Towards understanding temporal and spatial dynamics of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) infestations using decade-long agrometeorological time series

Çanakkale İlinde Zeytin Sineği (Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) Diptera; Tephritidae)’nin Kışlama Durumu ve Mevsimsel Uçuşu

Zeytin sineği (Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin) Diptera: Tephritidae)’nin kışlama durumu ve ergin uçuşu, Çanakkale ilinde; Merkez (Yenimahalle, Dardanos ve Işıklar köyü) ve Ezine (Geyikli 1 ve 2) ilçelerinde 5 zeytin bahçesinde 02.05.2020-02.04.2022 tarihlerinde incelenmiştir. Her bahçedeki bir ağacın dalına besin cezbedici (50 mg (1,7)-Dioxaspiro (5,5) undecane + 70 g Carbonic acid/ Disp.) + sarı yapışkan tuzak asılmış ve örnekleme süresince tuzaklara yakalanan Zeytin sineği erginleri haftalık sayılarak erkek ve dişi olarak kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca iklim odasında saksıda 5, 10 ve 15 cm toprak derinliklerinde B. oleae’nın pupalarından ergin çıkışı incelenerek kışlama durumu değerlendirilmiştir. Örnekleme süresince 5 bahçedeki tuzaklara B. oleae erginleri aralıksız olarak yakalanmış olup, 1156 erkek ve 1936 dişi olmak üzere toplam 3092 ergin sayılmıştır. Tuzaklara mayıs ve temmuz aylarında sınırlı sayıda ergin kaydedilmiş ve yağışla birlikte eylül ayında ergin sayısı artmış; ekim, aralık, ocak-şubat aylarında tuzaklara yüksek sayıda ergin yakalanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, 2020 ve 2021 yılı kış aylarında Zeytin sineği ergin uçuşu devam etmiş, yıllara göre ergin popülasyon yoğunluğu değişmekle birlikte 4-5 tepe noktası meydana gelmiştir. Toprak derinliğiyle ters orantılı olarak 5 , 10 ve 15 cm pupa derinliğinde sırasıyla %75,5, 1 %62.63 ve %41.7 oranında ergin çıkışı gerçekleşmiştir

Climate Change and Major Pests of Mediterranean Olive Orchards: Are We Ready to Face the Global Heating?

Simple Summary

The phenomenon of climate change affects the entire world, especially the most vulnerable areas such as the Mediterranean. Since the olive growing is one of the main economic sources for the Mediterranean countries, investigations on olive pests under global heating are necessary. Nowadays, knowledge on the topic is scarce, and nothing is known about the effects of climate change on olive pest parasitoids and predators. This information could be fundamental to understand the phenomena of pest outbreaks that are spreading in the Mediterranean olive orchards. The use of prevention tools (e.g., monitoring, prediction models) may help in controlling olive pests under a climate change scenario.

Abstract

Evidence of the impact of climate change on natural and agroecosystems is nowadays established worldwide, especially in the Mediterranean Basin, an area known to be very susceptible to heatwaves and drought. Olea europaea is one of the main income sources for the Mediterranean agroeconomy, and it is considered a sensitive indicator of the climate change degree because of the tight relationship between its biology and temperature trend. Despite the economic importance of the olive, few studies are nowadays available concerning the consequences that global heating may have on its major pests. Among the climatic parameters, temperature is the key one influencing the relation between the olive tree and its most threatening parasites, including Bactrocera oleae and Prays oleae. Therefore, several prediction models are based on this climatic parameter (e.g., cumulative degree day models). Even if the use of models could be a promising tool to improve pest control strategies and to safeguard the Mediterranean olive patrimony, they are not currently available for most O. europaea pests, and they have to be used considering their limits. This work stresses the lack of knowledge about the biology and the ethology of olive pests under a climate change scenario, inviting the scientific community to focus on the topic.

The rise of phenology with climate change: an evaluation of IJB publications

In recent decades, phenology has become an important tool by which to measure both the impact of climate change on ecosystems and the feedback of ecosystems to the climate system. However, there has been little attempt to date to systematically quantify the increase in the number of scientific publications with a focus on phenology and climate change. In order to partially address this issue, we examined the number of articles (original papers, reviews and short communications) containing the terms 'phenology' and 'climate change' in the title, abstract or keywords, published in the International Journal of Biometeorology in the 60 years since its inception in 1957. We manually inspected all issues prior to 1987 for the search terms and subsequently used the search facility on the Web of Science online database. The overall number of articles published per decade remained relatively constant (255-378) but rose rapidly to 1053 in the most recent decade (2007-2016), accompanied by an increase (41-172) in the number of articles containing the search terms. A number of factors may have contributed to this rise, including the recognition of the value of phenology as an indicator of climate change and the initiation in 2010 of a series of conferences focusing on phenology which subsequently led to two special issues of the journal. The word 'phenology' was in use from the first issue, whereas 'climate change' only emerged in 1987 and peaked in 2014. New technologies such as satellite remote sensing and the internet led to an expansion of and greater access to a growing reservoir of phenological information. The application of phenological data included determining the impact of warming of phenophases, predicting wine quality and the pollen season, demonstrating the potential for mismatch to occur and both reconstructing and forecasting climate. Even though this analysis was limited to one journal, it is likely to be indicative of a similar trend across other scientific publications.