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Wang K, Wu W, Wang Q, Yang L, Bian X, Jiang X, Lv L, Yan R, Xia J, Han S, Li L. The negative effect of Akkermansia muciniphila-mediated post-antibiotic reconstitution of the gut microbiota on the development of colitis-associated colorectal cancer in mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932047. [PMID: 36312913 PMCID: PMC9614165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional relationship between colorectal cancer (CRC) and the gut microbiome has been well-documented. Here, we investigated the impact of Akkermansia muciniphila-mediated post-antibiotic gut microbial reconstitution on the development of colitis-associated CRC (CAC). The results showed that post-antibiotic replenishment of A. muciniphila worsened the tumorigenesis of CAC as indicated by increased number of large (>2 mm in diameter) tumors and both average and total tumor diameters. Measures of intestinal barrier function showed that post-antibiotic A. muciniphila gavage damaged the intestinal barrier as reflected by lower transcriptional levels of Tjp1, Ocln, Cdh1, and MUC2. Impaired gut barrier was followed by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) translocation as indicated by higher level of serum LPS-binding protein (LBP). The increased colonic mRNA levels of Il1b, Il6, and Tnfa and serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α indicated that post-antibiotic A. muciniphila replenishment resulted in overactivated inflammatory environment in CAC. The analysis of the evolution of the microbial community during the progression of CAC showed that post-antibiotic supplementation of A. muciniphila led to a distinct microbial configuration when compared with other treatments characterized by enriched Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae, and Ruminococcaceae, and depleted Bacteroidetes, which was accompanied by higher Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio. Furthermore, post-antibiotic A. muciniphila administration changed the bile acid (BA) metabolic profile as indicated by decreased concentrations of secondary BA (SBA), ω–murocholic acid (ωMCA), and murocholic acid (muroCA). In addition, the A. muciniphila supplementation after antibiotic pretreatment also impacted the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as evidenced by increased concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, and valeric acid. Our study surprisingly observed that A. muciniphila-mediated post-antibiotic reconstitution of the gut microbiota aggravated the CAC in mice. It might exert its effect by damaging the gut barrier, exacerbating inflammatory responses, disrupting the post-antibiotic recovery of the microbial community, and further influencing the metabolism of BA and SCFAs. These findings indicated that maintaining the homeostasis of intestinal microorganisms is more crucial to health than replenishing a single beneficial microbe, and probiotics should be used with caution after antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaicen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liya Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianwan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longxian Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ren Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengyi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Lanjuan Li,
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Abstract
Cbp/P300 interacting transactivator with Glu/Asp-rich carboxy-terminal domain 2 (CITED2) is a transcription co-factor that interacts with several other transcription factors and co-factors, and serves critical roles in fundamental cell processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration and autophagy. The interacting transcription factors or co-factors of CITED2 include LIM homeobox 2, transcription factor AP-2, SMAD2/3, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, oestrogen receptor, MYC, Nucleolin and p300/CBP, which regulate downstream gene expression, and serve important roles in the aforementioned fundamental cell processes. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that CITED2 serves an essential role in embryonic and adult tissue stem cells, including hematopoietic stem cells and tendon-derived stem/progenitor cells. Additionally, CITED2 has been reported to function in different types of cancer. Although the functions of CITED2 in different tissues vary depending on the interaction partner, altered CITED2 expression or altered interactions with transcription factors or co-factors result in alterations of fundamental cell processes, and may affect stem cell maintenance or cancer cell survival. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular mechanisms of CITED2 function and how it serves a role in stem cells and different types of cancer based on the currently available literature.
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Guo XY, Liu XJ, Hao JY. Gut microbiota in ulcerative colitis: insights on pathogenesis and treatment. J Dig Dis 2020; 21:147-159. [PMID: 32040250 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gut microbiota constitute the largest reservoir of the human microbiome and are an abundant and stable ecosystem-based on its diversity, complexity, redundancy, and host interactions This ecosystem is indispensable for human development and health. The integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier depends on its interactions with gut microbiota. The commensal bacterial community is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC). The dysbiosis of microbes is characterized by reduced biodiversity, abnormal composition of gut microbiota, altered spatial distribution, as well as interactions among microbiota, between different strains of microbiota, and with the host. The defects in microecology, with the related metabolic pathways and molecular mechanisms, play a critical role in the innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa in UC. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been used to treat many diseases related to gut microbiota, with the most promising outcome reported in antibiotic-associated diarrhea, followed by IBD. This review evaluated the results of various reports of FMT in UC. The efficacy of FMT remains highly controversial, and needs to be regularized by integrated management, standardization of procedures, and individualization of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Juan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yu Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Kim TJ, Byun JS, Kwon HS, Kim DY. Cellular toxicity driven by high-dose vitamin C on normal and cancer stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:347-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Murdocca M, Mango R, Pucci S, Biocca S, Testa B, Capuano R, Paolesse R, Sanchez M, Orlandi A, di Natale C, Novelli G, Sangiuolo F. The lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1: a new potential molecular target in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:14765-80. [PMID: 26895376 PMCID: PMC4924750 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of new biomarkers and targets for tailored therapy in human colorectal cancer (CRC) onset and progression is an interesting challenge. CRC tissue produces an excess of ox-LDL, suggesting a close correlation between lipid dysfunction and malignant transformation. Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) is involved in several mechanisms closely linked to tumorigenesis. Here we report a tumor specific LOX-1 overexpression in human colon cancers: LOX-1 results strongly increased in the 72% of carcinomas (P<0.001), and strongly overexpressed in 90% of highly aggressive and metastatic tumours (P<0.001), as compared to normal mucosa. Moreover LOX-1 results modulated since the early stage of the disease (adenomas vs normal mucosa; P<0.001) suggesting an involvement in tumor insurgence and progression. The in vitro knockdown of LOX-1 in DLD-1 and HCT-8 colon cancer cells by siRNA and anti-LOX-1 antibody triggers to an impaired proliferation rate and affects the maintenance of cell growth and tumorigenicity. The wound-healing assay reveals an evident impairment in closing the scratch. Lastly knockdown of LOX-1 delineates a specific pattern of volatile compounds characterized by the presence of a butyrate derivative, suggesting a potential role of LOX-1 in tumor-specific epigenetic regulation in neoplastic cells. The role of LOX-1 as a novel biomarker and molecular target represents a concrete opportunity to improve current therapeutic strategies for CRC. In addition, the innovative application of a technology focused to the identification of LOX-1 driven volatiles specific to colorectal cancer provides a promising diagnostic tool for CRC screening and for monitoring the response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Murdocca
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Mango
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, Section of Cardiology, Policlinic of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Pucci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Biocca
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Testa
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Capuano
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Paolesse
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Orlandi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Sangiuolo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
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Fang Y, Shang W, Wei DL, Zeng SM. Cited2 protein level in cumulus cells is a biomarker for human embryo quality and pregnancy outcome in one in vitro fertilization cycle. Fertil Steril 2016; 105:1351-1359.e4. [PMID: 26812245 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.12.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the levels of CBP/p300 interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail 2 (Cited2) protein in cumulus cells (CCs) derived from patients undergoing IVF related to infertility factors, embryo quality, and clinical outcomes in one IVF cycle. DESIGN Retrospective analysis of human CCs. SETTING Public hospital and university. PATIENT(S) A total of 103 (conventional) IVF patients and 32 intracytoplasmic sperm injection patients. INTERVENTION(S) All CCs from each patient's oocytes were considered as one sample. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether the Cited2/β-actin levels in their CCs were above or below the mean level detected for all patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Embryo quality and clinical outcomes of IVF patients. RESULT(S) The oocytes derived from the group of patients whose CCs showed lower Cited2 levels displayed higher fertilization, transferable embryo, and implantation rates. Moreover, the patients in this group were more likely to have a successful pregnancy outcome. Among different infertility factors, a total of 78.6% of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome had a higher Cited2 level in CCs. Additionally, patients with a lower basal FSH level belonged to the higher Cited2 levels group. The expression of two genes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 [PCK1] and progesterone receptor [PR]) and the glucose content in CCs were also markedly increased in CCs derived from patients with higher Cited2 levels. CONCLUSION(S) The present findings imply that Cited2 level in CCs is associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, embryo quality, and pregnancy outcome of IVF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shang
- In Vitro Fertility Center, Assisted Reproductive Center of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China PLA Naval General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Li Wei
- In Vitro Fertility Center, Assisted Reproductive Center of the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, China PLA Naval General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shen-Ming Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Intestinal microbiota and ulcerative colitis. J Infect Chemother 2015; 21:761-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rogers MA, Kalter V, Marcias G, Zapatka M, Barbus S, Lichter P. CITED4 gene silencing in colorectal cancer cells modulates adherens/tight junction gene expression and reduces cell proliferation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:225-37. [PMID: 26243458 PMCID: PMC4705123 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose CITED4 is one member of a family of transcriptional cofactors, several of which are deregulated in a variety of tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). We modulated CITED4 expression, in vitro, and analyzed the associated phenotypic and gene expression changes. Methods CITED4-overexpressing and shRNA-mediated knockdown cell lines and control cell lines were established in the CRC cell line SW480. The cells were analyzed for changes in proliferation, apoptosis/cell cycle, migration, invasion, colony formation and adhesion. mRNA expression changes were determined by microarray and pathway analysis, and several deregulated genes were validated by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Based on results obtained from these studies, the status of the actin cytoskeleton was evaluated by phalloidin/vinculin staining. Results Phenotypically, the CITED4-overexpressing cell line showed only moderate changes in adhesion. Microarray analysis identified several deregulated genes, including several G protein-coupled receptors. Phenotypic analysis of the CITED4 shRNA knockdown cell line demonstrated decreased cell proliferation and G2 cell cycle blockage. Microarray analysis identified many deregulated genes, and pathway analysis discovered genes linked to actin-associated adherens junctions/tight junctions (claudin-4, claudin-7, ezrin, MET, ß-catenin). Phenotypically, no morphological changes of the actin cytoskeleton were seen. Conclusions Upregulation of CITED4 in SW480 resulted in no obvious phenotype. CITED4 shRNA-mediated knockdown led to decreased cellular proliferation and modulation of a large number of genes, including the c-MET tyrosine kinase and several actin-associated adherens junctions/tight junction genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00432-015-2011-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rogers
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Kalter
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gemma Marcias
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Zapatka
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Barbus
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Gene expression profile of compressed primary human cementoblasts before and after IL-1β stimulation. Clin Oral Investig 2014; 18:1925-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Si Shen Wan Inhibits mRNA Expression of Apoptosis-Related Molecules in p38 MAPK Signal Pathway in Mice with Colitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:432097. [PMID: 24223057 PMCID: PMC3816044 DOI: 10.1155/2013/432097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Si Shen Wan (SSW) is used to effectively treat ulcerative colitis (UC) as a formula of traditional Chinese medicine. To explore the mechanism of SSW-inhibited apoptosis of colonic epithelial cell, the study observed mRNA expression of apoptosis-related molecules in p38 MAPK signal pathway in colonic mucosa in colitis mice treated with SSW. Experimental colitis was induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) in mice; meanwhile, the mice were administrated daily either SSW (5 g/kg) or p38 MAPK inhibitor (2 mg/kg) or vehicle (physiological saline) for 10 days. While microscopical evaluation was observed, apoptosis rate of colonic epithelial cell and mRNA expression of apoptosis-related molecules were tested. Compared with colitis mice without treatment, SSW alleviated colonic mucosal injuries and decreased apoptosis rate of colonic epithelial cell, while the mRNA expressions of p38 MAPK, p53, caspase-3, c-jun, c-fos, Bax, and TNF- α were decreased in the colonic mucosa in colitis mice treated with SSW, and Bcl-2 mRNA and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax were increased. The present study demonstrated that SSW inhibited mRNA expression of apoptosis-related molecules in p38 MAPK signal pathway to downregulate colonic epithelial cells apoptosis in colonic mucosa in mice with colitis.
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The role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:704953. [PMID: 22619714 PMCID: PMC3348635 DOI: 10.1155/2012/704953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Factors implicated in the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) are an abnormal immune response, defect in intestinal epithelial barrier function, and gut microbiota. Currently, it is unclear whether specific bacterial strains are responsible for the induction of intestinal inflammation, but increased bacterial tissue invasion has been described in affected UC patients. Further, a quantitative and qualitative microbial imbalance in UC, defined as dysbiosis, has been characterized by an increase in Rhodococcus spp., Shigella spp., and Escherichia spp., but a decrease in certain Bacteroides spp.. More specifically, Campylobacter spp., Enterobacteriae, and enterohepatic Helicobacter were more prevalent in tissue sample from UC patients subjected to molecular detection methods, but not controls. In addition, serologic testing identified Fusobacterim varium as a potential contributor to the intestinal inflammation in UC. Interestingly, in-situ hybridization studies have shown anti-inflammatory Lactobacillus spp. and Pediococcus spp. were absent in samples from subjects affected by UC. Therefore, dysbiosis is a factor in the pathogenesis of UC.
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Okayasu I. Development of ulcerative colitis and its associated colorectal neoplasia as a model of the organ-specific chronic inflammation-carcinoma sequence. Pathol Int 2012; 62:368-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02807.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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