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Wang KL, Yu YC, Chen HY, Chiang YF, Ali M, Shieh TM, Hsia SM. Recent Advances in Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice)-Containing Herbs Alleviating Radiotherapy- and Chemotherapy-Induced Adverse Reactions in Cancer Treatment. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060535. [PMID: 35736467 PMCID: PMC9227067 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They also impose a large economic burden on patients, their families, and health insurance systems. Notably, cancers and the adverse reactions to their therapeutic options, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, dramatically affect the quality of life of afflicted patients. Therefore, developing approaches to manage chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced adverse reactions gained greater attention in recent years. Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), a perennial plant that is one of the most frequently used herbs in traditional Chinese medicine, has been heavily investigated in relation to cancer therapy. Licorice/licorice-related regimes, used in combination with chemotherapy, may improve the adverse effects of chemotherapy. However, there is little awareness of licorice-containing herbs alleviating reactions to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, or to other induced adverse reactions in cancer treatment. We aimed to provide a descriptive review, and to emphasize the possibility that licorice-related medicines could be used as an adjuvant regimen with chemotherapy to improve quality of life (QoL) and to reduce side effects, thus, improving compliance with chemotherapy. The experimental method involved searching different databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Wang Fang database, as of May 2022, to identify any relevant studies. Despite a lack of high-quality and large-scale randomized controlled trials, we still discovered the potential benefits of licorice-containing herbs from published clinical studies. These studies find that licorice-containing herbs, and their active ingredients, reduce the adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and improve the QoL of patients. This comprehensive review will serve as a cornerstone to encourage more scientists to evaluate and develop effective Traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions to improve the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lee Wang
- Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung 20301, Taiwan;
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Ying-Chun Yu
- Sex Hormonal Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40403, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40403, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yuan Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Yi-Fen Chiang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- School of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40403, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- School of Food and Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Kalpana K, Montenegro D, Romero G, Peralta X, Akgol Oksuz B, Heguy A, Tsuji M, Kawamura A. Abundance of Plant-Associated Gammaproteobacteria Correlates with Immunostimulatory Activity of Angelica sinensis. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6020062. [PMID: 31159200 PMCID: PMC6631519 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:Angelica sinensis is a medicinal plant known for a variety of biological effects, including its ability to stimulate innate immune cells in humans. Recent studies indicate that the immunostimulatory activity of A. sinensis arises from microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) of plant-associated bacteria. However, it is unknown which bacterial taxa in A. sinensis are responsible for the production of immunostimulatory MAMPs. Methods: Samples of A. sinensis were subjected to a cell-based assay to detect monocyte-stimulation and 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing, which revealed their immunostimulatory activity and microbial communities. The resulting data were analyzed by Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), an online biostatistical tool for metagenomic biomarker discovery, to identify the bacterial taxonomical features correlated with the immunostimulatory activity. Results: A series of bacterial taxa under Gammaproteobacteria correlated positively with the immunostimulatory activity, whereas several Gram-positive taxa and Betaproteobacteria correlated negatively with the activity. Conclusions: The identified bacterial taxa set a new stage to characterize immunostimulatory MAMPs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Kalpana
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Diego Montenegro
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Giovanna Romero
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Ximena Peralta
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Betul Akgol Oksuz
- Genome Technology Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Moriya Tsuji
- HIV and Malaria Vaccine Program, Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Affiliate of The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Akira Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, New York, NY 10065, USA.
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA.
- Chemistry Ph.D. Program, The Graduate Center of CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Mahmoudian-Sani MR, Asadi-Samani M, Luther T, Saeedi-Boroujeni A, Gholamian N. A new approach for treatment of type 1 diabetes: Phytotherapy and phytopharmacology of regulatory T cells. J Renal Inj Prev 2017. [DOI: 10.15171/jrip.2017.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Montenegro D, Kalpana K, Chrissian C, Sharma A, Takaoka A, Iacovidou M, Soll CE, Aminova O, Heguy A, Cohen L, Shen S, Kawamura A. Uncovering potential 'herbal probiotics' in Juzen-taiho-to through the study of associated bacterial populations. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:466-9. [PMID: 25547935 PMCID: PMC4297534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Juzen-taiho-to (JTT) is an immune-boosting formulation of ten medicinal herbs. It is used clinically in East Asia to boost the human immune functions. The active factors in JTT have not been clarified. But, existing evidence suggests that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-like factors contribute to the activity. To examine this possibility, JTT was subjected to a series of analyses, including high resolution mass spectrometry, which suggested the presence of structural variants of LPS. This finding opened a possibility that JTT contains immune-boosting bacteria. As the first step to characterize the bacteria in JTT, 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing was carried out for Angelica sinensis (dried root), one of the most potent immunostimulatory herbs in JTT. The sequencing revealed a total of 519 bacteria genera in A. sinensis. The most abundant genus was Rahnella, which is widely distributed in water and plants. The abundance of Rahnella appeared to correlate with the immunostimulatory activity of A. sinensis. In conclusion, the current study provided new pieces of evidence supporting the emerging theory of bacterial contribution in immune-boosting herbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Montenegro
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kriti Kalpana
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christine Chrissian
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna Takaoka
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maria Iacovidou
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Clifford E Soll
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olga Aminova
- Genome Technology Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adriana Heguy
- Genome Technology Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lisa Cohen
- Genome Technology Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Steven Shen
- Genome Technology Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, NYU School of Medicine, 227 East 30th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Akira Kawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of CUNY, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Saiki I, Koizumi K, Goto H, Inujima A, Namiki T, Raimura M, Kogure T, Tatsumi T, Inoue H, Sakai S, Oka H, Fujimoto M, Hikiami H, Sakurai H, Shibahara N, Shimada Y, Origasa H. The long-term effects of a kampo medicine, juzentaihoto, on maintenance of antibody titer in elderly people after influenza vaccination. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2013; 2013:568074. [PMID: 24348705 PMCID: PMC3852084 DOI: 10.1155/2013/568074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have performed a broad-ranging analysis of the adjuvant effect of a Kampo medicine, juzentaihoto (JTT), on influenza vaccination in a multicenter randomized controlled trial. In this study, the enhancing effect of JTT on antibody titer after influenza vaccination was studied for 28 weeks in elderly people who were in the high-risk group for influenza infection. In total, 91 subjects over 65 years old were recruited from four long-term-care facilities located in Chiba, Gunma, and Toyama prefectures in Japan. Participants were randomly assigned to the JTT and the control groups. Blood samples were taken at 4 weeks before vaccination, at the time of vaccination, and then at 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks after vaccination. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers against A/California/7/2009 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), and B/Brisbane/60/2008 were then manually measured. A significant increase in HI titer against H3N2 was observed at week 8 after vaccination in the JTT group compared with the control group (P = 0.0229), and the HI titer of the JTT group significantly increased from 4 to 24 weeks (P = 0.0468), compared with the control group. In conclusion, our results indicated that JTT increased and prolonged antibody production against A/Victoria/210/2009 (H3N2), in particular, after influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Saiki
- Division of Pathogenic Biochemistry, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Keiichi Koizumi
- Division of Kampo Diagnostics, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hirozo Goto
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Hokusei Hospital, Toyama, Japan
| | - Akiko Inujima
- Division of Kampo Diagnostics, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takao Namiki
- Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | | | - Toshiaki Kogure
- Department of Japanese Oriental Medicine, Gunma Central & General Hospital, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tatsumi
- Department of Japanese Oriental Medicine, Gunma Central & General Hospital, Gunma, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ninosawa Hospital, Gunma, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inoue
- Department of Japanese Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Iizuka Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Oka
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Bayside Clinic, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujimoto
- Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hikiami
- Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Shibahara
- Division of Kampo Diagnostics, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shimada
- Department of Japanese-Oriental (Kampo) Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
| | - Hideki Origasa
- Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Japan
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Park HJ, Kim DH, Park SJ, Kim JM, Ryu JH. Ginseng in traditional herbal prescriptions. J Ginseng Res 2013; 36:225-41. [PMID: 23717123 PMCID: PMC3659587 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.3.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer has been widely used as a tonic in traditional Korean, Chinese, and Japanese herbal medicines and in Western herbal preparations for thousands of years. In the past, ginseng was very rare and was considered to have mysterious powers. Today, the efficacy of drugs must be tested through well-designed clinical trials or meta-analyses, and ginseng is no exception. In the present review, we discuss the functions of ginseng described in historical documents and describe how these functions are taken into account in herbal prescriptions. We also discuss the findings of experimental pharmacological research on the functions of ginseng in ginseng-containing prescriptions and how these prescriptions have been applied in modern therapeutic interventions. The present review on the functions of ginseng in traditional prescriptions helps to demystify ginseng and, as a result, may contribute to expanding the use of ginseng or ginseng-containing prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jae Park
- Department of Oriental Pharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Ikemoto T, Shimada M, Iwahashi S, Saito Y, Kanamoto M, Mori H, Morine Y, Imura S, Utsunomiya T. Changes of immunological parameters with administration of Japanese Kampo medicine (Juzen-Taihoto/TJ-48) in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2013; 19:81-6. [PMID: 23443635 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-013-0529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of pancreatic cancer is extremely poor regardless of various combination therapies. Immunoaugumentation against tumor cells was recently A focus. We reported that the population of Foxp3(+)CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Foxp3(+)Treg) was the new parameter for the estimation of host immunity and had correlation with tumor aggressiveness. Here we show the immunoaugumentation effects of Japanese Kampo medicine, Juzen-Taihoto/TJ-48, empirically considered as an immunoaugumentation drug, with investigation of Treg and other immunological parameters. PATIENTS AND METHOD Peripheral Foxp3(+) Treg populations, CD4/CD8 ratio, and CD57(+) cells (NK cells) populations in advanced pancreatic cancer patients (n = 30, stage VI A and B according to TNM classification) were estimated after TJ-48 administration for 14 days before the anti-cancer therapy. RESULTS Treg populations were significantly increased compared to healthy donors (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001). Administration of Juzen-Taihoto/TJ-48 significantly decreased Treg populations (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.001) and increased the CD4/CD8 ratio (Mann-Whitney U test, P < 0.01), even though CD57(+) cell populations did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS Juzen-Taihoto/TJ-48 increased regulatory activities in T cells through decreasing Foxp3(+) Treg populations in advanced pancreatic cancer patients. This effect can lead to immunoaugumentation for various combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Institute of Health Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan,
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Suzuki M, Inage E, Minowa K, Saito N, Naritaka N, Tsubahara M, Ohtsuka Y, Tokita A, Shimizu T. Prophylaxis for ribavirin-related anemia using eicosapentaenoic acid in chronic hepatitis C patients. Pediatr Int 2012; 54:528-31. [PMID: 22375604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2012.03603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribavirin-related anemia is a serious side-effect of the pegylated interferon and ribavirin therapy used for hepatitis C, and may be cause for a reduction in ribavirin dose or even cessation of treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic effects of oral eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) supplementation on ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia in pediatric and young adult patients. METHODS Twelve chronic hepatitis C patients ranging in age from 3 to 21 years (mean, 13.9 ± 5.1 years) who received pegylated interferon α-2b and ribavirin combination therapy were randomized to either the control group (n = 6) or EPA group (n = 6). Blood samples were collected before, and at 4, 8, and 16 weeks after treatment to measure clinical laboratory parameters. RESULTS The reduction in hemoglobin levels of the EPA group was significantly ameliorated at 8 and 16 weeks when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in plasma ribavirin concentrations between the two groups during the treatment. However, one patient in the control group had a reduction in ribavirin dose. CONCLUSION EPA supplementation prevented ribavirin-induced hemolytic anemia during combination therapy with pegylated interferon α-2b and ribavirin in pediatric and young adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Munakata K, Takashima K, Nishiyama M, Asano N, Mase A, Hioki K, Ohnishi Y, Yamamoto M, Watanabe K. Microarray analysis on germfree mice elucidates the primary target of a traditional Japanese medicine juzentaihoto: acceleration of IFN-α response via affecting the ISGF3-IRF7 signaling cascade. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:30. [PMID: 22257721 PMCID: PMC3298487 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The traditional Japanese medicine juzentaihoto (JTX) is a pharmaceutical grade multi-herbal medicine widely used for the prevention of cancer metastasis and infection in immuno-compromized patients in Japan. The effect of JTX has been supposed to be intimately affected by the immunological properties of host and enteric microflora. The influence of JTX on the gene expression profile in the large and small intestines was investigated by microarray analyses using mice of different strains with or without enteric microflora. Results In all types of mice, including germfree (GF) animals, the genes most affected by two-week oral JTX treatment were the type 1 interferon (IFN)-related genes including Stat1, Isgf3g and Irf7, which play a critical role in the feedback loop of IFN-α production cascade. In IQI specific pathogen free (SPF) mice JTX increased the steady state level of the expression of IFN-related genes, but had the opposite effect in IQI GF and BALB/c SPF mice. Promoter analysis suggests that tandem repeated $IRFF (the promoter sequences for interferon regulatory factors) may be a primary target for JTX action. Pre-treatment of JTX accelerated the effects of an oral IFN "inducer" 2-amino-5-bromo-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (ABMP) (up-regulation of IFN-α production in IQI strain and down-regulation in BALB/c mice), which is in good accordance with the effect of JTX on gene expression of type 1 IFN-related genes. Conclusions Microarray analysis revealed that the target of JTX might be the transcription machinery regulating the steady-state level of genes involved in the ISGF3-IRF7 cascade, whose effect is bi-directional in a strain- and microbiota-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Munakata
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Ikemoto T, Sugimoto K, Takita M, Shimoda M, Noguchi H, Naziruddin B, Levy MF, Shimada M, Matsumoto S. Japanese herbal medicine TJ-48 prevents autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2011; 39:743-56. [PMID: 21721154 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x11009160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is mainly caused by CD8(+) cytotoxic T cell infiltration into islets. Recently, the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the prevention of the onset of T1DM was reported. We reported that TJ-48, a common Japanese herbal medicine, decreased Treg population in cancer patients, thus we investigated whether TJ-48 had an influence on T1DM onset using NOD mice. In the TJ-48 group, TJ-48 (2.0g/kg/day) was administered in the drinking water for NOD mice from three weeks of age to 20 weeks of age. Their body weight and fast blood glucose (FBG) were measured every week. Histology (Hematoxylin-Eosin staining) was investigated every month. Lymphocyte profiles were investigated every month with FACS. The results were compared to the age-matched NOD mice control group. FBG of the control group mice showed diabetic status of 66.7% at 18 weeks of age. On the other hand, the TJ-48 group mice showed diabetic status of 16.7% at 18 weeks of age (p = 1.905E-06). There were no significant differences in general conditions or body weight between the two groups. Lymphocyte infiltrations into islets were dramatically suppressed in the TJ-48 group. The effect of TJ-48 on decreasing Tregs was less apparent in the NOD mice model. TJ-48 inhibited lymphocyte infiltrations into islets, which led to preventing the onset of T1DM in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Ikemoto
- Baylor Research Institute Fort-Worth Campus, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA.
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Subchronic toxicity of Sipjeondaebo-tang (SDT) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 59:375-84. [PMID: 20937344 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sipjeondaebo-tang (SDT, Juzen-taiho-to in Japanese), a traditional Korean herbal medicine, is used as a supplemental treatment for the adverse effects of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical treatment. However, limited information is available about the long-term safety of SDT. Therefore, we evaluated the potential adverse effects of SDT in Sprague-Dawley rats over a period of 13-weeks. The SDT was administered once daily by gavage to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks. The SDT treatment did not result in any toxicologically significant changes in mortality, clinical signs, body weights, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross findings, organ weights, histopathology, estrus cycle, serum testosterone levels and sperm analysis. We concluded that the 13-week repeated oral administration of SDT did not cause any adverse effects in rats at dose levels of ≤ 2000 mg/kg/day. Under these experimental conditions, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was more than 2000 mg/kg/day for both genders. Here, we demonstrated the safety of a 13-week repeated oral dose and considered that it is a safe herbal medicine for human consumption.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Current practice guidelines recommend that individuals chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) be treated with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. Ribavirin, however, is associated with serious adverse events (AE), especially anemia. We review its mechanism of action, its importance in treating chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients, the AE associated with its use, and techniques used to lessen these AE. METHODS Medline searches were performed using the keywords ribavirin and hepatitis, together with the keywords mechanism, anemia, liver transplant, renal function, pharmacokinetics, and dose reduction. Searches of abstracts of recent Digestive Diseases Week, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, and European Association for the Study of Liver Diseases meetings were also performed. RESULTS Ribavirin may be effective in treating CHC by affecting the virus or the host; for example by inducing viral mutations, blocking cellular enzymes, or affecting the host immune response. Although the pegylated interferons are the primary drugs used to treat CHC, a combination with ribavirin is more effective than pegylated interferon alone. Ribavirin-associated AE may be lessened by ribavirin dose reductions and by maintenance of the hematocrit. CONCLUSIONS Treatments of ribavirin toxicities, especially anemia, can allow patients to continue full-dose combination therapy with peginterferon and ribavirin, enhancing their probability of attaining a sustained virologic response (SVR). Treatment of CHC should be tailored to individual patients, especially those with renal dysfunction, and should include agents that treat the side-effects of CHC treatment. Monitoring of plasma ribavirin concentrations during treatment may help in the future.
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