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Lin D, Gao S, Zhen M. The comprehensive impact of thermal-PM2.5 interaction on subjective evaluation of urban outdoor space: A pilot study in a cold region of China. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304617. [PMID: 38820509 PMCID: PMC11142723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Urban outdoor space has a very important impact on the quality of people's outdoor activities, which has influenced people's health and moods. Its influence is the result of the combined action of various factors. Thermal and air quality environment are important factors affecting the overall comfort of the urban outdoor space. At present, there are few research on interaction with thermal and air quality environment. Therefore, a meteorological measurement and questionnaire survey have been conducted in a representative open space in a campus in Xi'an, China. The following are the research results:(1) Mean physiological equivalent temperature (MPET) is a significant factor affecting thermal sensation vote (TSV) and thermal comfort vote (TCV). PM2.5 has no significant effect on thermal comfort vote (TCV), but it is a considerable factor affecting thermal sensation vote (TSV) when 10.2°C ≤ MPET<21°C (P = 0.023 *). (2) PM2.5 is a significant factor affecting air quality vote (AQV) and breathing comfort vote (BCV).Mean physiological equivalent temperature (MPET) has no significant impact on air quality vote (AQV), but it is a considerable factor affecting breathing comfort vote (BCV) when 10.2°C ≤ MPET<21°C (P = 0.01 **). (3) Mean physiological equivalent temperature (MPET) is a significant factor affecting overall comfort vote (OCV), but PM2.5 is not. In general, When 10.2°C ≤ MPET<21°C (-0.5 < -0.37 ≤ TCV ≤ 0.12 <0.5), the interaction between thermal and PM2.5 environment is significant on thermal sensation vote (TSV) and breathing comfort vote (BCV). This study can provide experimental support for the field of multi-factor interaction, which has shown that improving the thermal environment can better breathing comfort, while reducing PM2.5 concentration can promote thermal comfort. And can also provide reference for the study of human subjective comfort in urban outdoor space in the same latitude of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahu Lin
- School of Architecture and Art, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, 075000, Hebei, China
| | - Sujing Gao
- School of Sciences for the Human Habitat, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Meng Zhen
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi’ an Jiaotong University, Xi’ an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
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Adnan MSG, Dewan A, Botje D, Shahid S, Hassan QK. Vulnerability of Australia to heatwaves: A systematic review on influencing factors, impacts, and mitigation options. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113703. [PMID: 35716815 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heatwaves have received major attention globally due to their detrimental effects on human health and the environment. The frequency, duration, and severity of heatwaves have increased recently due to changes in climatic conditions, anthropogenic forcing, and rapid urbanization. Australia is highly vulnerable to this hazard. Although there have been an increasing number of studies conducted in Australia related to the heatwave phenomena, a systematic review of heatwave vulnerability has rarely been reported in the literature. OBJECTIVES This study aims to provide a systematic and overarching review of the different components of heatwave vulnerability (e.g., exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity) in Australia. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA protocol. Peer-reviewed English language articles published between January 2000 and December 2021 were selected using a combination of search keywords in Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. Articles were critically analyzed based on three specific heatwave vulnerability components: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A total of 107 articles meeting all search criteria were chosen. Although there has been an increasing trend of heat-related studies in Australia, most of these studies have concentrated on exposure and adaptive capacity components. Evidence suggests that the frequency, severity, and duration of heatwaves in Australian cities has been increasing, and that this is likely to continue under current climate change scenarios. This study noted that heatwave vulnerability is associated with geographical and climatic factors, space, time, socioeconomic and demographic factors, as well as the physiological condition of people. Various heat mitigation and adaptation measures implemented around the globe have proven to be efficient in reducing the impacts of heatwaves. CONCLUSION This study provides increased clarity regarding the various drivers of heatwave vulnerability in Australia. Such knowledge is crucial in informing extreme heat adaptation and mitigation planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sarfaraz Gani Adnan
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET), Chittagong, 4319, Bangladesh; Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom.
| | - Ashraf Dewan
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Dirk Botje
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Shamsuddin Shahid
- Department of Hydraulics & Hydrology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Quazi K Hassan
- Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Bryś K, Bryś T, Ojrzyńska H, Sayegh MA, Głogowski A. Variability and role of long-wave radiation fluxes in the formation of net radiation and thermal features of grassy and bare soil active surfaces in Wrocław. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 747:141192. [PMID: 32777497 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The paper examines the variability of long-wave radiation fluxes in two contrasting types of urban active surfaces - grassy surface and surface without plants (bare soil) in Wrocław (Poland) within a 12-year period (August 2007-July 2019). The study used net radiation and heat balance formulas to calculate the share of individual radiation fluxes in these balances, and then utilized the Stefan-Boltzmann formula to calculate the effective temperatures of researched surfaces. The analysis showed the temporal variability of these fluxes against the background of weather and climatic conditions and in relation to the variability of short-wave radiation fluxes. The role of long-wave radiation fluxes in forming net radiation was examined in detail to show the buffering role of vegetation surfaces regarding the variability of solar radiation fluxes and their heat effects. The mean monthly values of outgoing long-wave radiation fluxes change from 309.0 W·m-2 for bare soil, 309.8 W·m-2 for grassy surface, and 288.8 W·m-2 for downward atmospheric radiation to respectively 435.8, 425.0 and 369.4 W·m-2 in July. The coefficient of variability for long-wave radiation daily fluxes are approximately one order of magnitude lower than for the short-wave radiation. The differences between values of long-wave radiation fluxes for bare soil and grassy surfaces vary from slight negative values in winter to relatively sizable positive values during the vegetation period (March-October). The weakening of the buffering effect for grassy surface and how air temperature then changes considerably compared to the effective temperature of the active surfaces were explained using the dry summer period of August 2015 as example. The obtained results are important, as they provide empirical arguments for urban planning to extend plant areas' share in big cities as well as to introduce there a friendly environmental system of irrigation in these areas using renewable solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Bryś
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Development, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Bryś
- Polish Geophysical Society, Wrocław Division, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Hanna Ojrzyńska
- Institute of Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Environmental Management, Wroclaw University, pl. Uniwersytecki 1, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marderos Ara Sayegh
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, ul. Norwida 4/6, 50-337 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Głogowski
- Institute of Environmental Protection and Development, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Geodesy, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, pl. Grunwaldzki 24, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland.
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Abstract
Dense urbanization influences the livability of cities. Changes in local meteorological conditions can be adverse for human health and well-being. In urban open spaces, it is widely known that changes in building density and configuration in cities influence wind speed (Va). This influence modifies latent heat flux between the human body and surrounding environment and thereby affecting the thermal comfort conditions in open spaces between buildings. Several studies have demonstrated the significant effect of wind speed on outdoor thermal comfort. Melbourne’s Central Business District (CBD) has recently experienced dense urbanization and this pattern of development has instigated noticeable changes in meteorological conditions. Some evidence has suggested that the patterns of wind flow induce thermal discomfort during cool seasons. Conversely, the wind is most welcomed during warm seasons. This study was conducted to assess outdoor users’ responses to Va in three open spaces of an educational precinct in Melbourne’s CBD. The open spaces studied are different in terms of design and function. Users’ responses and meteorological conditions were examined through a series of field measurements and questionnaire surveys from November 2014 to May 2015. This study used three perceptual scales to analyze participants’ experience of Va during field surveys: “Bedford preference”, “thermal sensation” and “personal acceptability”. Analytical results yielded the wind perceptual comfort thresholds for different seasons as well as the entire study period. The results suggested that in addition to the geometry of the urban open space, the function of place could influence people’s perceptions of Va. The research findings contribute to developing thermally comfortable outdoor environments.
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Allen MJ, Vanos J, Hondula DM, Vecellio DJ, Knight D, Mehdipoor H, Lucas R, Fuhrmann C, Lokys H, Lees A, Nascimento ST, Leung ACW, Perkins DR. Supporting sustainability initiatives through biometeorology education and training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:93-106. [PMID: 28725975 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The International Society of Biometeorology (ISB) has covered significant breadth and depth addressing fundamental and applied societal and environmental challenges in the last 60 years. Biometeorology is an interdisciplinary science connecting living organisms to their environment, but there is very little understanding of the existence and placement of this discipline within formal educational systems and institutions. It is thus difficult to project the ability of members of the biometeorological community-especially the biometeorologists of the future-to help solve global challenges. In this paper, we ask: At present, how we are training people to understand and think about biometeorology? We also ask: What are the current tools and opportunities in which biometeorologists might address future challenges? Finally, we connect these two questions by asking: What type of new training and skill development is needed to better educate "biometeorologists of the future" to more effectively address the future challenges? To answer these questions, we provide quantitative and qualitative evidence from an educationally focused workshop attended by new professionals in biometeorology. We identify four common themes (thermal comfort and exposures, agricultural productivity, air quality, and urbanization) that biometeorologists are currently studying and that we expect to be important in the future based on their alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Review of recent literature within each of these thematic areas highlights a wide array of skill sets and perspectives that biometeorologists are already using. Current and new professionals within the ISB have noted highly varying and largely improvised educational pathways into the field. While variability and improvisation may be assets in promoting flexibility, adaptation, and interdisciplinarity, the lack of formal training in biometeorology raises concerns about the extent to which continuing generations of scholars will identify and engage with the community of scholarship that the ISB has developed over its 60-year history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Allen
- Department of Political Science and Geography, Old Dominion University, 7035 Batten Arts and Letters, Norfolk, VA, USA.
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- Climate, Atmospheric Science, and Physical Oceanography Department Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, San Diego, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, UC San Diego, San Diego, USA
| | - David M Hondula
- School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel J Vecellio
- Climate Science Lab, Department of Geography, Texas A&M University, Texas, , College Station, TX, USA
| | - David Knight
- Department of Engineering Education, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Hamed Mehdipoor
- Department of Geo-Information Processing, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rebekah Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chris Fuhrmann
- Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Hanna Lokys
- Climatology Group, Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Angela Lees
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Animal Science Group, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Andrew C W Leung
- Climate Laboratory, Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David R Perkins
- Center for Climate Change Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
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Jacobs SJ, Vihma T, Pezza AB. Heat stress during the Black Saturday event in Melbourne, Australia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2015; 59:759-770. [PMID: 25172086 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-014-0889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Black Saturday bushfire event of February 7, 2009, devastated the state of Victoria, Australia, resulting in 173 deaths. On this day, the maximum temperature in Melbourne (state capital of Victoria, population 4 million people) exceeded 46 °C, there were wind gusts of over 80 km h(-1) and the relative humidity dropped below 5 %. We investigated the severe meteorological conditions of Black Saturday and the risk of heat stress and dehydration for the residents of Melbourne. This was through the analysis of weather station data, air pollution data, the apparent temperature (AT) and the COMfort FormulA human energy budget model. A very strong pressure gradient caused hot and dry air to be advected to Melbourne from the desert interior of Australia creating the extreme weather conditions. The AT showed that on Black Saturday, heat stress conditions were present, though underrepresented due to assumptions in the AT formula. Further investigation into the human energy budget revealed that the conditions required a sweating rate of 1.4 kg h(-1) to prevent heat accumulation into the body. If sweating stopped, hyperthermia could occur in 15 min. Sensitivity tests indicated that the dry air and strong winds on Black Saturday helped to release latent heat, but the required sweating rate was virtually unattainable for an average person and would result in intense dehydration. Air particulates were at dangerous concentrations in Melbourne on Black Saturday, further intensifying the stresses to the human body. In the future, we recommend that the AT is not used as a thermal comfort measure as it underestimates the physical stress people experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Jacobs
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, CRC for Water Sensitive Cities, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia,
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Gosling SN. New insights into biometeorology. Foreword. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2014; 58:101-102. [PMID: 24464497 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-014-0793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Gosling
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK,
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