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Akaishi M, Hashiba E, Takekawa D, Kushikata T, Hirota K. Plasma orexin A does not reflect severity of illness in the intensive care units patients with systemic inflammation. JA Clin Rep 2022; 8:7. [PMID: 35064847 PMCID: PMC8783934 DOI: 10.1186/s40981-022-00498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Systemic inflammatory response occurs by sepsis and invasive surgery. Recent articles suggest that not only CRP but also procalcitonin, presepsin, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin may reflect the severity of systemic inflammation. In addition, as systemic inflammation could degenerate orexin neurons, plasma orexin A might also be a good biomarker to predict the severity. Thus, we have determined relation between plasma biomarker and severity of illness score in patients with systemic inflammation.
Methods
Previous database (UMIN000018427) was used to secondly determine which plasma biomarkers may predict the severity of illness in the ICU patients with systemic inflammation (n = 57, 31 non-sepsis surgical patients and 26 sepsis patients). We measured plasma levels of orexin A, CRP, procalcitonin, presepsin, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin were measured, and APACHE II score was assessed in these patients at their admission to the ICU. Data are shown as mean ± SD. Statistical analyses were done with unpaired t test. The correlation between APACHE II score and plasma biomarkers were examined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and a least squares linear regression line.
Results
Demographic data did not differ between sepsis and non-sepsis groups. However, APACHE-II score was significantly higher in sepsis group than those in non-sepsis group (20.9 ± 6.6 vs 15.8 ± 3.2, p < 0.01). There were significant correlations between APACHE II score and plasma CRP (r = 0.532, p < 0.01), procalcitonin (r = 0.551, p < 0.01), presepsin (r = 0.510, p < 0.01), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (r = 0.466, P < 0.01) except orexin A.
Conclusion
All plasma biomarkers tested except orexin A may reflect the severity of illness in patients with systemic inflammation.
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Couvineau A, Voisin T, Nicole P, Gratio V, Abad C, Tan YV. Orexins as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:709. [PMID: 31695678 PMCID: PMC6817618 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexins [orexin-A (OXA) and orexin-B (OXB)] are two isoforms of neuropeptides produced by the hypothalamus. The main biological actions of orexins, focused on the central nervous system, are to control the sleep/wake process, appetite and feeding, energy homeostasis, drug addiction, and cognitive processes. These effects are mediated by two G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes named OX1R and OX2R. In accordance with the synergic and dynamic relationship between the nervous and immune systems, orexins also have neuroprotective and immuno-regulatory (i.e., anti-inflammatory) properties. The present review gathers recent data demonstrating that orexins may have a therapeutic potential in several pathologies with an immune component including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, narcolepsy, obesity, intestinal bowel diseases, septic shock, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Couvineau
- INSERM UMR1149/Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Team “From Inflammation to Cancer in Digestive Diseases” Labeled by “la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, University of Paris, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Alain Couvineau
| | - Thierry Voisin
- INSERM UMR1149/Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Team “From Inflammation to Cancer in Digestive Diseases” Labeled by “la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Nicole
- INSERM UMR1149/Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Team “From Inflammation to Cancer in Digestive Diseases” Labeled by “la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Gratio
- INSERM UMR1149/Inflammation Research Center (CRI), Team “From Inflammation to Cancer in Digestive Diseases” Labeled by “la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer”, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | - Catalina Abad
- University of Rouen Normandy, INSERM U1234 PANTHER, IRIB, Rouen, France
| | - Yossan-Var Tan
- University of Rouen Normandy, INSERM U1234 PANTHER, IRIB, Rouen, France
- Yossan-Var Tan
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Tunisi L, Forte N, Fernández-Rilo AC, Mavaro I, Capasso R, D'Angelo L, Milić N, Cristino L, Di Marzo V, Palomba L. Orexin-A Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation at the Level of the Intestinal Barrier. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:219. [PMID: 31024456 PMCID: PMC6467935 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In states of intestinal dysbiosis, a perturbation of the normal microbiome composition, the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) permeability is increased as a result of the disruption of the epithelial tight junction protein network, in which occludin is mostly affected. The loss of IEB integrity promotes endotoxemia, that is, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) translocation from the intestinal lumen to the circulatory system. This condition induces an enhancement of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which leads to neuroinflammation through the gut-brain axis. Orexin-A (OX-A), a neuropeptide implicated in many physiological functions and produced mainly in the brain lateral hypothalamic area, is expressed also in several peripheral tissues. Orexin-producing neurons have been found in the myenteric plexus to project to orexin receptor 1 (OX-1R)-expressing enterocytes of the intestinal villi. In the present study we investigated the protective role of OX-A against LPS-induced increase of IEB permeability and microglia activation in both an in vivo and in vitro model of the gut-brain axis. By exploiting biochemical, immunocytochemical, immunohistochemical, and functional approaches, we demonstrate that OX-A preserves the IEB and occludin expression, thus preventing endotoxemia and subsequent neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Tunisi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Forte
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Alba Clara Fernández-Rilo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Isabella Mavaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Livia D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Nataša Milić
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Luigia Cristino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axus in Metabolic Health, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Letizia Palomba
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Letizia Palomba
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Takekawa D, Kushikata T, Akaishi M, Nikaido Y, Hirota K. Influence of Orexinergic System on Survival in Septic Rats. Neuropsychobiology 2018; 77:45-48. [PMID: 30326465 DOI: 10.1159/000493739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The orexinergic (OXergic) system contributes to the defense system. It has also been reported that the degeneration of OXergic neurons occurs during sepsis. Thus, the decline of OXergic activity may contribute to impairment of the defense system in sepsis. In this study, we determined whether: (i) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reduces the brain orexin A (OXA) content and (ii) the OXergic system contributes to survival from sepsis in rats. METHODS With approval of our protocol by our University Animal Ethics Committee, OX neuron-ablated (OX/ataxin-3 transgenic [OX/AT3 TG]) and wild-type Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250-350 g, were used. LPS (10 mg/kg) was administered intraperitonally to the wild-type rats (group SD, n = 26) and OX/AT3 TG rats (group TG, n = 14). Another 7 SD rats were included as a saline control (group C). Survival analysis was then performed over a period of 3 days. All surviving rats were decapitated and the brain OXA contents (from the cerebrocortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and pons) were quantified using ELISA kits. RESULTS In group SD, 61.5% rats survived, while in group TG, only 21.4% survived (p < 0.05). LPS significantly reduced OXA content (pg/mg of tissue) in group SD (2.92 ± 0.38) compared to in group C (4.10 ± 1.21) in the pons (p < 0.05). OXA content in group TG was substantially lower than in group C and group SD in all brain regions. CONCLUSIONS LPS significantly reduced OXA contents in the pons which contains the locus coeruleus to regulate sympathetic activity in the defense system.
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