1
|
Minisola S, Arnold A, Belaya Z, Brandi ML, Clarke BL, Hannan FM, Hofbauer LC, Insogna KL, Lacroix A, Liberman U, Palermo A, Pepe J, Rizzoli R, Wermers R, Thakker RV. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Genetics of Primary Hyperparathyroidism. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:2315-2329. [PMID: 36245271 PMCID: PMC10092691 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this narrative review, we present data gathered over four decades (1980-2020) on the epidemiology, pathophysiology and genetics of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). PHPT is typically a disease of postmenopausal women, but its prevalence and incidence vary globally and depend on a number of factors, the most important being the availability to measure serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels for screening. In the Western world, the change in presentation to asymptomatic PHPT is likely to occur, over time also, in Eastern regions. The selection of the population to be screened will, of course, affect the epidemiological data (ie, general practice as opposed to tertiary center). Parathyroid hormone has a pivotal role in regulating calcium homeostasis; small changes in extracellular Ca++ concentrations are detected by parathyroid cells, which express calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs). Clonally dysregulated overgrowth of one or more parathyroid glands together with reduced expression of CaSRs is the most important pathophysiologic basis of PHPT. The spectrum of skeletal disease reflects different degrees of dysregulated bone remodeling. Intestinal calcium hyperabsorption together with increased bone resorption lead to increased filtered load of calcium that, in addition to other metabolic factors, predispose to the appearance of calcium-containing kidney stones. A genetic basis of PHPT can be identified in about 10% of all cases. These may occur as a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes (MEN1-MEN4), or the hyperparathyroidism jaw-tumor syndrome, or it may be caused by nonsyndromic isolated endocrinopathy, such as familial isolated PHPT and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism. DNA testing may have value in: confirming the clinical diagnosis in a proband; eg, by distinguishing PHPT from familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). Mutation-specific carrier testing can be performed on a proband's relatives and identify where the proband is a mutation carrier, ruling out phenocopies that may confound the diagnosis; and potentially prevention via prenatal/preimplantation diagnosis. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anaesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, 'Sapienza', Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrew Arnold
- Center for Molecular Oncology and Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Zhanna Belaya
- Department of Neuroendocrinology and Bone Disease, The National Medical Research Centre for Endocrinology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Luisa Brandi
- F.I.R.M.O. Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Florence, Italy
| | - Bart L Clarke
- Mayo Clinic Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Fadil M Hannan
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases & Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl L Insogna
- Yale Bone Center Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - André Lacroix
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Uri Liberman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andrea Palermo
- Unit of Metabolic Bone and Thyroid Disorders, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico and Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Jessica Pepe
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anaesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, 'Sapienza', Rome University, Rome, Italy
| | - René Rizzoli
- Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robert Wermers
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition and Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.,Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alagaratnam S, Brain C, Spoudeas H, Dattani MT, Hindmarsh P, Allgrove J, Van't Hoff W, Kurzawinski TR. Surgical treatment of children with hyperparathyroidism: single centre experience. J Pediatr Surg 2014; 49:1539-43. [PMID: 25475790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in children is rare and surgical management is supported only by limited evidence. METHODS Retrospective case series of all children under the age of 16 years who underwent parathyroidectomy (PTx) between 1978 and 2012. RESULTS We identified 29 children who had surgery for HPT. Six were neonates with neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) and 23 older children (age range 7-16 years) with sporadic (16) or familial (7) HPT and 93% were symptomatic. Accuracy of ultrasound and MIbi in localising solitary parathyroid adenomas was 96%, but less helpful in hyperplasia and neonates. Children with NSHPT underwent 5 curative total and 1 subtotal PTx (no reoperations). Children with familial HPT underwent 3 total and 4 subtotal PTx. One child with subtotal PTx required a reoperation. Children with sporadic HPT underwent subtotal PTx prior to 1980 (2), exploration and removal of enlarged glands 1980-2002 (5) and minimally invasive PTx since 2002 (9) and all cured by the first operation. CONCLUSIONS Our study documents that HPT in children is predominantly symptomatic on presentation and genetically determined in 46% of cases. Imaging is accurate in localising parathyroid adenomas, but not hyperplasias. Total PTx for familial HPT was curative and minimally invasive PTx is the operation of choice for older children with sporadic HPT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Alagaratnam
- Centre of Endocrine Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospitals NHS Trust, University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C Brain
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London; London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and University College London Hospital, UK
| | - H Spoudeas
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London; London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and University College London Hospital, UK
| | - M T Dattani
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London; London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and University College London Hospital, UK
| | - P Hindmarsh
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London; London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and University College London Hospital, UK
| | - J Allgrove
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London; London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and University College London Hospital, UK; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - W Van't Hoff
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital, UK
| | - T R Kurzawinski
- Centre of Endocrine Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospitals NHS Trust, University College London Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|