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Iswanto ABB, Vu MH, Shon JC, Kumar R, Wu S, Kang H, Kim DR, Son GH, Kim WY, Kwak YS, Liu KH, Kim SH, Kim JY. α1-COP modulates plasmodesmata function through sphingolipid enzyme regulation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:1639-1657. [PMID: 38888228 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Callose, a β-1,3-glucan plant cell wall polymer, regulates symplasmic channel size at plasmodesmata (PD) and plays a crucial role in a variety of plant processes. However, elucidating the molecular mechanism of PD callose homeostasis is limited. We screened and identified an Arabidopsis mutant plant with excessive callose deposition at PD and found that the mutated gene was α1-COP, a member of the coat protein I (COPI) coatomer complex. We report that loss of function of α1-COP elevates the callose accumulation at PD by affecting subcellular protein localization of callose degradation enzyme PdBG2. This process is linked to the functions of ERH1, an inositol phosphoryl ceramide synthase, and glucosylceramide synthase through physical interactions with the α1-COP protein. Additionally, the loss of function of α1-COP alters the subcellular localization of ERH1 and GCS proteins, resulting in a reduction of GlcCers and GlcHCers molecules, which are key sphingolipid (SL) species for lipid raft formation. Our findings suggest that α1-COP protein, together with SL modifiers controlling lipid raft compositions, regulates the subcellular localization of GPI-anchored PDBG2 proteins, and hence the callose turnover at PD and symplasmic movement of biomolecules. Our findings provide the first key clue to link the COPI-mediated intracellular trafficking pathway to the callose-mediated intercellular signaling pathway through PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Minh Huy Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Shon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Shuwei Wu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Da-Ran Kim
- Departement of Plant Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Geon Hui Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Woe Yoen Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Departement of Plant Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Kwang Hyeon Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
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2
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Liu N, Hou L, Chen X, Bao J, Chen F, Cai W, Zhu H, Wang L, Chen X. Arabidopsis TETRASPANIN8 mediates exosome secretion and glycosyl inositol phosphoceramide sorting and trafficking. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:626-641. [PMID: 37950906 PMCID: PMC11024842 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are components of plant membranes, and their heterogeneous distribution gives different membrane systems distinct properties. For example, glycosyl inositol phosphoceramides (GIPCs), 1 major type of sphingolipids, aggregate in the outer layer of the plasma membrane (PM), as well as in extracellular vesicles (EVs), including the small (30 to 100 nm) EVs termed exosomes. How these sphingolipids are sorted and trafficked is not clear. In this work, we report that Arabidopsis thaliana TETRASPANIN8 (TET8) acts as a sphingolipid carrier and thus regulates the export of GIPCs from the Golgi apparatus. TET8 recognized the coat protein complex I (COPI) subunit γ2-COPI and moved to its proper location in the PM; this recognition required the TET8 C-terminal tail. Deleting the C-terminal tail of TET8 largely restricted its roles in GIPC transport and endosomal trafficking. Further, we show that TET8 affects EV secretion in association with GIPCs. Thus, our findings shed light on GIPC transport and the molecular machinery involved in EV biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Lipan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingjing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Fangyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenjuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huixian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lingjian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences/Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Sánchez-Simarro J, Aniento F, Marcote MJ. The presence of β'1-COP and β'2-COP is required for female and male gametophyte development. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2023; 36:343-347. [PMID: 37266760 PMCID: PMC10570158 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-023-00467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Coat protein I (COPI) and Coat protein II (COPII) coated vesicles mediate protein transport in the early secretory pathway. Although several components of COPII vesicles have been shown to have an essential role in Arabidopsis gametogenesis, the function of COPI components in gametogenesis has not been studied in detail. COPI consists of a heptameric complex made of α, β, β', γ, δ, ɛ, and ζ-COP subunits and most subunits have several isoforms in Arabidopsis. We have found that two isoforms of the β'-COP subunit, β'1-COP and β'2-COP, are required for female and male gametophyte development. Reciprocal crosses between wild type plants and plants heterozygous for T-DNA insertions in β'1-COP and β'2-COP showed that β'1β'2-cop gametophytes are not transmitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Sánchez-Simarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - María Jesús Marcote
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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4
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Robinson R, Sprott D, Couroux P, Routly E, Labbé N, Xing T, Robert LS. The triticale mature pollen and stigma proteomes - assembling the proteins for a productive encounter. J Proteomics 2023; 278:104867. [PMID: 36870675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2023.104867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Triticeae crops are major contributors to global food production and ensuring their capacity to reproduce and generate seeds is critical. However, despite their importance our knowledge of the proteins underlying Triticeae reproduction is severely lacking and this is not only true of pollen and stigma development, but also of their pivotal interaction. When the pollen grain and stigma are brought together they have each accumulated the proteins required for their intended meeting and accordingly studying their mature proteomes is bound to reveal proteins involved in their diverse and complex interactions. Using triticale as a Triticeae representative, gel-free shotgun proteomics was used to identify 11,533 and 2977 mature stigma and pollen proteins respectively. These datasets, by far the largest to date, provide unprecedented insights into the proteins participating in Triticeae pollen and stigma development and interactions. The study of the Triticeae stigma has been particularly neglected. To begin filling this knowledge gap, a developmental iTRAQ analysis was performed revealing 647 proteins displaying differential abundance as the stigma matures in preparation for pollination. An in-depth comparison to an equivalent Brassicaceae analysis divulged both conservation and diversification in the makeup and function of proteins involved in the pollen and stigma encounter. SIGNIFICANCE: Successful pollination brings together the mature pollen and stigma thus initiating an intricate series of molecular processes vital to crop reproduction. In the Triticeae crops (e.g. wheat, barley, rye, triticale) there persists a vast deficit in our knowledge of the proteins involved which needs to be addressed if we are to face the many upcoming challenges to crop production such as those associated with climate change. At maturity, both the pollen and stigma have acquired the protein complement necessary for their forthcoming encounter and investigating their proteomes will inevitably provide unprecedented insights into the proteins enabling their interactions. By combining the analysis of the most comprehensive Triticeae pollen and stigma global proteome datasets to date with developmental iTRAQ investigations, proteins implicated in the different phases of pollen-stigma interaction enabling pollen adhesion, recognition, hydration, germination and tube growth, as well as those underlying stigma development were revealed. Extensive comparisons between equivalent Triticeae and Brassiceae datasets highlighted both the conservation of biological processes in line with the shared goal of activating the pollen grain and promoting pollen tube invasion of the pistil to effect fertilization, as well as the significant distinctions in their proteomes consistent with the considerable differences in their biochemistry, physiology and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reneé Robinson
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada; Carleton University, Department of Biology, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - David Sprott
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Philippe Couroux
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Routly
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Natalie Labbé
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Tim Xing
- Carleton University, Department of Biology, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Laurian S Robert
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada.
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5
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Zhao Y, Dong Q, Geng Y, Ma C, Shao Q. Dynamic Regulation of Lipid Droplet Biogenesis in Plant Cells and Proteins Involved in the Process. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087476. [PMID: 37108639 PMCID: PMC10138601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous, dynamic organelles found in almost all organisms, including animals, protists, plants and prokaryotes. The cell biology of LDs, especially biogenesis, has attracted increasing attention in recent decades because of their important role in cellular lipid metabolism and other newly identified processes. Emerging evidence suggests that LD biogenesis is a highly coordinated and stepwise process in animals and yeasts, occurring at specific sites of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that are defined by both evolutionarily conserved and organism- and cell type-specific LD lipids and proteins. In plants, understanding of the mechanistic details of LD formation is elusive as many questions remain. In some ways LD biogenesis differs between plants and animals. Several homologous proteins involved in the regulation of animal LD formation in plants have been identified. We try to describe how these proteins are synthesized, transported to the ER and specifically targeted to LD, and how these proteins participate in the regulation of LD biogenesis. Here, we review current work on the molecular processes that control LD formation in plant cells and highlight the proteins that govern this process, hoping to provide useful clues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Qingdi Dong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Yuhu Geng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Changle Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Qun Shao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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6
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Klodová B, Potěšil D, Steinbachová L, Michailidis C, Lindner AC, Hackenberg D, Becker JD, Zdráhal Z, Twell D, Honys D. Regulatory dynamics of gene expression in the developing male gametophyte of Arabidopsis. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2022:10.1007/s00497-022-00452-5. [PMID: 36282332 PMCID: PMC10363097 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-022-00452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sexual reproduction in angiosperms requires the production and delivery of two male gametes by a three-celled haploid male gametophyte. This demands synchronized gene expression in a short developmental window to ensure double fertilization and seed set. While transcriptomic changes in developing pollen are known for Arabidopsis, no studies have integrated RNA and proteomic data in this model. Further, the role of alternative splicing has not been fully addressed, yet post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation may have a key role in gene expression dynamics during microgametogenesis. We have refined and substantially updated global transcriptomic and proteomic changes in developing pollen for two Arabidopsis accessions. Despite the superiority of RNA-seq over microarray-based platforms, we demonstrate high reproducibility and comparability. We identify thousands of long non-coding RNAs as potential regulators of pollen development, hundreds of changes in alternative splicing and provide insight into mRNA translation rate and storage in developing pollen. Our analysis delivers an integrated perspective of gene expression dynamics in developing Arabidopsis pollen and a foundation for studying the role of alternative splicing in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Božena Klodová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, Praha 2, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - David Potěšil
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Steinbachová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Christos Michailidis
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ann-Cathrin Lindner
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Dieter Hackenberg
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
- KWS SAAT SE & Co. KGaA, Grimsehlstraße 31, 37574, Einbeck, Germany
| | - Jörg D Becker
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Twell
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - David Honys
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Abhinandan K, Sankaranarayanan S, Macgregor S, Goring DR, Samuel MA. Cell-cell signaling during the Brassicaceae self-incompatibility response. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:472-487. [PMID: 34848142 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a mechanism that many plant families employ to prevent self-fertilization. In the Brassicaceae, the S-haplotype-specific interaction of the pollen-borne ligand, and a stigma-specific receptor protein kinase triggers a signaling cascade that culminates in the rejection of self-pollen. While the upstream molecular components at the receptor level of the signaling pathway have been extensively studied, the intracellular responses beyond receptor activation were not as well understood. Recent research has uncovered several key molecules and signaling events that operate in concert for the manifestation of the self-incompatible responses in Brassicaceae stigmas. Here, we review the recent discoveries in both the compatible and self-incompatible pathways and provide new perspectives on the early stages of Brassicaceae pollen-pistil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Abhinandan
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada; 20/20 Seed Labs Inc., Nisku, Alberta T9E 7N5, Canada
| | | | - Stuart Macgregor
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Daphne R Goring
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Marcus A Samuel
- University of Calgary, Department of Biological Sciences, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Differential Involvement of Arabidopsis β’-COP Isoforms in Plant Development. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060938. [PMID: 35326389 PMCID: PMC8946003 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coat protein I (COPI) is necessary for intra-Golgi transport and retrograde transport from the Golgi apparatus back to the endoplasmic reticulum. The key component of the COPI coat is the coatomer complex, which is composed of seven subunits (α/β/β’/γ/δ/ε/ζ) and is recruited en bloc from the cytosol onto Golgi membranes. In mammals and yeast, α- and β’-COP WD40 domains mediate cargo-selective interactions with dilysine motifs present in canonical cargoes of COPI vesicles. In contrast to mammals and yeast, three isoforms of β’-COP (β’1-3-COP) have been identified in Arabidopsis. To understand the role of Arabidopsis β’-COP isoforms in plant biology, we have identified and characterized loss-of-function mutants of the three isoforms, and double mutants were also generated. We have found that the trafficking of a canonical dilysine cargo (the p24 family protein p24δ5) is affected in β’-COP double mutants. By western blot analysis, it is also shown that protein levels of α-COP are reduced in the β’-COP double mutants. Although none of the single mutants showed an obvious growth defect, double mutants showed different growth phenotypes. The double mutant analysis suggests that, under standard growth conditions, β’1-COP can compensate for the loss of both β’2-COP and β’3-COP and may have a prominent role during seedling development.
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Zhang N, Zabotina OA. Critical Determinants in ER-Golgi Trafficking of Enzymes Involved in Glycosylation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030428. [PMID: 35161411 PMCID: PMC8840164 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
All living cells generate structurally complex and compositionally diverse spectra of glycans and glycoconjugates, critical for organismal evolution, development, functioning, defense, and survival. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze the glycosylation reaction between activated sugar and acceptor substrate to synthesize a wide variety of glycans. GTs are distributed among more than 130 gene families and are involved in metabolic processes, signal pathways, cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, cell development, and growth. Glycosylation mainly takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi, where GTs and glycosidases involved in this process are distributed to different locations of these compartments and sequentially add or cleave various sugars to synthesize the final products of glycosylation. Therefore, delivery of these enzymes to the proper locations, the glycosylation sites, in the cell is essential and involves numerous secretory pathway components. This review presents the current state of knowledge about the mechanisms of protein trafficking between ER and Golgi. It describes what is known about the primary components of protein sorting machinery and trafficking, which are recognition sites on the proteins that are important for their interaction with the critical components of this machinery.
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