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Thangavel P, Thomas J, Sinha N, Peh WY, Yuvaraj R, Cash SS, Chaudhari R, Karia S, Jing J, Rathakrishnan R, Saini V, Shah N, Srivastava R, Tan YL, Westover B, Dauwels J. Improving automated diagnosis of epilepsy from EEGs beyond IEDs. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 36270485 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac9c93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Clinical diagnosis of epilepsy relies partially on identifying interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in scalp electroencephalograms (EEGs). This process is expert-biased, tedious, and can delay the diagnosis procedure. Beyond automatically detecting IEDs, there are far fewer studies on automated methods to differentiate epileptic EEGs (potentially without IEDs) from normal EEGs. In addition, the diagnosis of epilepsy based on a single EEG tends to be low. Consequently, there is a strong need for automated systems for EEG interpretation. Traditionally, epilepsy diagnosis relies heavily on IEDs. However, since not all epileptic EEGs exhibit IEDs, it is essential to explore IED-independent EEG measures for epilepsy diagnosis. The main objective is to develop an automated system for detecting epileptic EEGs, both with or without IEDs. In order to detect epileptic EEGs without IEDs, it is crucial to include EEG features in the algorithm that are not directly related to IEDs.Approach.In this study, we explore the background characteristics of interictal EEG for automated and more reliable diagnosis of epilepsy. Specifically, we investigate features based on univariate temporal measures (UTMs), spectral, wavelet, Stockwell, connectivity, and graph metrics of EEGs, besides patient-related information (age and vigilance state). The evaluation is performed on a sizeable cohort of routine scalp EEGs (685 epileptic EEGs and 1229 normal EEGs) from five centers across Singapore, USA, and India.Main results.In comparison with the current literature, we obtained an improved Leave-One-Subject-Out (LOSO) cross-validation (CV) area under the curve (AUC) of 0.871 (Balanced Accuracy (BAC) of 80.9%) with a combination of three features (IED rate, and Daubechies and Morlet wavelets) for the classification of EEGs with IEDs vs. normal EEGs. The IED-independent feature UTM achieved a LOSO CV AUC of 0.809 (BAC of 74.4%). The inclusion of IED-independent features also helps to improve the EEG-level classification of epileptic EEGs with and without IEDs vs. normal EEGs, achieving an AUC of 0.822 (BAC of 77.6%) compared to 0.688 (BAC of 59.6%) for classification only based on the IED rate. Specifically, the addition of IED-independent features improved the BAC by 21% in detecting epileptic EEGs that do not contain IEDs.Significance.These results pave the way towards automated detection of epilepsy. We are one of the first to analyze epileptic EEGs without IEDs, thereby opening up an underexplored option in epilepsy diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Thomas
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nishant Sinha
- University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Wei Yan Peh
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
| | | | - Sydney S Cash
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Sagar Karia
- Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Jin Jing
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Vinay Saini
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - Nilesh Shah
- Lokmanya Tilak Municipal General Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Brandon Westover
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Justin Dauwels
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore.,TU Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
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Cheng C, Zhou Y, You B, Liu Y, Fei G, Yang L, Dai Y. Multiview Feature Fusion Representation for Interictal Epileptiform Spikes Detection. Int J Neural Syst 2022; 32:2250014. [PMID: 35272587 DOI: 10.1142/s0129065722500149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Interictal epileptiform spikes (IES) of scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) signals have a strong relation with the epileptogenic region. Since IES are highly unlikely to be detected in scalp EEG signals, the primary diagnosis depends heavily on the visual evaluation of IES. However, visual inspection of EEG signals, the standard IES detection procedure is time-consuming, highly subjective, and error-prone. Furthermore, the highly complex, nonlinear, and nonstationary characteristics of EEG signals lead to the incomplete representation of EEG signals in existing computer-aided methods and consequently unsatisfactory detection performance. Therefore, a novel multiview feature fusion representation (MVFFR) method was developed and combined with a robustness classifier to detect EEG signals with/without IES. MVFFR comprises two steps: First, temporal, frequency, temporal-frequency, spatial, and nonlinear domain features are transformed by the IES to express the latent information effectively. Second, the unsupervised infinite feature-selection method determines the most distinct feature fusion representations. Experimental results using a balanced dataset of six patients showed that MVFFR achieved the optimal detection performance (accuracy: 89.27%, sensitivity: 89.01%, specificity: 89.54%, and precision: 89.82%) compared with other feature ranking methods, and the MVFFR-related method were complementary and indispensable. Additionally, in an independent test, MVFFR maintained excellent generalization capacity with a false detection rate per minute of 0.15 on the unbalanced dataset of one patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Cheng
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China.,Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory, of Complex Intelligent System and Integration, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200000, P. R. China
| | - Bo You
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China.,Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory, of Complex Intelligent System and Integration, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China.,School of Automation, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, P. R. China.,Jinan Guoke Medical Engineering Technology Development Co., Ltd, Jinan 250000, P. R. China
| | - Gao Fei
- Department of Radiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Liling Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250021, P. R. China
| | - Yakang Dai
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, P. R. China.,Jinan Guoke Medical Engineering Technology Development Co., Ltd, Jinan 250000, P. R. China
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Yu Y, Chen Y, Li Y, Gao Z, Gai Z, Zhou Y. SQNN: A Spike-wave index Quantification Neural Network with a pre-labeling algorithm for epileptiform activity identification and quantification in children. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35147524 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac542e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep (ESES) is a phenomenon identified by strong activation of epileptiform activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG) during sleep. For children disturbed by ESES, spike-wave index (SWI) is defined to quantify the epileptiform activity in the EEG during sleep. Accurate SWI quantification is important for clinical diagnosis and prognosis. To quantify SWI automatically, a deep learning method is proposed in this paper. APPROACH Firstly, a pre-labeling algorithm (PreLA) composed of the adaptive wavelet enhanced decomposition and a slow-wave discrimination rule is designed to efficiently label the EEG signal. It enables the collection of large-scale EEG dataset with fine-grained labels. Then, an SWI Quantification Neural Network (SQNN) is constructed to accurately classify each sample point as normal or abnormal and to identify the abnormal events. SWI can be calculated automatically based on the total duration of abnormalities and the length of the signal. MAIN RESULTS Experiments on two datasets demonstrate that the PreLA is effective and robust for labeling the EEG data and the SQNN accurately and reliably quantifies SWI without using any thresholds. The average estimation error of SWI is 3.12%, indicating that our method is more accurate and robust than experts and previous related works. The processing speed of SQNN is 100 times faster than that of experts. SIGNIFICANCE Deep learning provides a novel approach to automatic SWI quantification and PreLA provides an easy way to label the EEG data with ESES syndromes. The results of the experiments indicate that the proposed method has a high potential for clinical diagnosis and prognosis of epilepsy in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University - Minhang Campus, 800 Dongchuan RD. Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
| | - Yehong Chen
- Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, No. 23976, Jingshi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250022, CHINA
| | - Yuanxiang Li
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University - Minhang Campus, 800 Dongchuan RD. Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
| | - Zaifen Gao
- Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, No. 23976, Jingshi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250022, CHINA
| | - Zhongtao Gai
- Qilu Children's Hospital of Shandong University, No. 23976, Jingshi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, 250022, CHINA
| | - Yunqing Zhou
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, No.1678 Dongfang Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200127, CHINA
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