1
|
Berger S, Siekmeyer M, Petzold-Quinque S, Kiess W, Merkenschlager A. Drowning and Nonfatal Drowning in Children and Adolescents: A Subsequent Retrospective Data Analysis. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:439. [PMID: 38671656 PMCID: PMC11049416 DOI: 10.3390/children11040439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Fatal and nonfatal drowning are among the leading causes of death and lifelong severe neurological impairment among children and adolescents. This study aimed to complement research from Leipzig 1994-2008 to seek trends within risk factors, treatments, and outcomes throughout the last decade. We retrospectively investigated data of 47 inpatients aged 0-18 admitted to Leipzig University Department of Pediatrics who matched ICD-10 code T75.1 from 2008 to 2020 and compared them to a preceding study at the same institution. We also examined the prognostic value of parameters regarding the patients' outcomes. There were three median incidents per annum. The median age was 2.75 years; 76% of incidents happened in males. An accumulation was seen during the summer months and weekends. Most drowning incidents occurred in private ponds or pools (48.9%). Thirty-nine children were discharged without resulting morbidity, four showed neurological impairment, and three died. Risk factors concerning age, sex, and incident characteristics were confirmed. Special supervision needs still apply to 1-3-year-old male children or children with pre-existing health conditions around private pools and ponds. Hospitalization duration shortened, and morbidity and lethality decreased since the previous study. There was structural improvement in primary care and medical documentation. Parameters suggesting good outcomes include a submersion time < 5 min, GCS > 3 points, spontaneous movement upon admission, remaining pupillary light response, the absence of cardiovascular arrest, body temperature ≥ 32 °C, pH > 7, blood glucose < 15 mmol/L, lactate < 14 mmol/L, base excess ≥ -15 mmol/L, and the absence of ARDS. Clear legislation can contribute to improved private home water safety. Further studies should include a broad in- and outpatient spectrum and standardized incident documentation presupposing Utstein-style reporting. Regular reinvestigation of consistent geographical regions facilitates process evaluations of drowning epidemiology and therapy evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Berger
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Division of Neuropediatrics, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Manuela Siekmeyer
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Petzold-Quinque
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Center for Pediatric Research, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Merkenschlager
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Division of Neuropediatrics, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yao Y, DiNenna MA, Chen L, Jin S, He S, He J. Hypothesized mechanisms of death in swimming: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:6. [PMID: 38167168 PMCID: PMC10763430 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00799-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aims to update the specific classification of mechanisms of death in swimming and to demonstrate these categories are reasonable, by analyzing more characteristics of death cases, evaluating the available evidence and determining their quality. METHODS Original articles were queried from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase databases, Cochrane Library, and Scopus. Included studies, which were evaluated as level 4 evidence or higher according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, discussed hypothesized mechanisms of death in swimming. Parameters analyzed in this study included decedents' characteristics, outcome measures, findings, methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS), and critical evaluation of each study classified by death mechanism. RESULTS A total of twenty-five studies were included for further analysis: fourteen were associated with cardiovascular diseases, two were about cerebrovascular diseases, two contained respiratory diseases, seven were about hazardous conditions and three contained other drownings, which provided evidence for mechanisms of death. CONCLUSIONS It is found that cardiovascular disease is the main cause or contributing factor of death in swimming. Respiratory diseases and cerebrovascular diseases are difficult to be definitive mechanism categories due to insufficient evidence. Hazardous conditions appear to be one of the possible risk factors because there are more cases of deaths from unsafe environments in swimming, but further statistics and research are still needed to support this view. Our study may have important implications for developing potential prevention strategies for sports and exercise medicine. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO ID (CRD42021267330). Registered Aug 13th 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunheng Yao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Michael A DiNenna
- Department of Mechanical and Material Science Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Shirong Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Sixian He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jinshen He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Muramatsu KI, Omori K, Kushida Y, Nagasawa H, Takeuchi I, Jitsuiki K, Shitara J, Ohsaka H, Oode Y, Yanagawa Y. Clinical significance of the level of fibrin degradation products in drowning patients without cardiac arrest. J Rural Med 2020; 15:201-203. [PMID: 33033542 PMCID: PMC7530585 DOI: 10.2185/jrm.2020-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to retrospectively investigate the clinical
significance of the level of fibrin degradation products in drowning patients without
cardiac arrest. Patients and Methods: All drowning patients who were transported to our
department from January 2011 to December 2019 were retrospectively investigated through a
medical chart review and included as subjects in the present study. The exclusion criteria
were the occurrence of cardiac arrest before patient arrival to our department and lack of
measurement of the fibrin degradation product level on arrival. The subjects were divided
into two groups: early discharge group, which included patients who were discharged within
3 days, and late discharge group, which included patients who were discharged after 3
days. Results: The early discharge group included 10 subjects and the late
discharge group included 39 subjects. No significant differences were observed in age,
sex, proportion of freshwater drowning cases, proportion of alcohol drinkers, vital signs,
blood gas analysis findings, proportion of lung lesions, or survival rate between the two
groups. The levels of glucose and fibrin degradation products on arrival were
significantly greater in the early discharge group than in the late discharge group. A
multivariate analysis showed that the only significant predictor of early discharge was
the fibrin degradation product level among variables identified in a univariate
analysis. Conclusion: This is the first study to show that the level of fibrin
degradation products on arrival can predict early or late discharge in drowning patients
without cardiac arrest before arriving to the hospital.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Muramatsu
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Omori
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kushida
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagasawa
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Ikuto Takeuchi
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Kei Jitsuiki
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Jun Shitara
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ohsaka
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Oode
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Japan
| | - Youichi Yanagawa
- Department of Acute Critical Care Medicine, Shizuoka Hospital, Juntendo University, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Raess L, Darms A, Meyer-Heim A. Drowning in Children: Retrospective Analysis of Incident Characteristics, Predicting Parameters, and Long-Term Outcome. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7070070. [PMID: 32630249 PMCID: PMC7401877 DOI: 10.3390/children7070070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drowning is the second leading cause of unnatural death in childhood worldwide. More than half of the drowned children, who were in need of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) at the scene suffered from lifelong neurological sequelae. There are few data about prognostic predictors in the pediatric population of drowning victims. The objective of the study was to assess incident characteristics, prognostic parameters, and long-term outcome of children recovering from a drowning incident. METHODS We carried out a retrospective analysis of data of the cohort of pediatric cases (age 0-18) of drowning victims admitted in the years 2000-2015 to the emergency room/intensive care unit/pediatric ward at the University Children's Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland. Outcome was classified by the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category Scale (PCPCS). New subcategories of severity for known prognostic parameters have been defined. A correlation analysis was performed between the subcategories of the prognostic parameters and the PCPCS. RESULTS A total of 80 patients were included in the analysis. Of these, 64% were male, most of the patients were at the age of 0-5 years. More than 80% of the patients were unattended at a public or private pool when the drowning incident happened. In all, 61% (n = 49) needed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Of the resuscitated children, 63% showed good to mildly impaired long-term outcome (PCPCS 1-3). Furthermore, 15% (n = 12) were transferred to rehabilitation. Seven children died during the hospital stay and another four died due to complications in the ten years following the incident. The newly defined subcategories of the parameter submersion time, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) at time of admission, body temperature at time of admission, blood pH, blood glucose, and blood lactate level correlated significantly with the PCPCS. CONCLUSIONS Supervision of children, especially boys of the age 0-5 years, next to public or private pools is most important for prevention of drowning incidents in Switzerland. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation done by trained staff leads to a better long-term outcome. Medical decision making in severe cases of drowning should consider submersion time, GCS at time of admission, body temperature at time of admission, blood pH, blood glucose, and blood lactate levels, as these parameters correlate with long-term outcome.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ertrinkungstodesfälle am Institut für Rechtsmedizin München zwischen 2011 und 2016. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-019-0312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Merz S, Kumle B, Simon M, Benk C, Henschen M. Beinahe-Ertrinken eines Einjährigen. Notf Rett Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10049-017-0301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
7
|
Son KL, Hwang SK, Choi HJ. Clinical features and prognostic factors in drowning children: a regional experience. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2016; 59:212-7. [PMID: 27279885 PMCID: PMC4897156 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2016.59.5.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the clinical features of children who have survived a water submersion incident, and to identify risk factors for prognosis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who experienced submersion between January 2005 and December 2014. The patients were classified into 2 groups, according to complications, and prognostic factors were evaluated. Results During the study period, 29 children experienced submersion (20 boys and 9 girls; mean age, 83.8±46.4 months). Submersion occurred most commonly in the summer, with the peak incidence in August. The most frequent Szpilman clinical score was grade 5 (13 patients; 44.8%), followed by grade 6 (7 patients; 24.1%), and grades 1 or 2 (3 patients; 10.3%). Five children (17.2%) in the poor prognosis group died or had hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, and the overall mortality rate was 6.9%. Poor prognosis after submersion was associated with lower consciousness levels (P=0.003), higher Szpilman scores (P=0.007), greater need for intubation and mechanical ventilator support (P=0.001), and longer duration of oxygen therapy (P=0.015). Poor prognosis was also associated with lower bicarbonate levels (P=0.038), as well as higher sodium, aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels (P=0.034, P=0.006, and P=0.005, respectively). Szpilman clinical scores were positively correlated with consciousness levels (r=0.489, P=0.002) and serum liver enzyme levels (AST and ALT; r=0.521, P=0.004). Conclusion We characterized the prognostic factors associated with submersion outcomes, using the Szpilman clinical score, which is comparable to consciousness level for predicting mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Lae Son
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Su Kyeong Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hee Joung Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Possible pulmonary Rhizopus oryzae infection in a previously healthy child after a near-drowning incident. Infection 2015; 44:361-4. [PMID: 26365402 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0839-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article reports on a previously healthy 17-month-old boy who developed pulmonary mucormycosis after a near-drowning incident in a goose pond. The patient survived without neurological sequelae and recovered, under treatment with amphotericin B, from the rare and often invasive fungal infection with Rhizopus spp., usually occurring in immunodeficient patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
Dirlik M, Bostancıoğlu B. Child drowning deaths in Aydin province, western Turkey, 2002-2012. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2015; 41:683-8. [PMID: 26038014 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-015-0493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drowning, a major public health problem worldwide, occurs as an accident, suicide, or homicide. Deaths with an accidental origin are common in childhood in the 0-18 age group. In our study, pediatric drowning cases for whom a postmortem examination and an autopsy were conducted by Adnan Menderes University Department of Forensic Medicine were evaluated. The characteristics were determined and compared with domestic and foreign studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 39 cases in the 0-18 age group in Aydın between 2002 and 2012 were analyzed regarding age, gender, cause of death, origin, the accident scene, and the month in which the death occurred. RESULTS Of the drowning cases, 33 (84.6 %) were male, and 6 (15.4 %) were female. The average age was 9.08 years, and drowning is most common in the 0-4 age group (33.3 %). The scene of the accident was an irrigation channel in 43.5 % of the cases, a river in 15.3 %, a sea in 12.8 %, a pool in 10.2 %, and a lake or pond in 7.69 %. CONCLUSION Drowning deaths are a serious and preventable public health problem worldwide. There are strong correlations among lack of adult supervision, lack of precautions, and neglect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dirlik
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, 09100, Turkey.
| | - B Bostancıoğlu
- Ministry of Justice, Forensic Science Institute, Antakya, Hatay, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Panzino F, Quintillá JM, Luaces C, Pou J. [Unintentional drowning by immersion. Epidemiological profile of victims attended in 21 Spanish emergency departments]. An Pediatr (Barc) 2012; 78:178-84. [PMID: 22938758 DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of accidental drowning seen in paediatric emergency departments, to define the epidemiological profile of the victims, and to analyse the circumstances related to prognosis and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS A multicentre, prospective and descriptive study was conducted on victims of accidental drowning seen in 21 paediatric emergency departments between June and September 2009 and 2010. We collected personal, environmental, safety, security data, as well as the need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), hospitalisation rate, sequelae and mortality. RESULTS Out of 234,566 emergency department cases, 53 were due to accidental drowning (frequency: 2.2/10,000 consultations during the summer period, 64.2% males). The median age was 3.5 years (p25-75: 2.6-8.4), with 34 had less than 6 years. Thirty-two children were hospitalised. Most drowning occurred in the afternoon (40), in freshwater (49), in private pools (33) and unprotected (33). The victims, mostly healthy children (40), did not know how to swim (38) and were not wearing flotation systems (37/38). There was lack of supervision in 42 cases. Acidosis (20) and hypoxaemia (18) were the most frequent findings. Five children died, 4 were healthy, none knew how to swim or had a float device, and none were supervised. Thirty six children required CPR, mostly applied by family (15). In the children who died, CPR was started after 3 min. Two survivors had hemiparesis. CONCLUSIONS Accidental drowning was a rare cause of consultation in paediatric emergency departments. In children less than 6 years, who did not know how to swim, did not use flotation devices in unprotected private pools, and were not properly supervised, there is an increased of suffering from accidental drowning and its associated morbidity. An immersion time> 10 min, starting CPR > 3 min, acidosis, hyponatraemia, and hypothermia on arrival at the emergency department increases mortality. Training family members in cardiopulmonary resuscitation can be useful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Panzino
- Servicio de Urgencias, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, España.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|