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Maezawa M, Inoue M, Satake R, Wakabayashi W, Oura K, Miyasaka K, Hirofuji S, Goto F, Iwata M, Suzuki T, Tanaka H, Horibe M, Nakao S, Tsuji T, Ieiri I, Iguchi K, Nakamura M. Profiles and Outcomes of Skin Injuries Caused by Injectable Drug Extravasation: An Analysis of the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database. JOURNAL OF INFUSION NURSING 2023; 46:281-293. [PMID: 37611286 DOI: 10.1097/nan.0000000000000517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Extravasation occurs when injectable drugs leak out of the blood vessels, damaging the surrounding tissues and causing a variety of skin injuries. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze extravasation risk, skin injury profiles, and outcomes for suspect drugs from the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. Adverse events were defined according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities/Japanese version; the term extravasation (Standardized MedDRA Query Code: 20000136) was used in this analysis. The names of adverse events were entered as unified preferred terms and redefined to evaluate skin injury profiles. In addition, skin injury outcomes were divided into 2 broad categories: "improvement" and "no improvement." Reporting odds ratios were used to detect signals for adverse events. A total of 656 cases of extravasation-related adverse events were reported between April 2004 and January 2022. Signals for extravasation-related adverse events were detected from 11 drugs. Then, their respective skin injury profiles and outcomes were determined. These results suggest a relationship between adverse events associated with extravasation and 11 drugs and identify the characteristics of each skin injury and their outcomes. These findings will contribute to improving the quality of infusion management in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Maezawa
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Misaki Inoue
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Riko Satake
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Wataru Wakabayashi
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Keita Oura
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Koumi Miyasaka
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Sakiko Hirofuji
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Fumiya Goto
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Mari Iwata
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Takaaki Suzuki
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hideyuki Tanaka
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Megumi Horibe
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Satoshi Nakao
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Toshikazu Tsuji
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kazuhiro Iguchi
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | - Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Laboratories of Drug Informatics (Mss Maezawa, Inoue, Satake, Miyasaka, Hirofuji, and Iwata, Messrs Wakabayashi, Oura, Goto, Suzuki, Tanaka, and Nakao, and Dr Nakamura) and Community Pharmacy (Dr Iguchi), Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; Kifune Pharmacy, Gifu, Japan (Ms Iwata); Gifu Prefectural Government, Gifu, Japan (Mr Suzuki); Chubu Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Tajimi, Japan (Mr Tanaka); Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan (Dr Horibe); Department of Pharmacy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan (Mr Nakao and Drs Tsuji and Ieiri)
- Mika Maezawa, MS, RN, received her bachelor's and master's degrees in nursing at Yokohama City University in Japan. After receiving her master's degree, she worked as an RN at a university hospital for 3 years. She is a doctoral student at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Misaki Inoue, Riko Satake, Wataru Wakabayashi, Keita Oura, Koumi Miyasaka, Sakiko Hirofuji, and Fumiya Goto are pharmacy students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mari Iwata, RPh, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kifune Pharmacy
- Takaaki Suzuki, RPh, Ph, is an employee of the Gifu Prefectural Government
- Hideyuki Tanaka, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Chubu Yakuhin
- Satoshi Nakao, BPharm, Ph, is a pharmacist at Kyushu University Hospital. They are doctoral students at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Megumi Horibe, PhD, RN, MW, is an associate professor of nursing courses at Asahi University
- Toshikazu Tsuji, PhD, Ph, is a vice-director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Ichiro Ieiri, PhD, Ph, is a director of a pharmacy department at Kyushu University Hospital
- Kazuhiro Iguchi, PhD, Ph, is a professor in the community pharmacy at Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura, PhD, Ph, is a professor at the Laboratory of Drug Informatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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