1
|
Kawashima N, Yokomichi N, Morita T, Yabuki R, Hisanaga T, Imai K, Hirose Y, Shimokawa M, Miwa S, Yamauchi T, Okamoto S, Satomi E. Comparison of Pharmacological Treatments for Agitated Delirium in the Last Days of Life. J Pain Symptom Manage 2024; 67:441-452.e3. [PMID: 38355071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Antipsychotics are often used in managing symptoms of terminal delirium, but evidence is limited. OBJECTIVES To explore the comparative effectiveness of haloperidol with as-needed benzodiazepines (HPD) vs. chlorpromazine (CPZ) vs. levomepromazine (LPZ) for agitated delirium in the last days. METHODS A prospective observational study was conducted in two palliative care units in Japan. Adult cancer patients who developed agitated delirium with a modified Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS-PAL) of one or more were included; palliative care specialist physicians determined that the etiology was irreversible; and estimated survival was 3 weeks or less. Patients treated with HPD, CPZ, or LPZ were analyzed. We measured RASS, NuDESC, Agitation Distress Scale (ADS), and Communication Capacity Scale (CCS) on Days 1 and 3. RESULTS A total of 277 patients were enrolled, and 214 were analyzed (112 in HPD, 50 in CPZ, and 52 in LPZ). In all groups, the mean RASS-PAL score significantly decreased on Day 3 (1.37 to -1.01, 1.87 to -1.04, 1.79 to -0.62, respectively; P < 0.001); the NuDESC and ADS scores also significantly decreased. The percentages of patients with moderate to severe agitation and those with full communication capacity on Day 3 were not significantly different. The treatments were well-tolerated. While one-fourth of HPD group changed antipsychotics, 88% or more of CPZ and LPZ groups continued the initial antipsychotics. CONCLUSION Haloperidol with as-needed benzodiazepine, chlorpromazine, or levomepromazine may be effective and safe for terminal agitation. Chlorpromazine and levomepromazine may have an advantage of no need to change medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Kawashima
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naosuke Yokomichi
- Palliative and Supportive Care Division, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Morita
- Palliative and Supportive Care Division, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan; Research Association for Community Health, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Yabuki
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hisanaga
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kengo Imai
- Seirei Hospice, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yumi Hirose
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Tsukuba Medical Center Hospital, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Miho Shimokawa
- Department of Palliative Care, Tsukuba Central Hospital, Ushiku, Japan
| | - Satoru Miwa
- Seirei Hospice, Seirei Miyahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | | | | | - Eriko Satomi
- Department of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garcia ACM, Isidoro GM, Paiva EMDC, Silva AE, Costa ICP, Bornemann-Cimenti H. Palliative Sedation at Home: A Scoping Review. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2023; 40:173-182. [PMID: 35466700 DOI: 10.1177/10499091221096412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Palliative Sedation (PS) is an effective measure for the relief of refractory symptoms in end-of-life patients. This intervention can be performed at home, respecting the patients' and their families' decisions. A scoping review was performed to map the available evidence in the literature on the performance of PS at home. This review included 23 studies. Most were conducted in European countries with adult cancer patients. Patients, family members and healthcare providers participated in the decision making regarding the use of PS at home. PS was used primarily to manage refractory symptoms (pain, delirium, dyspnea, and others), and in 1 of the studies PS was mentioned as a possible intervention for shortening life. The most commonly used medication was midazolam and the average duration ranged from 4 h to 7 days. There are few reports on adverse events related to PS. This intervention seems to be a feasible possibility for the management of refractory symptoms in patients at the end of life, despite the fact that it can represent specific challenges for healthcare providers, patients and families. However, the literature is limited regarding PS in children and in people with diseases other than cancer, as well as on the evaluation of possible adverse effects related to this intervention. Furthermore, it is essential to have a broad ethical, clinical and legal debate on whether to consider the use of PS for the purpose of shortening life in specific cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alexandre E Silva
- Nursing Department - Campus Centro-Oeste Dona Lindu, 74383Federal University of São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Helmar Bornemann-Cimenti
- Departement of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, 31475Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meesters S, Bazata J, Handtke V, Gehrmann J, Kurkowski S, Klein C, Bausewein C, Schildmann E. "It's pretty much flying blind in the home care setting": A qualitative study on the influence of home care specific circumstances on sedation in specialist palliative home care. Palliat Med 2023; 37:140-148. [PMID: 36242514 PMCID: PMC9841818 DOI: 10.1177/02692163221128938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing data on sedation at the end of life indicate challenges in the home care setting, leading to deviations from guidelines or non-provision of sedation. AIM As part of the "SedPall" study, we aimed to explore circumstances in specialist palliative home care, which influence the practice of sedation. DESIGN Semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 59) and two focus groups (n = 4, n = 5). Recruitment took place via contact persons. We thematically analyzed the transcripts with the Framework Approach, using MAXQDA 2018.2. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Physicians, nurses, and other members of the multiprofessional team from 10 palliative care units and seven home care teams. RESULTS Participants reported home care specific circumstances that can be categorized into three interrelated topics. (1) Lack of 24/7 on-site availability, (2) active involvement of the family, (3) challenges regarding teamwork and multidisciplinarity. Participants drew different conclusions from the reported circumstances regarding the feasibility of different types of sedation at home: While some reported to generally use all types of sedation, others stated that some types of sedation are not feasible in home care, for example deep sedation until death. Most participants questioned the applicability of existing sedation guidelines in the home care setting. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that sedation practices might currently follow the healthcare professional's attitude or service policy rather than the patient's need. To avoid hospital admission in manageable cases and ensure that home care specific best practice standards are met, existing guideline recommendations have to be adapted and supplemented by additional supporting measures specific for the home care setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Meesters
- Department of Palliative Medicine, LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany.,Department of Palliative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jeremias Bazata
- Department of Palliative Medicine, LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | - Violet Handtke
- Department of Palliative Medicine, LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Gehrmann
- Department of Palliative Medicine, LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany.,TUM School of Medicine, Institute of General Practice and Health Services Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Kurkowski
- Department of Palliative Medicine, CCC Erlangen - EMN, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carsten Klein
- Department of Palliative Medicine, CCC Erlangen - EMN, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Eva Schildmann
- Department of Palliative Medicine, LMU Klinikum, Munich, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Cancer Immunology, Oncological Palliative Care & Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zeng M, Li R, Xu X, Wang D, Dong J, Li S, Kass IS, Peng Y, Jia W. Ultrasound-guided superficial cervical plexus block reduces opioid consumption in patients undergoing craniotomy via suboccipital retrosigmoid approach: a randomized controlled trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2022; 47:rapm-2022-103534. [PMID: 35768167 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2022-103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The effectiveness of superficial cervical plexus block (SCPB) at decreasing opioid use and improving hemodynamic stability during suboccipital retrosigmoid craniotomy has not been established. The aim of this study is to evaluate the analgesic effect of preoperative ultrasound-guided SCPB for craniotomy via a suboccipital retrosigmoid approach. METHODS This was a prospective, single-center, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group controlled trial. One hundred and six adult patients undergoing suboccipital retrosigmoid craniotomy were randomly allocated into either the SCPB group (n=53) to receive 10 mL of 0.5% ropivacaine or the control group (n=53) to receive 0.9% normal saline injected into the superficial layer of prevertebral fascia guided by ultrasound. The primary outcome was the cumulative consumption of sufentanil with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) within 24 hours. Secondary outcomes included the overall perioperative consumption of opioids, the area under the curve of the pain score from 1 hour to 48 hours (AUC1-48), intraoperative hemodynamic parameters, and anesthesia depth. RESULTS The mean PCIA pump cumulative consumption of sufentanil in the first 24 hour postoperative period was significantly lowered by SCPB (5.0 µg vs 9.8 µg, 95% CI: -8.0 to -2.4; p=0.001). The total perioperative consumption of sufentanil (45.0 µg vs 54.5 µg, 95% CI: -14.8 to -4.1; p=0.001) was also significantly decreased by SCPB. The incidence of severe pain within 24 hours was decreased by SCPB (7.5% vs 26.4%, p=0.01). SCPB significantly decreased the AUC1-48 of the pain score. Intraoperative hemodynamic parameters and anesthesia depth were similar between groups (p>0.05). DISCUSSION SCPB provides effective analgesia in patients undergoing craniotomy and tumor resection via suboccipital retrosigmoid approach. SCPB demonstrates an opioid-sparing effect and allows for the maintenance hemodynamic stability at an appropriate depth of anesthesia. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04036812.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruowen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dexiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jia Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ira S Kass
- Anesthesiology and Physiology & Pharmacology Departments, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Yuming Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wang Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao C, Lv M, Wei C, Yan J, Wang Y, Gu C. Comparison of dexmedetomidine and meperidine for the prevention of shivering following coronary artery bypass graft: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e053865. [PMID: 35149565 PMCID: PMC8845171 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shivering is a common complication in the postoperative period. The incidence of shivering has been reported to range from 5% to 65% under general anaesthesia and as 33% during epidural anaesthesia. Shivering can increase perioperative risk in patients. Both dexmedetomidine and meperidine are effective agents for the prevention of postanaesthetic shivering. However, few studies have compared the anti-shivering effects of different agents following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). This study aims to compare the effects of dexmedetomidine and meperidine on the incidence of shivering in patients undergoing CABG. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A total of 180 patients aged 18-75 years, with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade of II-IV, undergoing elective CABG will be enrolled and randomly assigned to the dexmedetomidine, meperidine and control groups (placebo) in an intended 1:1:1 allocation ratio. The patients will be followed up for 7 days after surgery. The primary outcome is the incidence of shivering within 24 hours postoperatively. The secondary outcomes are the number of remedial drugs used after surgery, the incidence of postoperative hypotension and bradycardia, sedation scores, endotracheal extubation time, intensive care unit length of stay, incidence of postoperative delirium within 7 days after surgery, incidence of postoperative arrhythmias, incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, average hospital length of stay and mortality rate 30 days after surgery. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University on 20 January 2021 (YXLL-KY-2021(002)) and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The results of this study will be presented at national and international scientific meetings and conferences. We plan to publish the data in peer-reviewed international scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04735965.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meng Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chuansong Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuelan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Institute of Anesthesia and Respiratory Critical Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Changping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Shandong Institute of Anesthesia and Respiratory Critical Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morita T, Imai K, Mori M, Yokomichi N, Tsuneto S. Defining “Continuous Deep Sedation” Using Treatment Protocol: A Proposal Article. Palliat Med Rep 2022; 3:8-15. [PMID: 36262550 PMCID: PMC8900204 DOI: 10.1089/pmr.2021.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Continuous deep sedation (CDS) is regarded as a far-reaching form of sedative use for symptom control, but there are no established uniform definitions. Objectives: To propose types of sedative use related to CDS using treatment protocols with three parameters: documented treatment goals, rapidity of dose titration, and planned duration of treatment. Methods: Opinion article. Results: We propose four types of sedative use potentially related to CDS: (1) proportional sedation (treatment goal is symptom relief with regular monitoring to maximize patient communication, not a decrease in consciousness; with gradual use of sedatives; there is a chance to cease sedatives), (2) rapid proportional sedation (treatment goal is symptom relief with a rapid loading phase, followed by regular monitoring to maximize patient communication; there is a chance to cease sedatives), (3) deep sedation with a chance of cessation (deep sedation intended initially, followed by regular assessments of appropriateness of treatment goal; there is a chance to cease sedatives), and (4) continuous deep sedation until death (deep sedation indicated from initiation and maintained until death). Conclusion: This article proposes an idea that the use of treatment protocols that visualize treatment goals, rapidity of dose titration, and planned duration of treatment may help understand the existing variations in sedative use over the world. The use of treatment protocols in the same way when defining a medical treatment in other specialty fields might clear up the current confusion about the use of sedatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Morita
- Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kengo Imai
- Seirei Hospice, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Mori
- Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naosuke Yokomichi
- Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoru Tsuneto
- Division of Palliative Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Basilicata P, Giugliano P, Vacchiano G, Simonelli A, Guadagni R, Silvestre A, Pieri M. Forensic Toxicological and Medico-Legal Evaluation in a Case of Incongruous Drug Administration in Terminal Cancer Patients. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9120356. [PMID: 34941790 PMCID: PMC8704381 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: In most cases, palliative care is prescribed to adults diagnosed with cancer. The definition of the most suitable therapy for an effective sedation in terminal cancer patients still represents one of the most challenging goals in medical practice. Due to their poor health, the correct dosing of drugs used for deep palliative sedation in terminal cancer patients, often already on polypharmacological therapy, can be extremely complicated, also considering possible drug-to-drug interactions that could lead to an increased risk of overdose and/or incongruous administration with fatal outcomes. The case of a terminal cancer patient is presented, focusing on the “adequacy” of administered therapy. Materials and Methods: A young male, affected by Ewing sarcoma, attending a palliative care at his own home, died soon after midazolam administration. Toxicological and histological analyses were performed on body fluids and organ fragments. Results and Discussion: Morphological reliefs evidenced a neoplastic mass, composed of lobulated tissue with a lardy, pinkish-gray consistency, extending from the pleural surface to the lung parenchyma, also present at the sacrum region (S1–S5), at the anterior mediastinum level, occupying the entire left pleural cavity, and infiltrating the ipsilateral lung. Metastatic lesions diffused to rachis and lumbar structures. The brain presented edema and congestion. Toxicological analyses evidenced blood midazolam concentrations in the range of 0.931–1.690 µg/mL, while morphine was between 0.266 and 0.909 µg/mL. Death was attributed to cardiorespiratory depression because of a synergic action between morphine and midazolam. The pharmacological interaction between midazolam and morphine is discussed considering the clinical situation of the patient. The opportunity to proceed with midazolam administration is discussed starting from guidelines recommendation. Finally, professional liability outlines are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Basilicata
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.B.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Pasquale Giugliano
- Legal Medicine Section, AORN “Sant’Anna e San Sebastiano” Caserta, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Vacchiano
- Department of Law, Economics and Mathematical Methods, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy;
| | - Angela Simonelli
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.B.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Rossella Guadagni
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.B.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Angela Silvestre
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.B.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Maria Pieri
- Legal Medicine Section, Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy; (P.B.); (A.S.); (R.G.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0817463474; Fax: +39-0817464726
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Peng K, Zeng M, Dong J, Yan X, Wang D, Li S, Peng Y. Ultrasound-guided superficial cervical plexus block for analgesia in patients undergoing craniotomy via suboccipital retrosigmoid approach: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034003. [PMID: 32029493 PMCID: PMC7044881 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scalp nerve block has been proven to be an alternative choice to opioids in multimodal analgesia. However, for the infratentorial space-occupying craniotomy, especially the suboccipital retrosigmoid craniotomy, scalp nerve block is insufficient. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study is a prospective, single-centre, randomised, paralleled-group controlled trial. Patients scheduled to receive elective suboccipital retrosigmoid craniotomy will be randomly assigned to the superficial cervical plexus block group or the control group. After anaesthesia induction, superficial cervical plexus nerve block will be performed under the guidance of ultrasound. The primary outcome is the cumulative consumption of sufentanil by the patient-controlled intravenous analgesia pump within 24 hours after surgery. Secondary outcomes include the cumulative consumption of sufentanil at other four time points and numerical rating scale pain severity score. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The protocol (version number: 2.0, 10 April 2019) has been approved by the Ethics Review Committee of China Registered Clinical Trials (Ethics Review No. ChiECRCT-20190047). The findings of this study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and at scientific conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04036812.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dexiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Krooupa AM, Vivat B, McKeever S, Marcus E, Sawyer J, Stone P. Identification and evaluation of observational measures for the assessment and/or monitoring of level of consciousness in adult palliative care patients: A systematic review for I-CAN-CARE. Palliat Med 2020; 34:83-113. [PMID: 31434526 PMCID: PMC6952953 DOI: 10.1177/0269216319871666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of observational measures to assess palliative care patients' level of consciousness may improve patient care and comfort. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the validity and reliability of these measures in palliative care settings. AIM To identify and evaluate the psychometric performance of observational level of consciousness measures used in palliative care. DESIGN Systematic review; PROSPERO registration: CRD42017073080. DATA SOURCES We searched six databases until November 2018, using search terms combining subject headings and free-text terms. Psychometric performance for each identified tool was appraised independently by two reviewers following established criteria for developing and evaluating health outcome measures. RESULTS We found 35 different levels of consciousness tools used in 65 studies. Only seven studies reported information about psychometric performance of just eight tools. All other studies used either ad hoc measures for which no formal validation had been undertaken (n = 21) or established tools mainly developed and validated in non-palliative care settings (n = 37). The Consciousness Scale for Palliative Care and a modified version of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale received the highest ratings in our appraisal, but, since psychometric evidence was limited, no tool could be assessed for all psychometric properties. CONCLUSION An increasing number of studies in palliative care are using observational measures of level of consciousness. However, only a few of these tools have been tested for their psychometric performance in that context. Future research in this area should validate and/or refine the existing measures, rather than developing new tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Krooupa
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Bella Vivat
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Stephen McKeever
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK.,school of Nursing, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Kingston Hill, UK
| | - Elena Marcus
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Joseph Sawyer
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
| | - Paddy Stone
- Marie Curie Palliative Care Research Department, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Setla J, Pasniciuc SV. Home Palliative Sedation Using Phenobarbital Suppositories: Time to Death, Patient Characteristics, and Administration Protocol. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2019; 36:871-876. [PMID: 30947512 DOI: 10.1177/1049909119839695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most people in the United States and other countries cite their preferred location of death as their homes. However, intractable symptoms sometimes require hospitalization, especially if significant sedation becomes necessary. For over a decade, Hospice of Central New York has been using compounded phenobarbital suppositories with individuals in whom adequate sedation has not been achieved using sufficient doses of antipsychotics or benzodiazepines but prefer to remain in their homes. OBJECTIVES (1) Describe the use of phenobarbital suppositories in homes for the purpose of sedation. (2) Understand patient characteristics of potential users and those in whom suppositories were actually used. (3) Measure time to death after initiating the phenobarbital suppositories. SETTING Medicare-certified not-for-profit hospice organization in New York State. METHOD Retrospective case series. RESULTS Of 1675 patients enrolled in hospice over an 18-month period, phenobarbital suppositories were placed in the homes of 90 patients for potential use. Suppositories were initiated in 31 of the 90 patients. Agitated delirium was the major symptom for which suppositories were placed and initiated. Both groups had a greater prevalence of cancer diagnoses than the target population. The mean time to death after initiation of phenobarbital suppositories was 38.8 hours. None of the users were hospitalized. CONCLUSION The use of compounded phenobarbital suppositories for the purpose of palliative sedation is an alternative for patients and families who desire to remain home despite refractory symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Setla
- 1 Hospice of Central New York, Liverpool, NY, USA.,2 State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Silviu Valeriu Pasniciuc
- 1 Hospice of Central New York, Liverpool, NY, USA.,2 State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The role of end-of-life palliative sedation: medical and ethical aspects – Review. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF ANESTHESIOLOGY (ENGLISH EDITION) 2019. [PMID: 29776669 PMCID: PMC9391748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjane.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective Palliative sedation is a medical procedure that has been used for more than 25 years to relieve refractory symptoms not responsive to any previous treatment in patients with no possibility of cure and near the end of life. Many uncertainties persist on the theme regarding definition, indications, decision making, most appropriate place to perform the procedure, most used drugs, need for monitoring, fluids and nutritional support, and possible ethical dilemmas. The objective of this review was to seek a probable consensus among the authors regarding these topics not yet fully defined. Method An exploratory search was made in secondary sources, from 1990 to 2016, regarding palliative sedation and its clinical and bioethical implications. Conclusions Palliative sedation is an alternative to alleviate end-of-life patient suffering due to refractory symptoms, particularly dyspnea and delirium, after all other treatment options have been exhausted. Decision making involves prior explanations, discussions and agreement of the team, patient, and/or family members. It can be performed in general hospital units, hospices and even at home. Midazolam is the most indicated drug, and neuroleptics may also be required in the presence of delirium. These patients’ monitoring is limited to comfort observation, relief of symptoms, and presence of adverse effects. There is no consensus on whether or not to suspend fluid and nutritional support, and the decision must be made with family members. From the bioethical standpoint, the great majority of authors are based on intention and proportionality to distinguish between palliative sedation, euthanasia, or assisted suicide.
Collapse
|
12
|
Caraceni A, Speranza R, Spoldi E, Ambroset CS, Canestrari S, Marinari M, Marzi AM, Orsi L, Piva L, Rocchi M, Valenti D, Zeppetella G, Zucco F, Raimondi A, Matos LV, Brunelli C. Palliative Sedation in Terminal Cancer Patients Admitted to Hospice or Home Care Programs: Does the Setting Matter? Results From a National Multicenter Observational Study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2018; 56:33-43. [PMID: 29548893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Few studies regarding palliative sedation (PS) have been carried out in home care (HC) setting. A comparison of PS rate and practices between hospice (HS) and HC is also lacking. OBJECTIVES Comparing HC and HS settings for PS rate, patient clinical characteristics before and during PS, decision-making process, and clinical aspects of PS. METHODS About 38 HC/HS services in Italy participated in a multicenter observational longitudinal study. Consecutive adult cancer patients followed till death during a four-month period and undergoing PS were eligible. Symptom control and level of consciousness were registered every eight hours to death. RESULTS About 4276 patients were screened, 2894 followed till death, and 531 (18%) underwent PS. PS rate was 15% in HC and 21% in HS (P < 0.001). Principal refractory symptoms were delirium (54%) and dyspnea (45%), respectively, more common in HC (P < 0.001) and HS (P = 0.03). Informed consent was not obtained in 72% of patients but achieved by 96% of families. Midazolam was the most used drug (94% HS vs. 75% HC; P < 0.001) mainly by continuous infusion (74% HC vs. 89% HS; P < 0.001). PS duration was less than 48 hours in 67% of patients. Hydration during PS was less frequent in HC (27% vs. 49%; P < 0.001). In the eight hours before death, consciousness level was unrousable to mild physical stimulation in 81% and symptom control complete in 89% of cases. CONCLUSION Our results show feasibility of PS in HC and HS and suggest setting differences in rates, indications, and practice of PS, possibly related to patients' selection or care organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Caraceni
- Palliative Care, Pain Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Elio Spoldi
- Hospice and Palliative Care Unit, AO Cremona Hospital, Cremona, Italy; Associazione Cremonese contro il dolore (ACCD), Cremona, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Canestrari
- Department of Legal Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Luciano Orsi
- Palliative Care Unit, AO Ospedale Maggiore Crema, Crema, Italy
| | - Laura Piva
- Palliative Care Unit, AO San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirta Rocchi
- Hospice "Casa Madonna dell'Uliveto", Albinea (RE), Italy
| | | | | | - Furio Zucco
- Hospice and Palliative Care Unit, AO G. Salvini, Garbagnate Milanese (MI), Italy
| | - Alessandra Raimondi
- Palliative Care, Pain Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Brunelli
- Palliative Care, Pain Therapy and Rehabilitation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy; Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, European Palliative Care Research Center (PRC), Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Menezes MS, Figueiredo MDGMDCDA. [The role of end-of-life palliative sedation: medical and ethical aspects - Review]. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2018; 69:72-77. [PMID: 29776669 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Palliative sedation is a medical procedure that has been used for more than 25 years to relieve refractory symptoms not responsive to any previous treatment in patients with no possibility of cure and near the end of life. Many uncertainties persist on the theme regarding definition, indications, decision making, most appropriate place to perform the procedure, most used drugs, need for monitoring, fluids and nutritional support, and possible ethical dilemmas. The objective of this review was to seek a probable consensus among the authors regarding these topics not yet fully defined. METHOD An exploratory search was made in secondary sources, from 1990 to 2016, regarding palliative sedation and its clinical and bioethical implications. CONCLUSIONS Palliative sedation is an alternative to alleviate end-of-life patient suffering due to refractory symptoms, particularly dyspnea and delirium, after all other treatment options have been exhausted. Decision making involves prior explanations, discussions and agreement of the team, patient, and/or family members. It can be performed in general hospital units, hospices and even at home. Midazolam is the most indicated drug, and neuroleptics may also be required in the presence of delirium. These patients' monitoring is limited to comfort observation, relief of symptoms, and presence of adverse effects. There is no consensus on whether or not to suspend fluid and nutritional support, and the decision must be made with family members. From the bioethical standpoint, the great majority of authors are based on intention and proportionality to distinguish between palliative sedation, euthanasia, or assisted suicide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam S Menezes
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brasil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pype P, Teuwen I, Mertens F, Sercu M, De Sutter A. Suboptimal palliative sedation in primary care: an exploration. Acta Clin Belg 2018; 73:21-28. [PMID: 28580858 DOI: 10.1080/17843286.2017.1331783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Palliative sedation is a therapeutic option to control refractory symptoms in terminal palliative patients. This study aims at describing the occurrence and characteristics of suboptimal palliative sedations in primary care and at exploring the way general practitioners (GPs) experience suboptimal palliative sedation in their practice. METHODS We conducted a mixed methods study with a quantitative prospective survey in primary care and qualitative semi-structured interviews with GPs. The research team defined suboptimal palliative sedation as a time interval until deep sleep >1.5 h and/ or >2 awakenings after the start of the unconsciousness. Descriptive statistics were calculated on the quantitative data. Thematic analysis was used to analyse interview transcripts. RESULTS We registered 63 palliative sedations in 1181 home deaths, 27 forms were completed. Eleven palliative sedations were suboptimal: eight due to the long time span until deep sleep; three due the number of unintended awakenings. GPs' interview analysis revealed two major themes: the shifting perception of failure and the burden of responsibility. CONCLUSIONS Suboptimal palliative sedation occurs frequently in primary palliative care. Efficient communication towards family members is needed to prevent them from having unrealistic expectations and to prevent putting pressure on the GP to hasten the procedure. Sharing the burden of decision-making during the procedure with other health care professionals might diminish the heavy responsibility as perceived by GPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pype
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Healthcare, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Inge Teuwen
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Healthcare, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Fien Mertens
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Healthcare, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Marij Sercu
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Healthcare, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - An De Sutter
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Healthcare, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Integrating Oncology and Palliative Home Care in Italy: The Experience of the “L'Aquila per la Vita” Home Care Unit. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 99:225-8. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161309900217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the efficacy of a home care program, closely integrated with a medical oncology department. Patients and methods The charts, prospectively recorded, of all the patients treated at home by the “L'Aquila per la Vita” Home Care Unit from August 2006 to December 2011, were reviewed. The number of patients, home accesses, length of the home care, hospital admission, emergency calls, and the place of death were recorded. Data were analyzed considering the origin of the patients (medical oncology department or other). Results A total of 461 patients was followed at home for a total of 10,503 home accesses (median accesses/patient, 20; range, 1–159). The median length of home care was 76 days (range, 2–643 days). The median was 101 days for patients coming from the medical oncology department and 53 days for patients coming from other origins ( P <0.0005). There were 428 emergency calls (4.1% of all the home accesses). Emergency calls accounted for 253 of 7,364 home accesses (3.4%) among patients coming from the medical oncology department and for 175 of 3,139 home accesses (5.6%) among patients coming from other origins ( P = 0.00005). Eighty of 461 patients (17.3%) required one in-hospital admission and 19/461 patients (4.1%) more than one. Fifty-nine of 259 (17.8%) patients coming from the medical oncology department and 40 of 186 (26.9%) coming from other origins required in-hospital admissions ( P = 0.04). A total of 311 patients died (163 coming from the medical oncology department and 148 from other origins). Twenty-eight of 163 (17.1%) coming from the medical oncology department and 52 of 148 (35.1%) coming from other origins died in the hospital ( P = 0.0002). Conclusions A multidisciplinary and expert team, closely integrated with the hospital, can guarantee a long length of home care, avoiding hospitalization and closing the gap between the patients' preferences and the services offered regarding the place of death.
Collapse
|
16
|
Bispectral Index monitoring in cancer patients undergoing palliative sedation: a preliminary report. Support Care Cancer 2017; 25:3143-3149. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-017-3722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Attitudes of palliative home care physicians towards palliative sedation at home in Italy. Support Care Cancer 2017; 25:1615-1620. [PMID: 28097432 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-017-3581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information about the attitudes towards palliative sedation (PS) at home is limited. AIM The aim of this survey was to assess the attitudes of palliative care physicians in Italy regarding PS at home. DESIGN A questionnaire was submitted to a sample of palliative care physicians, asking information about their activity and attitudes towards PS at home. SETTING This is a survey of home care physicians in Italy who were involved in end-of-life care decisions at home. RESULTS One hundred and fifty participants responded. A large heterogeneity of home care organizations that generate some problems was found. Indications, intention and monitoring of PS seem to be appropriate, although some cultural and logistic conditions were limiting the use of PS. Specialized home care physicians are almost involved to start PS at home. Midazolam was seldom available at home and opioids were more frequently used. CONCLUSION These data should prompt health care agencies to make a minimal set of drugs easily available for home care. Further research is necessary to compare attitudes in countries with different sociocultural profiles.
Collapse
|
18
|
Masman AD, van Dijk M, van Rosmalen J, Blussé van Oud-Alblas HJ, Ista E, Baar FPM, Tibboel D. Bispectral Index Monitoring in Terminally Ill Patients: A Validation Study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2016; 52:212-220.e3. [PMID: 27220943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT If regular therapies cannot relieve symptoms sufficiently in the last days of life, continuous palliative sedation may serve to reduce consciousness. Sedation level can be measured with EEG monitoring with the bispectral index (BIS) monitor. OBJECTIVES To determine the feasibility and validity of BIS monitoring in terminally ill patients. METHODS In this prospective study, BIS registrations were performed in unconscious end-of-life patients admitted to a palliative care center. Validated scores were used to measure level of sedation (Ramsay score), pain (Numeric Rating Scale or Rotterdam Elderly Pain Observations Scale), delirium (Delirium Observation Screening score), and overall comfort (Numeric Rating Scale). Validity and sensitivity to change of BIS values were considered, and the effects of medication and the time till death on BIS values were evaluated in a linear mixed model analysis. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients were included for analysis. BIS monitoring was acceptable to patients, relatives, and medical staff. BIS values were moderately correlated with Ramsay scores (0.46) but were highly variable for deeply sedated patients. BIS values changed significantly before and after a midazolam dose (P < 0.001). Midazolam treatment resulted on average in a statistically significant reduction of the BIS values (-4.5, 95% CI -7.0 to -2.0), whereas morphine and haloperidol did not. CONCLUSION This is one of the first validation studies in which BIS monitoring in end-of-life patients is described. BIS monitoring is feasible in unconscious terminally ill patients. However, based on our results, the wide range of BIS values in deeply sedated and comfortable patients seems to hamper its use in daily clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anniek D Masman
- Pain Expertise Centre, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Intensive Care, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Palliative Care Centre, Laurens Cadenza, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique van Dijk
- Pain Expertise Centre, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Intensive Care, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Erwin Ista
- Intensive Care, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frans P M Baar
- Pain Expertise Centre, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Palliative Care Centre, Laurens Cadenza, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Pain Expertise Centre, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Intensive Care, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Soh TLGB, Krishna LKR, Sim SW, Yee ACP. Distancing sedation in end-of-life care from physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia. Singapore Med J 2016; 57:220-7. [PMID: 27211055 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2016086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipuma equates continuous sedation until death (CSD) to physician-assisted suicide/euthanasia (PAS/E) based on the premise that iatrogenic unconsciousness negates social function and, thus, personhood, leaving a patient effectively 'dead'. Others have extrapolated upon this position further, to suggest that any use of sedation and/or opioids at the end of life would be analogous to CSD and thus tantamount to PAS/E. These posits sit diametrically opposite to standard end-of-life care practices. This paper will refute Lipuma's position and the posits borne from it. We first show that prevailing end-of-life care guidelines require proportional and monitored use of sedatives and/or opioids to attenuate fears that the use of such treatment could hasten death. These guidelines also classify CSD as a last resort treatment, employed only when symptoms prove intractable, and not amenable to all standard treatment options. Furthermore, CSD is applied only when deemed appropriate by a multidisciplinary palliative medicine team. We also show that empirical data based on local views of personhood will discount concerns that iatrogenic unconsciousness is tantamount to a loss of personhood and death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tze Ling Gwendoline Beatrice Soh
- Division of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lalit Kumar Radha Krishna
- Division of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Centre for Biomedical Ethics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shin Wei Sim
- Division of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Alethea Chung Peng Yee
- Division of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Centre, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schildmann EK, Schildmann J, Kiesewetter I. Medication and monitoring in palliative sedation therapy: a systematic review and quality assessment of published guidelines. J Pain Symptom Manage 2015; 49:734-46. [PMID: 25242022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Palliative sedation therapy (PST) is increasingly used in patients at the end of life. However, consensus about medications and monitoring is lacking. OBJECTIVES To assess published PST guidelines with regard to quality and recommendations on drugs and monitoring. METHODS We searched CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, and references of included articles until July 2014. Search terms included "palliative sedation" or "sedation" and "guideline" or "policy" or "framework." Guideline selection was based on English or German publications that included a PST guideline. Two investigators independently assessed the quality of the guidelines according to the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument (AGREE II) and extracted information on drug selection and monitoring. RESULTS Nine guidelines were eligible. Eight guidelines received high quality scores for the domain "scope and purpose" (median 69%, range 28-83%), whereas in the other domains the guidelines' quality differed considerably. The majority of guidelines suggest midazolam as drug of first choice. Recommendations on dosage and alternatives vary. The guidelines' recommendations regarding monitoring of PST show wide variation in the number and details of outcome parameters and methods of assessment. CONCLUSION The published guidelines on PST vary considerably regarding their quality and content on drugs and monitoring. Given the need for clear guidance regarding PST in patients at the end of life, this comparative analysis may serve as a starting point for further improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan Schildmann
- Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Isabel Kiesewetter
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology, Munich University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Beller EM, van Driel ML, McGregor L, Truong S, Mitchell G. Palliative pharmacological sedation for terminally ill adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 1:CD010206. [PMID: 25879099 PMCID: PMC6464857 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010206.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminally ill people experience a variety of symptoms in the last hours and days of life, including delirium, agitation, anxiety, terminal restlessness, dyspnoea, pain, vomiting, and psychological and physical distress. In the terminal phase of life, these symptoms may become refractory, and unable to be controlled by supportive and palliative therapies specifically targeted to these symptoms. Palliative sedation therapy is one potential solution to providing relief from these refractory symptoms. Sedation in terminally ill people is intended to provide relief from refractory symptoms that are not controlled by other methods. Sedative drugs such as benzodiazepines are titrated to achieve the desired level of sedation; the level of sedation can be easily maintained and the effect is reversible. OBJECTIVES To assess the evidence for the benefit of palliative pharmacological sedation on quality of life, survival, and specific refractory symptoms in terminally ill adults during their last few days of life. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2014, Issue 11), MEDLINE (1946 to November 2014), and EMBASE (1974 to December 2014), using search terms representing the sedative drug names and classes, disease stage, and study designs. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, non-RCTs, and observational studies (e.g. before-and-after, interrupted-time-series) with quantitative outcomes. We excluded studies with only qualitative outcomes or that had no comparison (i.e. no control group or no within-group comparison) (e.g. single arm case series). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts of citations, and full text of potentially eligible studies. Two review authors independently carried out data extraction using standard data extraction forms. A third review author acted as arbiter for both stages. We carried out no meta-analyses due to insufficient data for pooling on any outcome; therefore, we reported outcomes narratively. MAIN RESULTS The searches resulted in 14 included studies, involving 4167 adults, of whom 1137 received palliative sedation. More than 95% of people had cancer. No studies were randomised or quasi-randomised. All were consecutive case series, with only three having prospective data collection. Risk of bias was high, due to lack of randomisation. No studies measured quality of life or participant well-being, which was the primary outcome of the review. Five studies measured symptom control, using four different methods, so pooling was not possible. The results demonstrated that despite sedation, delirium and dyspnoea were still troublesome symptoms in these people in the last few days of life. Control of other symptoms appeared to be similar in sedated and non-sedated people. Only one study measured unintended adverse effects of sedative drugs and found no major events; however, four of 70 participants appeared to have drug-induced delirium. The study noticed no respiratory suppression. Thirteen of the 14 studies measured survival time from admission or referral to death, and all demonstrated no statistically significant difference between sedated and non-sedated groups. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was insufficient evidence about the efficacy of palliative sedation in terms of a person's quality of life or symptom control. There was evidence that palliative sedation did not hasten death, which has been a concern of physicians and families in prescribing this treatment. However, this evidence comes from low quality studies, so should be interpreted with caution. Further studies that specifically measure the efficacy and quality of life in sedated people, compared with non-sedated people, and quantify adverse effects are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Beller
- Faculty ofHealth Sciences andMedicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, 4229, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mercadante S, Porzio G, Valle A, Aielli F, Casuccio A. Palliative sedation in patients with advanced cancer followed at home: a prospective study. J Pain Symptom Manage 2014; 47:860-6. [PMID: 24099896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Home care programs in Italy. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess a protocol for palliative sedation (PS) performed at home. METHODS A total of 219 patients were prospectively assessed to evaluate a PS protocol in patients with advanced cancer followed at home by two home care programs with different territorial facilities. The protocol was based on stepwise administration of midazolam. RESULTS A total of 176 of the patients died at home, and PS was performed in 24 of these patients (13.6%). Younger patients received the procedure more frequently than older patients (P=0.012). The principal reasons to start PS were agitated delirium (n=20) and dyspnea (n=4). Mean duration of PS was 42.2±30.4 hours, and the mean doses of midazolam were 23-58 mg/day. Both the home care team and the patients' relatives expressed optimal or good levels of satisfaction with the procedure in all but one case, respectively. CONCLUSION This protocol for PS was feasible and effective in minimizing distress for a subgroup of patients who died at home. The characteristics of patients who may be effectively sedated at home should be better explored in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Mercadante
- Pain Relief and Palliative Care Unit, La Maddalena Cancer Center, Palermo, Italy; Palliative Medicine, Department of Anesthesia & Intensive Care, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Alessandra Casuccio
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion "G. D'Alessandro"-Hygiene Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Palliative sedation for cancer patients included in a home care program: A retrospective study. Palliat Support Care 2014; 13:619-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s1478951514000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:Palliative sedation is a common treatment in palliative care. The home is a difficult environment for research, and there are few studies about sedation at home. Our aim was to analyze this practice in a home setting.Method:We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study in a home cohort during 2011. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 18 years or older and enrolled in the Palliative Home Care Program (PHCP) with advanced cancer. The variables employed were: sex, age, primary tumor location, and place of death. We also registered indication, type, drug and dose, awareness of diagnosis and prognosis, consent, survival, presence or absence of rales, painful mouth, and ulcers in patients sedated at home. We also collected the opinions of family members and professionals about the suffering of sedated patients.Results:A total of 446 patients (56% at home) of the 617 admitted to the PHCP between January and December of 2011 passed away. The typical patient in our population was a 70-year-old man with a lung tumor. Some 35 (14%) home patients required sedation, compared to 93 (49%) at the hospital. The most frequent indication was delirium (70%), with midazolam the most common drug (mean dose, 40 mg). Survival was around three days. Rales were frequent (57%) as well as awareness of diagnosis and prognosis (77 and 71%, respectively). Perception of suffering after sedation was rare among relatives (17%) and professionals (8%). In most cases, the decision was made jointly by professionals and family members.Significance of Results:Our study confirmed the role of palliative sedation as an appropriate therapeutic tool in the home environment.
Collapse
|
24
|
Delirium in adult patients receiving palliative care: A systematic review of the literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsmen.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
25
|
Sánchez-Román S, Beltrán Zavala C, Lara Solares A, Chiquete E. Delirium in adult patients receiving palliative care: a systematic review of the literature. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2013; 7:48-58. [PMID: 23911280 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Delirium in palliative care patients is common and its diagnosis and treatment is a major challenge. Our objective was to perform a literature analysis in two phases on the recent scientific evidence (2007-2012) on the diagnosis and treatment of delirium in adults receiving palliative care. In phase 1 (descriptive studies and narrative reviews) 133 relevant articles were identified: 73 addressed the issue of delirium secondarily, and 60 articles as the main topic. However, only 4 prospective observational studies in which delirium was central were identified. Of 135 articles analysed in phase 2 (clinical trials or descriptive studies on treatment of delirium in palliative care patients), only 3 were about prevention or treatment: 2 retrospective studies and one clinical trial on multicomponent prevention in cancer patients. Much of the recent literature is related to reviews on studies conducted more than a decade ago and on patients different to those receiving palliative care. In conclusion, recent scientific evidence on delirium in palliative care is limited and suboptimal. Prospective studies are urgently needed that focus specifically on this highly vulnerable population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Sánchez-Román
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cristina Beltrán Zavala
- Clínica del Dolor y Cuidados Paliativos, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Argelia Lara Solares
- Clínica del Dolor y Cuidados Paliativos, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Erwin Chiquete
- Departamento de Neurología y Psiquiatría, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brinkkemper T, van Norel AM, Szadek KM, Loer SA, Zuurmond WWA, Perez RSGM. The use of observational scales to monitor symptom control and depth of sedation in patients requiring palliative sedation: a systematic review. Palliat Med 2013; 27:54-67. [PMID: 22045725 DOI: 10.1177/0269216311425421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palliative sedation is the intentional lowering of consciousness of a patient in the last phase of life to relieve suffering from refractory symptoms such as pain, delirium and dyspnoea. AIM In this systematic review, we evaluated the use of monitoring scales to assess the degree of control of refractory symptoms and/or the depth of the sedation. DESIGN A database search of PubMed and Embase was performed up to January 2010 using the search terms 'palliative sedation' OR 'terminal sedation'. DATA SOURCES Retro- and prospective studies as well as reviews and guidelines containing information about monitoring of palliative sedation, written in the English, German or Dutch language were included. RESULTS The search yielded 264 articles of which 30 were considered relevant. Most studies focused on monitoring refractory symptoms (pain, fatigue or delirium) or the level of awareness to control the level of sedation. Four prospective and one retrospective study used scales validated in other settings: the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, the Visual Analogue Scale, the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale, the Communication Capacity Scale and Agitation Distress Scale. Only the Community Capacity Scale was partially validated for use in a palliative sedation setting. One guideline described the use of a scale validated in another setting. CONCLUSIONS A minority of studies reported the use of observational scales to monitor the effect of palliative sedation. Future studies should be focused on establishing proper instruments, most adequate frequency and timing of assessment, and interdisciplinary evaluation of sedation depth and symptom control for palliative sedation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tijn Brinkkemper
- Department of Anaesthesiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Porzio G, Aielli F, Verna L, Martella F, Capannolo C, Palma A, Aloisi P, Ficorella C. Is there a role for neurologist in an oncological home care team? Neurol Sci 2013; 34:115-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-0945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
28
|
Barathi B, Chandra PS. Palliative Sedation in Advanced Cancer Patients: Does it Shorten Survival Time? - A Systematic Review. Indian J Palliat Care 2013; 19:40-7. [PMID: 23766594 PMCID: PMC3680838 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1075.110236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with advanced cancer often suffer from multiple refractory symptoms in the terminal phase of their life. Palliative sedation is one of the few ways to relieve this refractory suffering. OBJECTIVES This systematic review investigated the effect of palliative sedation on survival time in terminally ill cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six electronic databases were searched for both prospective and retrospective studies which evaluated the effect of palliative sedation on survival time. Only those studies which had a comparison group that did not receive palliative sedation were selected for the review. Abstracts of all retrieved studies were screened to include the most relevant studies and only studies which met inclusion criteria were selected. References of all retrieved studies were also screened for relevant studies. Selected studies were assessed for quality and data extraction was done using the structured data extraction form. RESULTS Eleven studies including four prospective and seven retrospective studies were identified. Mean survival time (MST) was measured as the time from last admission until death. A careful analysis of the results of all the 11 studies indicated that MST of sedated and non-sedated group was not statistically different in any of the studies. CONCLUSION This systematic review supports the fact that palliative sedation does not shorten survival in terminally ill cancer patients. However, this conclusion needs to be taken with consideration of the methodology, study design, and the population studied of the included studies in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Barathi
- Department of Pain and Palliative Care, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Prabha S Chandra
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Arevalo JJ, Brinkkemper T, van der Heide A, Rietjens JA, Ribbe M, Deliens L, Loer SA, Zuurmond WWA, Perez RSGM. Palliative sedation: reliability and validity of sedation scales. J Pain Symptom Manage 2012; 44:704-14. [PMID: 22819440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Observer-based sedation scales have been used to provide a measurable estimate of the comfort of nonalert patients in palliative sedation. However, their usefulness and appropriateness in this setting has not been demonstrated. OBJECTIVES To study the reliability and validity of observer-based sedation scales in palliative sedation. METHODS A prospective evaluation of 54 patients under intermittent or continuous sedation with four sedation scales was performed by 52 nurses. Included scales were the Minnesota Sedation Assessment Tool (MSAT), Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), Vancouver Interaction and Calmness Scale (VICS), and a sedation score proposed in the Guideline for Palliative Sedation of the Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG). Inter-rater reliability was tested with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cohen's kappa coefficient. Correlations between the scales using Spearman's rho tested concurrent validity. We also examined construct, discriminative, and evaluative validity. In addition, nurses completed a user-friendliness survey. RESULTS Overall moderate to high inter-rater reliability was found for the VICS interaction subscale (ICC = 0.85), RASS (ICC = 0.73), and KNMG (ICC = 0.71). The largest correlation between scales was found for the RASS and KNMG (rho = 0.836). All scales showed discriminative and evaluative validity, except for the MSAT motor subscale and VICS calmness subscale. Finally, the RASS was less time consuming, clearer, and easier to use than the MSAT and VICS. CONCLUSION The RASS and KNMG scales stand as the most reliable and valid among the evaluated scales. In addition, the RASS was less time consuming, clearer, and easier to use than the MSAT and VICS. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of the scales on better symptom control and patient comfort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy J Arevalo
- Department of Anesthesiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bruinsma SM, Rietjens JAC, Seymour JE, Anquinet L, van der Heide A. The experiences of relatives with the practice of palliative sedation: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2012; 44:431-45. [PMID: 22658470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Guidelines about palliative sedation typically include recommendations to protect the well-being of relatives. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to systematically review evidence on the experiences of relatives with the practice of palliative sedation. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were searched for empirical studies on relatives' experiences with palliative sedation. We investigated relatives' involvement in the decision-making and sedation processes, whether they received adequate information and support, and relatives' emotions. RESULTS Of the 564 studies identified, 39 were included. The studies (30 quantitative, six qualitative, and three mixed methods) were conducted in 16 countries; three studies were based on relatives' reports, 26 on physicians' and nurses' proxy reports, seven on medical records, and three combined different sources. The 39 studies yielded a combined total of 8791 respondents or studied cases. Caregivers involved relatives in the decision making in 69%-100% of all cases (19 quantitative studies), and in 60%-100% of all cases, relatives were reported to have received adequate information (five quantitative studies). Only two quantitative studies reported on relatives' involvement in the provision of sedation. Despite the fact that the majority of relatives were reported to be comfortable with the use of palliative sedation (seven quantitative studies, four qualitative studies), several studies found that relatives were distressed by the use of sedation (five quantitative studies, five qualitative studies). No studies reported specifically about the support provided to the relatives. CONCLUSION Relatives' experiences with palliative sedation are mainly studied from the perspective of proxies, mostly professional caregivers. The majority of relatives seems to be comfortable with the use of palliative sedation; however, they may experience substantial distress by the use of sedation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Bruinsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nogueira FL, Sakata RK. Palliative Sedation of Terminally ill Patients. Braz J Anesthesiol 2012; 62:580-92. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7094(12)70157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
|
32
|
Mercadante S, Porzio G, Valle A, Fusco F, Aielli F, Adile C, Casuccio A. Palliative sedation in advanced cancer patients followed at home: a retrospective analysis. J Pain Symptom Manage 2012; 43:1126-30. [PMID: 22651952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Data regarding palliative sedation at home in dying patients are lacking. OBJECTIVES To describe the frequency, indication, and modality of palliative sedation (PS) in patients followed at home. METHODS A retrospective analysis of home care cancer patients was performed. Patients who received PS before dying were selected and information about epidemiologic characteristics, indications, duration, drugs, and outcomes was collected. RESULTS Of 370 medical charts of patients who died at home, 49 patients received PS before dying. PS was proposed by the team, relatives, or both in 63.3%, 4.1%, and 32.6% of cases, respectively. Delirium alone or in combination with other symptoms was the most frequent indication to begin PS. Midazolam was the most frequently used drug to initiate PS (98%), at a mean dose of 28.1 mg/day, in combination with parenteral morphine (84.7%) at a mean dose of 25.4 mg/day. At the time of death, midazolam was administered in 98% of patients (mean dose 22.3 mg/day), combined with parenteral morphine in 87.8% of patients (mean dose 28.1 mg/day). Satisfaction for physicians and principal caregivers after PS was good in 46 and 48 cases, respectively. CONCLUSION PS at home seems to be a feasible treatment option among selected patients and makes a potentially important contribution to improving care for those who choose to die at home.
Collapse
|
33
|
Keefe DMK, Bateman EH. Tumor control versus adverse events with targeted anticancer therapies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2011; 9:98-109. [DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
34
|
Mercadante S, Porzio G, Valle A, Fusco F, Aielli F, Costanzo V. Palliative sedation in patients with advanced cancer followed at home: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2011; 41:754-60. [PMID: 21227633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with advanced cancer who are near the end of life may experience intolerable suffering refractory to targeted palliative therapies. Palliative sedation (PS) is considered to be an effective treatment modality for these refractory symptoms when aggressive efforts fail to provide relief. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to systematically review articles regarding PS performed at home in patients with intractable symptoms. METHODS Literature databases searched included MedLine, PubMed, and EMBASE. The text words and MeSH/EMTREE terms "home care" and "sedation" were used for electronic database searches. RESULTS Six articles met the inclusion criteria for research and reported data regarding patients who were sedated at home. Although an early study reported a rate of more than 50%, the majority of the most recent literature, even though retrospective, shows an incidence of PS of 5%-36%. Agitated delirium, dyspnea, and pain were the most common problems requiring PS. The duration was variable (the mean across studies 1-3.5 days), and has not been statistically associated with hastened death. Benzodiazepines, specifically midazolam, have been most frequently used, alone or in combination with neuroleptics and opioids; in one article, opioids were given alone. CONCLUSION PS at home seems to be a feasible treatment option among selected patients and makes a potentially important contribution to improving care for those who choose to die at home. Although the existing studies provide only low-quality evidence, the decision to use PS does not seem to anticipate patients' death. More homogeneous prospective studies on a large number of patients should confirm this observation.
Collapse
|