling the balance between PT differentiation and cell proliferation. Dysregulation of such endolysosome-guided trafficking pathways might thus lead to a generalized dysfunction of PT cells, often causing chronic kidney disease and life-threatening complications. In this review, we highlight the biological functions of endolysosome-residing proteins from the perspectives of understanding—and potentially reversing—the pathophysiology of rare inherited diseases affecting the kidney PT. Using cystinosis as a paradigm of endolysosome disease causing PT dysfunction, we discuss how the endolysosome governs the homeostasis of specialized epithelial cells. This review also provides a critical analysis of the molecular mechanisms through which defects in autophagy pathways can contribute to PT dysfunction, and proposes potential interventions for affected tissues. These insights might ultimately accelerate the discovery and development of new therapeutics, not only for cystinosis, but also for other currently intractable endolysosome-related diseases, eventually transforming our ability to regulate homeostasis and health.
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4
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Elmonem MA, Veys KRP, Prencipe G. Nephropathic Cystinosis: Pathogenic Roles of Inflammation and Potential for New Therapies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020190. [PMID: 35053306 PMCID: PMC8773784 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of several inflammatory pathways has recently been documented in patients and different cellular and animal models of nephropathic cystinosis. Upregulated inflammatory signals interact with many pathogenic aspects of the disease, such as enhanced oxidative stress, abnormal autophagy, inflammatory cell recruitment, enhanced cell death, and tissue fibrosis. Cysteamine, the only approved specific therapy for cystinosis, ameliorates many but not all pathogenic aspects of the disease. In the current review, we summarize the inflammatory mechanisms involved in cystinosis and their potential impact on the disease pathogenesis and progression. We further elaborate on the crosstalk between inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis, and discuss the potential of experimental drugs for suppressing the inflammatory signals in cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Elmonem
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11628, Egypt
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo 11517, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Koenraad R. P. Veys
- Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Development & Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Pediatrics, AZ Delta Campus, 8820 Torhout, Belgium
| | - Giusi Prencipe
- Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
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5
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Bioengineered Cystinotic Kidney Tubules Recapitulate a Nephropathic Phenotype. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010177. [PMID: 35011739 PMCID: PMC8750898 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephropathic cystinosis is a rare and severe disease caused by disruptions in the CTNS gene. Cystinosis is characterized by lysosomal cystine accumulation, vesicle trafficking impairment, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Additionally, cystinotic patients exhibit weakening and leakage of the proximal tubular segment of the nephrons, leading to renal Fanconi syndrome and kidney failure early in life. Current in vitro cystinotic models cannot recapitulate all clinical features of the disease which limits their translational value. Therefore, the development of novel, complex in vitro models that better mimic the disease and exhibit characteristics not compatible with 2-dimensional cell culture is of crucial importance for novel therapies development. In this study, we developed a 3-dimensional bioengineered model of nephropathic cystinosis by culturing conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells (ciPTECs) on hollow fiber membranes (HFM). Cystinotic kidney tubules showed lysosomal cystine accumulation, increased autophagy and vesicle trafficking deterioration, the impairment of several metabolic pathways, and the disruption of the epithelial monolayer tightness as compared to control kidney tubules. In particular, the loss of monolayer organization and leakage could be mimicked with the use of the cystinotic kidney tubules, which has not been possible before, using the standard 2-dimensional cell culture. Overall, bioengineered cystinotic kidney tubules recapitulate better the nephropathic phenotype at a molecular, structural, and functional proximal tubule level compared to 2-dimensional cell cultures.
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6
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Cheung PY, Harrison PT, Davidson AJ, Hollywood JA. In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Nephropathic Cystinosis. Cells 2021; 11:6. [PMID: 35011573 PMCID: PMC8750259 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development over the past 50 years of a variety of cell lines and animal models has provided valuable tools to understand the pathophysiology of nephropathic cystinosis. Primary cultures from patient biopsies have been instrumental in determining the primary cause of cystine accumulation in the lysosomes. Immortalised cell lines have been established using different gene constructs and have revealed a wealth of knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms that underlie cystinosis. More recently, the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, kidney organoids and tubuloids have helped bridge the gap between in vitro and in vivo model systems. The development of genetically modified mice and rats have made it possible to explore the cystinotic phenotype in an in vivo setting. All of these models have helped shape our understanding of cystinosis and have led to the conclusion that cystine accumulation is not the only pathology that needs targeting in this multisystemic disease. This review provides an overview of the in vitro and in vivo models available to study cystinosis, how well they recapitulate the disease phenotype, and their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pang Yuk Cheung
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (P.Y.C.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Patrick T. Harrison
- Department of Physiology, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, T12 XF62 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Alan J. Davidson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (P.Y.C.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Jennifer A. Hollywood
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (P.Y.C.); (A.J.D.)
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7
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Jamalpoor A, van Gelder CAGH, Yousef Yengej FA, Zaal EA, Berlingerio SP, Veys KR, Pou Casellas C, Voskuil K, Essa K, Ammerlaan CME, Rega LR, van der Welle REN, Lilien MR, Rookmaaker MB, Clevers H, Klumperman J, Levtchenko E, Berkers CR, Verhaar MC, Altelaar M, Masereeuw R, Janssen MJ. Cysteamine-bicalutamide combination therapy corrects proximal tubule phenotype in cystinosis. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13067. [PMID: 34165243 PMCID: PMC8261496 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephropathic cystinosis is a severe monogenic kidney disorder caused by mutations in CTNS, encoding the lysosomal transporter cystinosin, resulting in lysosomal cystine accumulation. The sole treatment, cysteamine, slows down the disease progression, but does not correct the established renal proximal tubulopathy. Here, we developed a new therapeutic strategy by applying omics to expand our knowledge on the complexity of the disease and prioritize drug targets in cystinosis. We identified alpha-ketoglutarate as a potential metabolite to bridge cystinosin loss to autophagy, apoptosis and kidney proximal tubule impairment in cystinosis. This insight combined with a drug screen revealed a bicalutamide-cysteamine combination treatment as a novel dual-target pharmacological approach for the phenotypical correction of cystinotic kidney proximal tubule cells, patient-derived kidney tubuloids and cystinotic zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Jamalpoor
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Charlotte AGH van Gelder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics CenterUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Fjodor A Yousef Yengej
- Hubrecht Institute‐Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Esther A Zaal
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Division of Cell Biology, Cancer & MetabolismDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sante P Berlingerio
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and RegenerationUniversity Hospitals Leuven & KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Koenraad R Veys
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and RegenerationUniversity Hospitals Leuven & KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Carla Pou Casellas
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Koen Voskuil
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Khaled Essa
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Carola ME Ammerlaan
- Hubrecht Institute‐Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Rita Rega
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research AreaBambino Gesù Children’s HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Reini EN van der Welle
- Section Cell BiologyCenter for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marc R Lilien
- Department of Pediatric NephrologyWilhelmina Children’s HospitalUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten B Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute‐Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell BiologyCenter for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and RegenerationUniversity Hospitals Leuven & KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Celia R Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Division of Cell Biology, Cancer & MetabolismDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics CenterUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Manoe J Janssen
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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8
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Jamalpoor A, Othman A, Levtchenko EN, Masereeuw R, Janssen MJ. Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment Options of Nephropathic Cystinosis. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:673-686. [PMID: 33975805 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nephropathic cystinosis is a severe, monogenic systemic disorder that presents early in life and leads to progressive organ damage, particularly affecting the kidneys. It is caused by mutations in the CTNS gene, which encodes the lysosomal transporter cystinosin, resulting in intralysosomal accumulation of cystine. Recent studies demonstrated that the loss of cystinosin is associated with disrupted autophagy dynamics, accumulation of distorted mitochondria, and increased oxidative stress, leading to abnormal proliferation and dysfunction of kidney cells. We discuss these molecular mechanisms driving nephropathic cystinosis. Further, we consider how unravelling molecular mechanisms supports the identification and development of new strategies for cystinosis by the use of small molecules, biologicals, and genetic rescue of the disease in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Jamalpoor
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amr Othman
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena N Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven & KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Manoe J Janssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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9
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Ferroptosis and Its Modulation by Autophagy in Light of the Pathogenesis of Lysosomal Storage Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020365. [PMID: 33578654 PMCID: PMC7916399 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is one of the recently described types of cell death which is dependent on many factors, including the accumulation of iron and lipid peroxidation. Its induction requires various signaling pathways. Recent discovery of ferroptosis induction pathways stimulated by autophagy, so called autophagy-dependent ferroptosis, put our attention on the role of ferroptosis in lysosomal storage diseases (LSD). Lysosome dysfunction, observed in these diseases, may influence ferroptosis efficiency, with as yet unknown consequences for the function of cells, tissues, and organisms, due to the effects of ferroptosis on physiological and pathological metabolic processes. Modulation of levels of ferrous ions and enhanced oxidative stress, which are primary markers of ferroptosis, are often described as processes associated with the pathology of LSD. Inhibition of autophagy flux and resultant accumulation of autophagosomes in neuronopathic LSD may induce autophagy-dependent ferroptosis, indicating a considerable contribution of this process in neurodegeneration. In this review article, we describe molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in light of LSD, underlining the modulation of levels of ferroptosis markers in these diseases. Furthermore, we propose a hypothesis about the possible involvement of autophagy-dependent ferroptosis in these disorders.
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10
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Festa BP, Berquez M, Nieri D, Luciani A. Endolysosomal Disorders Affecting the Proximal Tubule of the Kidney: New Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutics. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:233-257. [PMID: 33649992 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells that line the proximal tubule of the kidney rely on an intertwined ecosystem of vesicular membrane trafficking pathways to ensure the reabsorption of essential nutrients. To function effectively and to achieve homeostasis, these specialized cells require the sorting and recycling of a wide array of cell surface proteins within the endolysosomal network, including signaling receptors, nutrient transporters, ion channels, and polarity markers. The dysregulation of the endolysosomal system can lead to a generalized proximal tubule dysfunction, ultimately causing severe metabolic complications and kidney disease.In this chapter, we highlight the biological functions of the genes that code endolysosomal proteins from the perspective of understanding - and potentially reversing - the pathophysiology of endolysosomal disorders affecting the proximal tubule of the kidney. These insights might ultimately lead to potential treatments for currently intractable diseases and transform our ability to regulate kidney homeostasis and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Paola Festa
- Institute of Physiology, Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marine Berquez
- Institute of Physiology, Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Nieri
- Institute of Physiology, Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Luciani
- Institute of Physiology, Mechanisms of Inherited Kidney Disorders Group, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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11
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De Leo E, Elmonem MA, Berlingerio SP, Berquez M, Festa BP, Raso R, Bellomo F, Starborg T, Janssen MJ, Abbaszadeh Z, Cairoli S, Goffredo BM, Masereeuw R, Devuyst O, Lowe M, Levtchenko E, Luciani A, Emma F, Rega LR. Cell-Based Phenotypic Drug Screening Identifies Luteolin as Candidate Therapeutic for Nephropathic Cystinosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:1522-1537. [PMID: 32503896 PMCID: PMC7351012 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019090956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the gene that encodes the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin cause the lysosomal storage disease cystinosis. Defective cystine transport leads to intralysosomal accumulation and crystallization of cystine. The most severe phenotype, nephropathic cystinosis, manifests during the first months of life, as renal Fanconi syndrome. The cystine-depleting agent cysteamine significantly delays symptoms, but it cannot prevent progression to ESKD and does not treat Fanconi syndrome. This suggests the involvement of pathways in nephropathic cystinosis that are unrelated to lysosomal cystine accumulation. Recent data indicate that one such potential pathway, lysosome-mediated degradation of autophagy cargoes, is compromised in cystinosis. METHODS To identify drugs that reduce levels of the autophagy-related protein p62/SQSTM1 in cystinotic proximal tubular epithelial cells, we performed a high-throughput screening on the basis of an in-cell ELISA assay. We then tested a promising candidate in cells derived from patients with, and mouse models of, cystinosis, and in preclinical studies in cystinotic zebrafish. RESULTS Of 46 compounds identified as reducing p62/SQSTM1 levels in cystinotic cells, we selected luteolin on the basis of its efficacy, safety profile, and similarity to genistein, which we previously showed to ameliorate other lysosomal abnormalities of cystinotic cells. Our data show that luteolin improves the autophagy-lysosome degradative pathway, is a powerful antioxidant, and has antiapoptotic properties. Moreover, luteolin stimulates endocytosis and improves the expression of the endocytic receptor megalin. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that luteolin improves defective pathways of cystinosis and has a good safety profile, and thus has potential as a treatment for nephropathic cystinosis and other renal lysosomal storage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester De Leo
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Mohamed A. Elmonem
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sante Princiero Berlingerio
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marine Berquez
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Roberto Raso
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Bellomo
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Tobias Starborg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Manoe Jacoba Janssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Abbaszadeh
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cairoli
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Goffredo
- Department of Pediatric Medicine, Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lowe
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Francesco Emma
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Rita Rega
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
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12
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van der Wijst J, Belge H, Bindels RJM, Devuyst O. Learning Physiology From Inherited Kidney Disorders. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1575-1653. [PMID: 31215303 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00008.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes causing inherited kidney diseases yielded crucial insights in the molecular basis of disease and improved our understanding of physiological processes that operate in the kidney. Monogenic kidney disorders are caused by mutations in genes coding for a large variety of proteins including receptors, channels and transporters, enzymes, transcription factors, and structural components, operating in specialized cell types that perform highly regulated homeostatic functions. Common variants in some of these genes are also associated with complex traits, as evidenced by genome-wide association studies in the general population. In this review, we discuss how the molecular genetics of inherited disorders affecting different tubular segments of the nephron improved our understanding of various transport processes and of their involvement in homeostasis, while providing novel therapeutic targets. These include inherited disorders causing a dysfunction of the proximal tubule (renal Fanconi syndrome), with emphasis on epithelial differentiation and receptor-mediated endocytosis, or affecting the reabsorption of glucose, the handling of uric acid, and the reabsorption of sodium, calcium, and magnesium along the kidney tubule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van der Wijst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hendrica Belge
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Devuyst
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center , Nijmegen , The Netherlands ; Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland ; and Division of Nephrology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), Medical School, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Brasell EJ, Chu L, El Kares R, Seo JH, Loesch R, Iglesias DM, Goodyer P. The aminoglycoside geneticin permits translational readthrough of the CTNS W138X nonsense mutation in fibroblasts from patients with nephropathic cystinosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:873-881. [PMID: 30413946 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystinosis is an ultrarare disorder caused by mutations of the cystinosin (CTNS) gene, encoding a cystine-selective efflux channel in the lysosomes of all cells of the body. Oral therapy with cysteamine reduces intralysosomal cystine accumulation and slows organ deterioration but cannot reverse renal Fanconi syndrome nor prevent the eventual need for renal transplantation. A definitive therapeutic remains elusive. About 15% of cystinosis patients worldwide carry one or more nonsense mutations that halt translation of the CTNS protein. Aminoglycosides such as geneticin (G418) can bind to the mammalian ribosome, relax translational fidelity, and permit readthrough of premature termination codons to produce full-length protein. METHODS To ascertain whether aminoglycosides permit readthrough of the most common CTNS nonsense mutation, W138X, we studied the effect of G418 on patient fibroblasts. RESULTS G418 treatment induced translational readthrough of CTNSW138X constructs transfected into HEK293 cells and expression of full-length endogenous CTNS protein in homozygous W138X fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Reduction in intracellular cystine indicates that the CTNS protein produced is functional as a cystine transporter. Interestingly, similar effects were seen even in W138X compound heterozygotes. These studies establish proof-of-principle for the potential of aminoglycosides to treat cystinosis and possibly other monogenic diseases caused by nonsense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Brasell
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - LeeLee Chu
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Reyhan El Kares
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jung Hwa Seo
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Paul Goodyer
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada. .,The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, Québec, Canada. .,Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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14
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Li T, Zhao J, Miao S, Xu Y, Xiao X, Liu Y. Dynamic expression and roles of sequestome‑1/p62 in LPS‑induced acute kidney injury in mice. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7618-7626. [PMID: 29620262 PMCID: PMC5983950 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common complications of sepsis. The roles of autophagy in AKI have been demonstrated in previous studies. Sequestosome-1 (p62) has been demonstrated to serve essential roles in autophagy. The dysregulation of autophagy causes p62 accumulation, which is associated with increased inflammation and tumorigenesis. However, the expression patterns and role of p62 in septic AKI remain unknown. The present study detected the renal autophagy level, and the expression and localization of p62, in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI mouse model. The results demonstrated that autophagy was induced in the kidneys of LPS-treated mice. The mRNA and protein levels of p62 were decreased in whole renal tissue samples and increased in mice treated with LPS. Immunohistochemistry indicated that p62 protein was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm of proximal tubules under normal conditions and was significantly decreased following LPS injection into the cortex. In addition, p62 protein was gradually redistributed to the outer and inner medullas following treatment with LPS. In vitro experiments demonstrated that overexpression of p62 significantly decreased the viability and increased the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and apoptosis rate, of renal tubular epithelial cells. By contrast, interference with p62 expression using small interfering RNA increased the cell viability and decreased the LDH release and apoptosis rate. The results of the present study demonstrated that p62 may aggravate LPS-induced acute kidney injury in mice by promoting apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Shuying Miao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Xianzhong Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P.R. China
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15
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Impaired autophagy bridges lysosomal storage disease and epithelial dysfunction in the kidney. Nat Commun 2018; 9:161. [PMID: 29323117 PMCID: PMC5765140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The endolysosomal system sustains the reabsorptive activity of specialized epithelial cells. Lysosomal storage diseases such as nephropathic cystinosis cause a major dysfunction of epithelial cells lining the kidney tubule, resulting in massive losses of vital solutes in the urine. The mechanisms linking lysosomal defects and epithelial dysfunction remain unknown, preventing the development of disease-modifying therapies. Here we demonstrate, by combining genetic and pharmacologic approaches, that lysosomal dysfunction in cystinosis results in defective autophagy-mediated clearance of damaged mitochondria. This promotes the generation of oxidative stress that stimulates Gα12/Src-mediated phosphorylation of tight junction ZO-1 and triggers a signaling cascade involving ZO-1-associated Y-box factor ZONAB, which leads to cell proliferation and transport defects. Correction of the primary lysosomal defect, neutralization of mitochondrial oxidative stress, and blockage of tight junction-associated ZONAB signaling rescue the epithelial function. We suggest a link between defective lysosome-autophagy degradation pathways and epithelial dysfunction, providing new therapeutic perspectives for lysosomal storage disorders.
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16
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De Rechter S, Decuypere JP, Ivanova E, van den Heuvel LP, De Smedt H, Levtchenko E, Mekahli D. Autophagy in renal diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:737-52. [PMID: 26141928 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is the cell biology process in which cytoplasmic components are degraded in lysosomes to maintain cellular homeostasis and energy production. In the healthy kidney, autophagy plays an important role in the homeostasis and viability of renal cells such as podocytes and tubular epithelial cells and of immune cells. Recently, evidence is mounting that (dys)regulation of autophagy is implicated in the pathogenesis of various renal diseases, and might be an attractive target for new renoprotective therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of autophagy in kidney physiology and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie De Rechter
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Laboratory of Paediatrics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Paul Decuypere
- Laboratory of Abdominal Transplantation, Department of Microbiology and Immunology Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Abdominal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lambertus P van den Heuvel
- Laboratory of Paediatrics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Translational Metabolic Laboratory and Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Humbert De Smedt
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Paediatrics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Paediatrics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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17
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Ivanova EA, van den Heuvel LP, Elmonem MA, De Smedt H, Missiaen L, Pastore A, Mekahli D, Bultynck G, Levtchenko EN. Altered mTOR signalling in nephropathic cystinosis. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:457-464. [PMID: 26909499 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomes play a central role in regulating autophagy via activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). We examined mTORC1 signalling in the lysosomal storage disease nephropathic cystinosis (MIM 219800), in which accumulation of autophagy markers has been previously demonstrated. Cystinosis is caused by mutations in the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin and initially affects kidney proximal tubules causing renal Fanconi syndrome, followed by a gradual development of end-stage renal disease and extrarenal complications. Using proximal tubular kidney cells obtained from healthy donors and from cystinotic patients, we demonstrate that cystinosin deficiency is associated with a perturbed mTORC1 signalling, delayed reactivation of mTORC1 after starvation and abnormal lysosomal retention of mTOR during starvation. These effects could not be reversed by treatment with cystine-depleting drug cysteamine. Altered mTORC1 signalling can contribute to the development of proximal tubular dysfunction in cystinosis and points to new possibilities in therapeutic intervention through modulation of mTORC-dependent signalling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Ivanova
- Department of Growth and Regeneration, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lambertus P van den Heuvel
- Department of Growth and Regeneration, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed A Elmonem
- Department of Growth and Regeneration, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Humbert De Smedt
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ludwig Missiaen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anna Pastore
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Djalila Mekahli
- Department of Growth and Regeneration, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Bultynck
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signalling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elena N Levtchenko
- Department of Growth and Regeneration, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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18
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Liu N, Shi Y, Zhuang S. Autophagy in Chronic Kidney Diseases. KIDNEY DISEASES 2016; 2:37-45. [PMID: 27536690 DOI: 10.1159/000444841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is the degrading process of protein and organelles mediated by lysosomes. This process is involved in purging senescent organelles and subversive proteins while maintaining the stability of the intracellular environment. This phenomenon is highly conservative, existing in nearly every species, and is involved in cell growth, proliferation and tumorigenesis. SUMMARY In recent decades, with the discovery of autophagy-related genes and proteins in conjunction with the improvement in detection methods, the study of autophagy is constantly achieving new breakthroughs. It has been discovered that multiple regulatory mechanisms, including Atg protein and its conjugation system, mammalian target of rapamycin upstream and downstream pathways, complex of B-cell lymphoma-2 and Beclin-1c, cellular stress and dual regulation of p53 protein, jointly mediate the process of autophagy. Aberrant autophagy can cause impairment of resident kidney cells and development of various renal diseases. KEY MESSAGE In this paper, we summarize recent discoveries regarding the development and regulatory mechanisms of autophagy. We also highlight the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of some kidney diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy, obstructive nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, nephropathic cystinosis, aristolochic acid nephropathy, autoimmune kidney diseases and chronic cyclosporin A-induced nephrotoxicity. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of renal diseases and are useful for designing novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingfeng Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, R.I., USA
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19
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Sangani R, Periyasamy-Thandavan S, Pathania R, Ahmad S, Kutiyanawalla A, Kolhe R, Bhattacharyya MH, Chutkan N, Hunter M, Hill WD, Hamrick M, Isales C, Fulzele S. The crucial role of vitamin C and its transporter (SVCT2) in bone marrow stromal cell autophagy and apoptosis. Stem Cell Res 2015. [PMID: 26210298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is an antioxidant that plays a vital role in various biological processes including bone formation. Previously, we reported that vitamin C is transported into bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) through the sodium dependent Vitamin C Transporter 2 (SVCT2) and this transporter plays an important role in osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, this transporter is regulated by oxidative stress. To date, however, the exact role of vitamin C and its transporter (SVCT2) in ROS regulated autophagy and apoptosis in BMSCs is poorly understood. In the present study, we observed that oxidative stress decreased survival of BMSCs in a dose-dependent manner and induced growth arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. These effects were accompanied by the induction of autophagy, confirmed by P62 and LC3B protein level and punctate GFP-LC3B distribution. The supplementation of vitamin C significantly rescued the BMSCs from oxidative stress by regulating autophagy. Knockdown of the SVCT2 transporter in BMSCs synergistically decreased cell survival even under low oxidative stress conditions. Also, supplementing vitamin C failed to rescue cells from stress. Our results reveal that the SVCT2 transporter plays a vital role in the mechanism of BMSC survival under stress conditions. Altogether, this study has given new insight into the role of the SVCT2 transporter in oxidative stress related autophagy and apoptosis in BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnikumar Sangani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | - Rajneesh Pathania
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Saif Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Maryka H Bhattacharyya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Norman Chutkan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Monte Hunter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - William D Hill
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mark Hamrick
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Carlos Isales
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Institute of Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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20
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Surendran K, Vitiello SP, Pearce DA. Lysosome dysfunction in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:2253-61. [PMID: 24217784 PMCID: PMC4018427 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lysosome, an organelle central to macromolecule degradation and recycling, plays a pivotal role in normal cell processes, ranging from autophagy to redox regulation. Not surprisingly, lysosomes are an integral part of the renal epithelial molecular machinery that facilitates normal renal physiology. Two inherited diseases that manifest as kidney dysfunction are Fabry's disease and cystinosis, each of which is caused by a primary biochemical defect at the lysosome resulting from loss-of-function mutations in genes that encode lysosomal proteins. The functions of the lysosomes in the kidney and how lysosomal dysfunction might contribute to Fabry's disease and cystinosis are discussed. Unlike most other pediatric renal diseases, therapies are available for Fabry's disease and cystinosis, but require early diagnosis. Recent analysis of ceroid neuronal lipofuscinosis type 3 (Cln3) null mice, a mouse model of lysosomal disease that is primarily associated with neurological deficits, revealed renal functional abnormalities. As current and future therapeutics increase the life-span of those suffering from diseases like neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, it remains a distinct possibility that many more lysosomal disorders that primarily manifest as infant and juvenile neurodegenerative diseases may also include renal disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kameswaran Surendran
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Seasson P. Vitiello
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA,Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - David A. Pearce
- Sanford Children’s Health Research Center, Sanford Research/USD, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA,Corresponding Author: David A. Pearce, Sanford Research/USD, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104-0589, Telephone: 605 312-6004, FAX: 605 312-6071,
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21
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Sansanwal P, Li L, Sarwal MM. Inhibition of intracellular clusterin attenuates cell death in nephropathic cystinosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:612-25. [PMID: 25071085 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013060577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephropathic cystinosis, characterized by accumulation of cystine in the lysosomes, is caused by mutations in CTNS. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying proximal tubular dysfunction and progressive renal failure in nephropathic cystinosis are largely unclear, and increasing evidence supports the notion that cystine accumulation alone is not responsible for the end organ injury in cystinosis. We previously identified clusterin as potentially involved in nephropathic cystinosis. Here, we studied the expression of clusterin in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells obtained from patients with nephropathic cystinosis. The cytoprotective secretory form of clusterin, as evaluated by Western blot analysis, was low or absent in cystinosis cells compared with normal primary cells. Confocal microscopy revealed elevated levels of intracellular clusterin in cystinosis cells. Clusterin in cystinosis cells localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm and showed a filamentous and punctate aggresome-like pattern compared with diffuse cytoplasmic staining in normal cells. In kidney biopsy samples from patients with nephropathic cystinosis, clusterin protein expression was mainly limited to the proximal tubular cells. Furthermore, expression of clusterin overlapped with the expression of apoptotic proteins (apoptosis-inducing factor and cleaved caspase-3) and autophagy proteins (LC3 II and p62). Silencing of the clusterin gene resulted in a significant increase in cell viability and attenuation of apoptosis in cystinosis cells. Results of this study identify clusterin as a pivotal factor in the cell injury mechanism of nephropathic cystinosis and provide evidence linking cellular stress and injury to Fanconi syndrome and progressive renal injury in nephropathic cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sansanwal
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California;
| | - Li Li
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - Minnie M Sarwal
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California; Department of Surgery, Univeristy of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
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22
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Autophagy is emerging as an important pathway in many biological processes and diseases. This review summarizes the current progress on the role of autophagy in renal physiology and pathology. RECENT ADVANCES Studies from renal cells in culture, human kidney tissues, and experimental animal models implicate that autophagy regulates many critical aspects of normal and disease conditions in the kidney, such as diabetic nephropathy and other glomerular diseases, tubular injuries, kidney development and aging, cancer, and genetic diseases associated with the kidney. CRITICAL ISSUES The importance of autophagy in the kidney has just started to be elucidated. How the process of autophagy is altered in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases and how this alteration is beneficial or detrimental to kidney functions still need to be fully understood. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Investigations that uncover the precise mechanism and regulation of autophagy in various kidney diseases may lead to new strategies for therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Wang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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23
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Besouw MTP, Emma F, Levtchenko EN. Management of nephropathic cystinosis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2013. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2013.855634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhang K, Shi P, An T, Wang Q, Wang J, Li Z, Duan W, Li C, Guo Y. Food restriction-induced autophagy modulates degradation of mutant SOD1 in an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model. Brain Res 2013; 1519:112-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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