1
|
Gobbo F, Corriale MJ, Gázquez A, Bordenave CD, Bilenca D, Menéndez A. Arbuscular mycorrhizae reduce the response of important plant functional traits to drought and salinity. A meta-analysis study. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:407-415. [PMID: 36958768 DOI: 10.1071/fp22242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We aimed at exploring the plant functional traits whose responses to drought or salinity are altered by the presence of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM). We performed a meta-analysis across 114 articles spanning 110 plant species or cultivars. We quantified the size effect of AM symbiosis on the stress response of several functional traits, using linear mixed model analysis (LMM). Correlation analysis between functional traits and total biomass responses to stresses were also performed through LMM. The literature search and further selection yielded seven functional traits, extracted from 114 laboratory studies, including 888 observations and 110 plant species/cultivars. Evidence for significant effects of predictor variables (type of stress, AM symbiosis and/or their interaction) on functional trait response were found for leaf area ratio (LAR), root mass fraction (RMF) and root-shoot (R:S) ratio. Our results provided evidence to accept the hypothesis that AM fungal inoculation may reduce the stress response of these plant functional traits by decreasing its magnitude. We also found a weak correlation between stress responses of these traits and total biomass variation. Although our literature search and data collection were intensive and our results robust, the scope of our conclusions is limited by the agronomical bias of plant species targeted by the meta-analysis. Further knowledge on non-cultivable plant species and better understanding of the mechanisms ruling resources allocation in plants would allow more generalised conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Gobbo
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Piso 4° Pabellón II Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - María José Corriale
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Piso 4° Pabellón II Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Piso 4° Pabellón II Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Ayelén Gázquez
- Instituto 'Cavanilles' de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - César Daniel Bordenave
- Instituto 'Cavanilles' de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva (ICBiBE), Fac. CC. Biológicas, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia 46100, Spain
| | - David Bilenca
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Piso 4° Pabellón II Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Piso 4° Pabellón II Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| | - Ana Menéndez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Piso 4° Pabellón II Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina; and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Piso 4° Pabellón II Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria (PGPR) Inoculations on Elaeagnus angustifolia L. in Saline Soil. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10030945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are considered highly-efficient agents for conferring salt tolerance in host plants and improving soil fertility in rhizosphere. However, information about the inoculation of beneficial microbes on halophytes in arid and semi-arid regions remains inadequate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of AMF (Glomus mosseae) inoculation, alone or in combination with PGPR (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens), on biomass accumulation, morphological characteristics, photosynthetic capacity, and rhizospheric soil enzyme activities of Elaeagnus angustifolia L., a typical halophyte in the northwest of China. The results indicate that, for one-year-old seedlings of Elaeagnus angustifolia L., AMF significantly promoted biomass accumulation in aboveground organs, increased the numbers of leaves and branches, and improved the leaf areas, stem diameters and plant height. AMF-mediated morphological characteristics of aboveground organs favored light interception and absorption and maximized the capacities for photosynthesis, transpiration, carbon dioxide assimilation and gas exchange of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. seedlings in saline soil. AMF also promoted root growth, modified root architecture, and enhanced soil enzyme activities. Elaeagnus angustifolia L. was more responsive to specific inoculation by AMF than by a combination of AMF and PGPR or by solely PGPR in saline soils. Therefore, we suggest that G. mosseae can be used in saline soil to enhance Elaeagnus angustifolia L. seedlings growth and improve soil nutrient uptake. This represents a biological technique to aid in restoration of saline-degraded areas.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lin J, Peng X, Hua X, Sun S, Wang Y, Yan X. Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on Leymus chinensis seedlings under salt–alkali stress and nitrogen deposition conditions: from osmotic adjustment and ion balance. RSC Adv 2018; 8:14500-14509. [PMID: 35540780 PMCID: PMC9079982 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00721g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen deposition and soil salinization–alkalization have become major environmental problems throughout the world. Leymus chinensis is the dominant, and considered the most valuable, species for grassland restoration in the Northeast of China. However, little information exists concerning the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the adaptation of seedlings to the interactive effects of nitrogen and salt–alkali stress, especially from the perspective of osmotic adjustment and ion balance. Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse and Leymus chinensis seedlings were cultivated with NaCl/NaHCO3 under two nitrogen treatments (different concentrations of NH4+/NO3−). Root colonization, seedling growth, ion content, and solute accumulation were measured. The results showed that the colonization rate and the dry weights of the seedlings were both decreased with the increasing salt–alkali concentration, and were much lower under alkali stress. Both of the nitrogen treatments decreased the colonization rate and dry weights compared with those of the AM seedlings, especially under the N2 (more NH4+–N content) treatment. The Na+ content increased but the K+ content decreased under salt–alkali stress, and more markedly under alkali stress. AMF colonization decreased the Na+ content and increased the K+ content to some extent. In addition, the nitrogen treatments had a negative effect on the two ions in the AM seedlings. Under salt stress, the seedlings accumulated abundant Cl− to maintain osmotic and ionic balance, but alkali stress inhibited the absorption of anions and the seedlings accumulated organic acids in order to resist the imbalance of both osmosis and ions, whether under the AM or nitrogen treatments. In addition, proline accumulation is thought to be a typical adaptive feature in both AM and non-AM plants under nitrogen and salt–alkali stress. Our results suggest that the salt–alkali tolerance of Leymus chinensis seedlings is enhanced by association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and the seedlings can adapt to the nitrogen and salt–alkali conditions by adjusting their osmotic adjustment and ion balance. Excessive nitrogen partly decreased the salt–alkali tolerance of the Leymus chinensis seedlings. We evaluated the contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to the growth, ion content, and solute accumulation of Leymus chinensis seedlings under salt–alkali stress and nitrogen deposition.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Lin
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center
- Northeast Forestry University
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin
| | - Xiaoyuan Peng
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center
- Northeast Forestry University
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin
| | - Xiaoyu Hua
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center
- Northeast Forestry University
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin
| | - Shengnan Sun
- Colleges of Animal Science and Technology
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou 225009
- China
| | - Yingnan Wang
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center
- Northeast Forestry University
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin
| | - Xiufeng Yan
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center
- Northeast Forestry University
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration in Oil Field
- Ministry of Education
- Harbin
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fazlioglu F, Bonser SP. Phenotypic plasticity and specialization in clonal versus non-clonal plants: A data synthesis. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
5
|
Uchiya P, Escaray FJ, Bilenca D, Pieckenstain F, Ruiz OA, Menéndez AB. Salt effects on functional traits in model and in economically important Lotus species. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:703-709. [PMID: 27007305 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A common stress on plants is NaCl-derived soil salinity. Genus Lotus comprises model and economically important species, which have been studied regarding physiological responses to salinity. Leaf area ratio (LAR), root length ratio (RLR) and their components, specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf mass fraction (LMF) and specific root length (SRL) and root mass fraction (RMF) might be affected by high soil salinity. We characterised L. tenuis, L. corniculatus, L. filicaulis, L. creticus, L. burtii and L. japonicus grown under different salt concentrations (0, 50, 100 and 150 mm NaCl) on the basis of SLA, LMF, SRL and RMF using PCA. We also assessed effects of different salt concentrations on LAR and RLR in each species, and explored whether changes in these traits provide fitness benefit. Salinity (150 mm NaCl) increased LAR in L. burtii and L. corniculatus, but not in the remaining species. The highest salt concentration caused a decrease of RLR in L. japonicus Gifu, but not in the remaining species. Changes in LAR and RLR would not be adaptive, according to adaptiveness analysis, with the exception of SLA changes in L. corniculatus. PCA revealed that under favourable conditions plants optimise surfaces for light and nutrient acquisition (SLA and SRL), whereas at higher salt concentrations they favour carbon allocation to leaves and roots (LMF and RMF) in detriment to their surfaces. PCA also showed that L. creticus subjected to saline treatment was distinguished from the remaining Lotus species. We suggest that augmented carbon partitioning to leaves and roots could constitute a salt-alleviating mechanism through toxic ion dilution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Uchiya
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F J Escaray
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Bilenca
- IEGEBA, UBA-CONICET - Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - F Pieckenstain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - O A Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A B Menéndez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, PROPLAME-PRHIDEB (CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Magalhães TM. Allometric equations for estimating belowground biomass of Androstachys johnsonii Prain. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2015; 10:16. [PMID: 26217395 PMCID: PMC4513222 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-015-0027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The belowground component of the trees is still poorly known because it needs labour- and time-intensive in situ measurements. However, belowground biomass (BGB) constitutes a significant share of the total forest biomass. I analysed the BGB allocation patterns, fitted models for estimating root components and root system biomasses, and called attention for its possible use in predicting anchoring functions of the different root components. RESULTS More than half and almost one third of BGB is allocated to the lateral roots and to the root collar, respectively. More than 80% of the BGB is found at a depth range of 9.6-61.2 cm. As the tree size increased, the proportion of BGB allocated to taproots decreased and that allocated to lateral roots increased. All independent models performed almost equally, with the predictors explaining, on average, 98% of the variation in the BGB. CONCLUSIONS It was hypothesised that BGB allocation patterns are a response of the anchoring functions of the tap and lateral roots and therefore, root component biomass models can be used as a methodology to predict anchoring functions of the different root components. Based on the fact that all models performed almost equally, the models using either diameter at breast height (DBH) exclusively as a predictor should be preferred, as tree height is difficult to measure. Models using the root collar diameter (RCD) only should be preferred when the tree is found cut down, as sometimes the RCD is affected by root buttress. Given the large sample size, the validation results, and the coverage of a wide geographical, soil and climatic range, the models fitted can be applied in all A. johnsonii stands in Mozambique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarquinio Mateus Magalhães
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Campus Universitário, Edifício no.1, 257, Maputo, Mozambique
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abd-Alla MH, El-Enany AWE, Nafady NA, Khalaf DM, Morsy FM. Synergistic interaction of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a plant growth promoting biofertilizers for faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in alkaline soil. Microbiol Res 2014; 169:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
8
|
Ahanger MA, Hashem A, Abd-Allah EF, Ahmad P. Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Crop Improvement under Environmental Stress. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND MANAGEMENT OF CROP STRESS TOLERANCE 2014:69-95. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800875-1.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
|
9
|
Escaray FJ, Menendez AB, Gárriz A, Pieckenstain FL, Estrella MJ, Castagno LN, Carrasco P, Sanjuán J, Ruiz OA. Ecological and agronomic importance of the plant genus Lotus. Its application in grassland sustainability and the amelioration of constrained and contaminated soils. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 182:121-33. [PMID: 22118623 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The genus Lotus comprises around 100 annual and perennial species with worldwide distribution. The relevance of Lotus japonicus as a model plant has been recently demonstrated in numerous studies. In addition, some of the Lotus species show a great potential for adaptation to a number of abiotic stresses. Therefore, they are relevant components of grassland ecosystems in environmentally constrained areas of several South American countries and Australia, where they are used for livestock production. Also, the fact that the roots of these species form rhizobial and mycorrhizal associations makes the annual L. japonicus a suitable model plant for legumes, particularly in studies directed to recognize the mechanisms intervening in the tolerance to abiotic factors in the field, where these interactions occur. These properties justify the increased utilization of some Lotus species as a strategy for dunes revegetation and reclamation of heavy metal-contaminated or burned soils in Europe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Escaray
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús UNSAM/CONICET, 7130, Camino circunvalación laguna km 6, Chascomús, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Castagno LN, Estrella MJ, Sannazzaro AI, Grassano AE, Ruiz OA. Phosphate-solubilization mechanism and in vitro plant growth promotion activity mediated by Pantoea eucalypti isolated from Lotus tenuis rhizosphere in the Salado River Basin (Argentina). J Appl Microbiol 2011; 110:1151-65. [PMID: 21299771 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate and characterize phosphate-solubilizing strains from a constrained environment such as the Salado River Basin and to assess their phosphate-solubilizing mechanisms, to further selection of the most promising strains to inoculate and improve the implantation and persistence of Lotus tenuis in the most important area devoted to meat-cow production in Argentina. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty isolates were obtained and through BOX-PCR analysis, 17 non-redundant strains were identified. Subsequently, they were found to be related to Pantoea, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and Enterobacter genera, via 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. This was in agreement with the clusters obtained by antibiotic resistance analysis. All isolates were tested for their phosphate-solubilizing activity and selected strains were inoculated onto L. tenuis plants. The most efficient isolate, was identified as Pantoea eucalypti, a novel species in terms of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. CONCLUSIONS The isolates obtained in this study showed a significant in vitro plant-growth promoting activity onto Lotus tenuis and the best of them solubilizes phosphate mainly via induction of the metabolism through secretion and oxidation of gluconic acid. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The use of these bacteria as bioinoculants, alone or in combination with nitrogen-fixing micro-organisms, could be a sustainable practice to facilitate the nutrient supply to Lotus tenuis plants and preventing negative side-effects such as eutrophication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L N Castagno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnólogico de Chascomús, Chascomús, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
P. Conforte V, Echeverria M, Sánchez C, A. Ugalde R, B. Menéndez A, C. Lepek V. Engineered ACC deaminase-expressing free-living cells of Mesorhizobium loti show increased nodulation efficiency and competitiveness on Lotus spp. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2010; 56:331-8. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.56.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
12
|
Sheng M, Tang M, Chen H, Yang B, Zhang F, Huang Y. Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on the root system of maize plants under salt stress. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:879-86. [DOI: 10.1139/w09-031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Salt stress has become a severe global problem, and salinity is one of the most important abiotic factors limiting plant growth and yield. It is known that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi decrease plant yield losses under salinity. With the aim of determining whether AM inoculation would give an advantage to root development under salt stress, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with AM or without AM fungi. Maize plants were grown in a sand and soil mixture with 5 NaCl levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 g/kg dry substrate) for 55 days, following 15 days of nonsaline pretreatment. At all salt levels, mycorrhizal plants had higher dry shoot and root mass, higher root activity, and lower root to shoot ratios than non-mycorrhizal plants. In salt-free soil, root length, root surface area, root volume, and number of root tips and forks were significantly larger in mycorrhizal plants than in non-mycorrhizal plants, whereas, under salt stress, average root diameter and root volume of mycorrhizal plants were larger than those of non-mycorrhizal plants. Regardless of the NaCl level, mycorrhizal plants had lower specific root length, lower percentage of root length in the 0–0.2 mm diameter class, and higher percentage of root length in both the 0.2–0.4 mm and 0.4–0.6 mm diameter classes, which suggests that the root system shows a significant shift towards a thicker root system when maize plants were inoculated with Glomus mosseae (Nicolson & Gerdemann). The results presented here indicate that the improvements in root activity and the coarse root system of mycorrhizal maize may help in alleviating salt stress on the plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Sheng
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ming Tang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fengfeng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanhui Huang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|