1
|
Bahrami M, Darabi S, Roozbahany NA, Abbaszadeh HA, Moghadasali R. Great potential of renal progenitor cells in kidney: From the development to clinic. Exp Cell Res 2024; 434:113875. [PMID: 38092345 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian renal organ represents a pinnacle of complexity, housing functional filtering units known as nephrons. During embryogenesis, the depletion of niches containing renal progenitor cells (RPCs) and the subsequent incapacity of adult kidneys to generate new nephrons have prompted the formulation of protocols aimed at isolating residual RPCs from mature kidneys and inducing their generation from diverse cell sources, notably pluripotent stem cells. Recent strides in the realm of regenerative medicine and the repair of tissues using stem cells have unveiled critical signaling pathways essential for the maintenance and generation of human RPCs in vitro. These findings have ushered in a new era for exploring novel strategies for renal protection. The present investigation delves into potential transcription factors and signaling cascades implicated in the realm of renal progenitor cells, focusing on their protection and differentiation. The discourse herein elucidates contemporary research endeavors dedicated to the acquisition of progenitor cells, offering crucial insights into the developmental mechanisms of these cells within the renal milieu and paving the way for the formulation of innovative treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bahrami
- Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Laser Applications in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Darabi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | | - Hojjat Allah Abbaszadeh
- Laser Applications in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Moghadasali
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Torban E, Goodyer P. Wilms' tumor gene 1: lessons from the interface between kidney development and cancer. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F3-F19. [PMID: 37916284 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00248.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1990, mutations of the Wilms' tumor-1 gene (WT1), encoding a transcription factor in the embryonic kidney, were found in 10-15% of Wilms' tumors; germline WT1 mutations were associated with hereditary syndromes involving glomerular and reproductive tract dysplasia. For more than three decades, these discoveries prompted investigators to explore the embryonic role of WT1 and the mechanisms by which loss of WT1 leads to malignant transformation. Here, we discuss how alternative splicing of WT1 generates isoforms that act in a context-specific manner to activate or repress target gene transcription. WT1 also regulates posttranscriptional regulation, alters the epigenetic landscape, and activates miRNA expression. WT1 functions at multiple stages of kidney development, including the transition from resting stem cells to committed nephron progenitor, which it primes to respond to WNT9b signals from the ureteric bud. WT1 then drives nephrogenesis by activating WNT4 expression and directing the development of glomerular podocytes. We review the WT1 mutations that account for Denys-Drash syndrome, Frasier syndrome, and WAGR syndrome. Although the WT1 story began with Wilms' tumors, an understanding of the pathways that link aberrant kidney development to malignant transformation still has some important gaps. Loss of WT1 in nephrogenic rests may leave these premalignant clones with inadequate DNA repair enzymes and may disturb the epigenetic landscape. Yet none of these observations provide a complete picture of Wilms' tumor pathogenesis. It appears that the WT1 odyssey is unfinished and still holds a great deal of untilled ground to be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torban
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and Research Institute of McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Goodyer
- Department of Human Genetics, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dickinson K, Hammond L, Akpa M, Chu LL, Lalonde CT, Goumba A, Goodyer P. WT1 regulates expression of DNA repair gene Neil3 during nephrogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 324:F245-F255. [PMID: 36546838 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00207.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian nephrons arise from a population of nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) expressing the master transcription factor Wilms tumor-1 (WT1), which is crucial for NPC proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In humans, biallelic loss of WT1 precludes nephrogenesis and leads to the formation of Wilms tumor precursor lesions. We hypothesize that WT1 normally primes the NPC for nephrogenesis by inducing expression of NPC-specific DNA repair genes that protect the genome. We analyzed transcript levels for a panel of DNA repair genes in embryonic day 17.5 (E17.5) versus adult mouse kidneys and noted seven genes that were increased >20-fold. We then isolated Cited1+ NPCs from E17.5 kidneys and found that only one gene, nei-like DNA glycosylase 3 (Neil3), was enriched. RNAscope in situ hybridization of E17.5 mouse kidneys showed increased Neil3 expression in the nephrogenic zone versus mature nephron structures. To determine whether Neil3 expression is WT1 dependent, we knocked down Wt1 in Cited1+ NPCs (60% knockdown efficiency) and noted a 58% reduction in Neil3 transcript levels. We showed that WT1 interacts with the Neil3 promoter and that activity of a Neil3 promoter-reporter vector was increased twofold in WT1+ versus WT1- cells. We propose that Neil3 is a WT1-dependent DNA repair gene expressed at high levels in Cited1+ NPCs, where it repairs mutational injury to the genome during nephrogenesis. NEIL3 is likely just one of many such lineage-specific repair mechanisms that respond to genomic injury during kidney development.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied the molecular events leading to Wilms tumors as a model for the repair of genomic injury. Specifically, we showed that WT1 activates DNA repair gene Neil3 in nephron progenitor cells. However, our observations offer a much broader principle, demonstrating that the embryonic kidney invests in lineage-specific expression of DNA repair enzymes. Thus, it is conceivable that failure of these mechanisms could lead to a variety of "sporadic" congenital renal malformations and human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Dickinson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Leah Hammond
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Murielle Akpa
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lee Lee Chu
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Caleb Tse Lalonde
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Goumba
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Goodyer
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molecular determinants of WNT9b responsiveness in nephron progenitor cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215139. [PMID: 30978219 PMCID: PMC6461349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primed nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) appear in metanephric mesenchyme by E11.5 and differentiate in response to the inductive WNT9b signal from the ureteric bud. However, the NPC WNT-receptor complex is unknown. We obtained M15 cells from E10.5 mesonephric mesenchyme and systematically analyzed components required for canonical WNT9b-responsiveness. When M15 cells were transfected with a β-catenin luciferase reporter plasmid, exposure to recombinant WNT9b resulted in minimal luciferase activity. We then analyzed mRNA-expression of WNT-pathway components and identified Fzd1-6 and Lrp6 transcripts but not Rspo1. When M15 cells were treated with recombinant RSPO1 the response to transfected WNT9b was augmented 4.8-fold. Co-transfection of M15 cells with Fzd5 (but no other Fzd family member) further increased the WNT9b signal to 16.8-fold and siRNA knockdown of Fzd5 reduced the signal by 52%. Knockdown of Lrp6 resulted in 60% WNT9b signal reduction. We confirmed Fzd5, Lrp6 and Rspo1 mRNA expression in CITED1(+) NPCs from E15.5 embryonic mouse kidney. Thus, while many WNT signaling-pathway components are present by E10.5, optimum responsiveness of E11.5 cap mesenchyme requires that NPCs acquire RSPO1, FZD5 and LRP6.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lienkamp SS. Using Xenopus to study genetic kidney diseases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 51:117-24. [PMID: 26851624 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Modern sequencing technology is revolutionizing our knowledge of inherited kidney disease. However, the molecular role of genes affected by the rapidly rising number of identified mutations is lagging behind. Xenopus is a highly useful, but underutilized model organism with unique properties excellently suited to decipher the molecular mechanisms of kidney development and disease. The embryonic kidney (pronephros) can be manipulated on only one side of the animal and its formation observed directly through the translucent skin. The moderate evolutionary distance between Xenopus and humans is a huge advantage for studying basic principles of kidney development, but still allows us to analyze the function of disease related genes. Optogenetic manipulations and genome editing by CRISPR/Cas are exciting additions to the toolbox for disease modelling and will facilitate the use of Xenopus in translational research. Therefore, the future of Xenopus in kidney research is bright.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soeren S Lienkamp
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, University of Freiburg Medical Center, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Signaling Studies (BIOSS), Albertstraße 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Awazu M, Hida M. Maternal nutrient restriction inhibits ureteric bud branching but does not affect the duration of nephrogenesis in rats. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:633-9. [PMID: 25675424 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal nutrient restriction produces offspring with fewer nephrons. We studied whether the reduced nephron number is due to the inhibition of ureteric branching or early cessation of nephrogenesis in rats. Signaling pathways involved in kidney development were also examined. METHODS The offspring of dams given food ad libitum (control (CON)) and those subjected to 50% food restriction (nutrient restriceted (NR)) were examined. RESULTS At embryonic day 13 (E13), there was no difference between NR and CON in body weight or kidney size. Ureteric buds branched once in both NR and CON. At E14 and E15, body and kidney size were significantly reduced in NR. Ureteric bud tip numbers were also reduced to 50% of CON. On the other hand, the disappearance of nephrogenic zone and a nephron progenitor marker Cited1 was not different between CON and NR. The final glomerular number of NR was 80% of CON. Activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, PI3K, Akt, and mammallian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and protein expression of β-catenin were downregulated at E15. CONCLUSION Ureteric branching is inhibited and developmentally regulated signaling pathways are downregulated at an early stage by maternal nutrient restriction. These changes, not early cessation of nephrogenesis, may be a mechanism for the inhibited kidney growth and nephrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Midori Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Hida
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan [2] Perinatal Center and Department of Neonatology, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Akpa MM, Iglesias DM, Chu LL, Cybulsky M, Bravi C, Goodyer PR. Wilms tumor suppressor, WT1, suppresses epigenetic silencing of the β-catenin gene. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:2279-88. [PMID: 25331950 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.573576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian kidney is derived from progenitor cells in intermediate mesoderm. During embryogenesis, progenitor cells expressing the Wilms tumor suppressor gene, WT1, are induced to differentiate in response to WNT signals from the ureteric bud. In hereditary Wilms tumors, clonal loss of WT1 precludes the β-catenin pathway response and leads to precancerous nephrogenic rests. We hypothesized that WT1 normally primes progenitor cells for differentiation by suppressing the enhancer of zeste2 gene (EZH2), involved in epigenetic silencing of differentiation genes. In human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells, we show that exogenous WT1B represses EZH2 transcription. This leads to a dramatic decrease in the repressive lysine 27 trimethylation mark on histone H3 that silences β-catenin gene expression. As a result, amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells acquire responsiveness to WNT9b and increase expression of genes that mark the onset of nephron differentiation. Our observations suggest that biallelic loss of WT1 sustains the inhibitory histone methylation state that characterizes Wilms tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murielle M Akpa
- From the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1 and
| | - Diana M Iglesias
- the Department of Paediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montréal, Québec H3Z 2Z3, Canada
| | - Lee Lee Chu
- the Department of Paediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montréal, Québec H3Z 2Z3, Canada
| | - Marta Cybulsky
- the Department of Paediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montréal, Québec H3Z 2Z3, Canada
| | - Cristina Bravi
- the Department of Paediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montréal, Québec H3Z 2Z3, Canada
| | - Paul R Goodyer
- From the Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1 and the Department of Paediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, Montréal, Québec H3Z 2Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|