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Robinson CH, Rickard M, Jeyakumar N, Smith G, Richter J, Van Mieghem T, Dos Santos J, Chanchlani R, Lorenzo AJ. Long-Term Kidney Outcomes in Children with Posterior Urethral Valves: A Population-Based Cohort Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2024:00001751-990000000-00400. [PMID: 39167453 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Points
Among 727 children with posterior urethral valves, 32% had major adverse kidney events (death, kidney failure, or CKD) over a median of 14.2-year follow-up.Children with posterior urethral valves were at substantially higher risks of kidney failure, CKD, and hypertension than the general population.This justifies close kidney health surveillance among children with posterior urethral valves and optimized transitions to adult urologic care.
Background
Posterior urethral valves represent the most common cause of lower urinary tract obstruction in male infants (approximately 1/4000 live births). Long-term kidney outcomes of posterior urethral valves remain uncertain. We aimed to determine the time-varying risk of major adverse kidney events (MAKE) following children with posterior urethral valves into adulthood.
Methods
A population-based retrospective cohort study of all male children (<2 years) diagnosed with posterior urethral valves between 1991 and 2021 in Ontario, Canada. Comparator cohorts were (1) male general population and (2) male children with pyeloplasty (both <2 years). The primary outcome was MAKE (death, long-term KRT [dialysis or kidney transplant], or CKD). Time to MAKE was analyzed using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. We censored for provincial emigration or administrative censoring (March 31, 2022).
Results
We included 727 children with posterior urethral valves, 855 pyeloplasty comparators, and 1,013,052 general population comparators. The median follow-up time was 16.6 years (Q1–3, 8.6–24.5) overall. Throughout follow-up, 32% of children with posterior urethral valves developed MAKE versus 1% of the general population and 6% of pyeloplasty comparators. Their adjusted hazard ratio for MAKE was 36.6 (95% confidence interval, 31.6 to 42.4) versus the general population. The risk of developing MAKE declined over the first 5 years after posterior urethral valves diagnosis but remained elevated for >30-year follow-up. Children with posterior urethral valves were also at higher risk of death, CKD, long-term KRT, hypertension, and AKI than the general population or pyeloplasty comparators.
Conclusions
Children with posterior urethral valves are at higher risk of adverse long-term kidney outcomes well into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cal H Robinson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mandy Rickard
- Division of Paediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nivethika Jeyakumar
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Graham Smith
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juliane Richter
- Division of Paediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim Van Mieghem
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joana Dos Santos
- Division of Paediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rahul Chanchlani
- ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Armando J Lorenzo
- Division of Paediatric Urology, Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Marcou M, Apel H, Wullich B, Hirsch-Koch K. [Kidney transplantation in children with complex urogenital malformations-what should be considered?]. UROLOGIE (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 63:351-356. [PMID: 38324034 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-024-02289-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) are the most common cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in children. Approximately one third of children with CAKUT have lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). AIM This article highlights the important aspects that need to be considered in kidney transplantation of children with complex urogenital malformations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The paper reviews the existing literature regarding the evaluation, preparation, perioperative management, and follow-up of children with complex urogenital malformations and ESRD undergoing renal transplantation. RESULTS Comprehensive diagnostics are required before any pediatric kidney transplantation. If LUTD is suspected, voiding cystourethrography and a urodynamic examination should be performed. Treatment of symptomatic vesicoureterorenal reflux and LUTD is mandatory prior to pediatric kidney transplantation. Following successful kidney transplantation of children with congenital urogenital malformations, lifelong follow-up is required. Regular reevaluations of the bladder by means of urodynamic examinations are necessary. In patients following bladder augmentation with intestinal segments or urinary diversions in childhood, regular endoscopic examinations of the urinary tract are recommended to rule out secondary malignancy. CONCLUSION Treatment of children with complex urogenital malformations should be carried out in centers with appropriate expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Marcou
- Urologische und Kinderurologische Klinik, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland.
- Transplantationszentrum Erlangen, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland.
| | - Hendrik Apel
- Urologische und Kinderurologische Klinik, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Transplantationszentrum Erlangen, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Bernd Wullich
- Urologische und Kinderurologische Klinik, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Transplantationszentrum Erlangen, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Karin Hirsch-Koch
- Urologische und Kinderurologische Klinik, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland
- Transplantationszentrum Erlangen, Uniklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Deutschland
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